Chattel Slavery at Hampton

Depictions of the Hampton ironworks.

NPS/Harpers Ferry Center

Hundreds of individuals were enslaved on this land, making Hampton one of the largest plantations in Maryland. Three quarters of enslavers nationwide enslaved fewer than 10 individuals.

In 1745, Charles Ridgely purchased 1,500 acres of land and opened the Northampton Ironworks in 1761. This purchase became the Hampton Plantation, which at its height was 25,000 acres. It would be passed down to seven generations of Ridgely descendants. Chattel Slavery was present from the start of Hampton plantation and persisted until Maryland banned slavery in 1864. The Ridgely family enslaved over 500 people.
The period of chattel slavery at Hampton spanned more than a century and only ended when Maryland State law ended the institution in 1864. Farming and ironworking bound together enslaved people, indentured servants, convict laborers, immigrant laborers, paid artisans, and Black free laborers. Together, these people shared a common history, connected through moments of collaboration and conflict.

The six largest enslavers in Baltimore County throughout the eighteenth century were the proprietors of ironworks. Those who had been British sympathizers lost their lands and laborers after the Revolutionary War. The Ridgelys grew their businesses by buying land and purchasing human beings, who were already skilled as forgers, colliers, carpenters, and other related trades to work alongside already enslaved individuals and indentured servants at the Northampton Ironworks. As the Ridgelys’ farming interests increased, more enslaved people moved back and forth from farm to furnace.

 

Enslaved workers working on the plantation farm by the overseer's house and slave quarters.

NPS/Harpers Ferry Center

From the colonial period through 1864, the Ridgelys enslaved over 500 people. Enslaved people, from young children to the elderly, labored at Hampton and Northampton, as ironworkers, founders, limestone and marble quarriers, millers, blacksmiths, gardeners, dairymaids, jockeys, cobblers, seamstresses, woodcutters, field hands, carriage drivers, cooks, childcare providers, cleaners, builders and even overseers in the early days of the ironworks. All these positions combined to create a community within the plantation in which enslaved people held meetings, lived together, and practiced their religion while simultaneously being subject to cruel forms of control from enslavers and overseers.

 

Refuge for freedom seekers was much closer for enslaved people at Hampton than for enslaved people in the Deep South. Hampton was close to both the “free state” of Pennsylvania and the city of Baltimore, which had the largest free Black population in the country in the years leading up to the Civil War. More than 80 people sought their freedom from Hampton, with different goals: escaping torturous conditions, establishing new lives as free people, or reuniting with family.

 

Artist's depiction of a young African American boy and older African American man.

NPS/Harpers Ferry Center

Hampton is also the site of one of the largest manumissions in Maryland’s history. At the time of his death in 1829, Charles Carnan Ridgely enslaved approximately 350 people scattered across several farms, the ironworks, mansion, and his Baltimore townhouse. In his will, Ridgely granted freedom to female enslaved people between the ages of 25 and 45 and male enslaved people between the ages of 28 and 45. Court cases amongst the Charles Carnan Ridgely’s heirs, delayed manumissions, and the reality that freedom came for some family members but not others, particularly children, meant that enslaved families faced a difficult choice: was freedom worth the cost of separation? Those from 3 years of age to 27 were not old enough to be freed, nor were those over 45.

Those children, young adults, and older adults were willed to Charles Carnan Ridgely’s eight heirs, but his eldest surviving son, John Ridgely, then inherited a plantation without forced labor. The new proprietor of the Hampton plantation chose to continue the family’s cruel tradition of enslavement by purchasing and enslaving an additional sixty human beings, jump starting the cycle of abuse. Until Maryland's general emancipation on November 1, 1864, John Ridgely would continue enslaving all but one of these individuals, his son Charles Hale Brown.

Researchers have a difficult task when it comes to the lives of enslaved people due to the lack of first-person accounts, although documentation recorded by the Ridgelys is extensive. The 2014 Historic Resource Study, based on both important documentary research in the 1990s and new investigations, expanded the National Park Service’s understanding of the lived experiences of indentured servants and enslaved persons. Most recently, a three-year Ethnographic Overview and Assessment for Hampton NHS from 2017-20 focused on establishing the connections of enslaved families in Hampton’s enslaved community: finding where the formerly enslaved lived in freedom and if they had living descendants. Primary sources, public records, research documents, oral histories and site visits have provided important discoveries in this ongoing work.

 

List showing how enslaved people were separated from their families because of Charles Carnan Ridgley's will.

NPS

This scrap of paper shows the division among Charles Carnan Ridgely’s heirs of the enslaved people who were not manumitted in 1829. Some of the very young children were separated from their families.

Records show there were 130 enslaved people on the farms and at the ironworks in 1783; by 1829 there were nearly 350. Although this number dropped to 61 by the eve of the Civil War in 1860, the Ridgelys were still the second largest enslavers in Baltimore County. By the time of Emancipation in 1864, this number had dwindled to less than 50, as a result of several individuals seeking their freedom during the American Civil War.

 

Learn more

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  Enslaved People

  Hampton was the second largest plantation in Maryland. Learn about the struggle, hardships, and lives of the enslaved.

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  Freedom Seekers

  Learn all about people that would seek their freedom from Hampton.

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  Free Black Laborers

  Free Black Laborers worked at Hampton for various reasons. A good amount did to eventually purchase their family members.

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  Religion and the Enslaved

  African Americans hosted their own religious services in the woods at Hampton and attending religious meetings with neighboring groups of fr

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  Forms of Control

  From physical to mental abuse for the youngest ages to the oldest. Learn about the harsh truths and forms of control.

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  Gruesome

  Working Conditions

  Accounts of the working conditions of the forced labor iron works.

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  Hampton During the Civil War

  The Ridgely's passed their lives without worry until it became apparent that a civil war was about to impact their lives.

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  Study about the lives of the Enslaved

  Until now, the enslaved and their descendants remained under-researched. Read about our Ethnographic Overview and Assessment.

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  Learn about more

  People of Hampton

  Hundreds of people lived, worked, and were enslaved at Hampton coinciding America's development as a nation. Explore more of their stories.