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Find Out MoreSummary: Yellowstone National Park is a wild and awe-inspiring place, home to boiling hot springs, incredible wildlife, and rugged landscapes. In such a unique place, some of the hazards here may be unfamiliar to you. While your safety can’t be guaranteed, following these simple regulations and guidelines will help you avoid common accidents and enjoy a safe, unforgettable visit. Protect your park, protect yourself! Driving![]() Traffic-related accidents are the most common cause of injury and death in the park. Don't let the scenery distract you—drive cautiously and watch for animals. The speed limit in Yellowstone is 45 mph (73 kph) unless posted otherwise. Pack your patience: winding roads and traffic often make drive times much longer than expected. Other road hazards include soft shoulders, potholes, and frost heaves.
Don't block traffic to take pictures. Use pullouts to watch wildlife and let other cars pass by making sure all of your wheels are completely, and safely, off the road. Stay with your vehicle if you encounter a wildlife jam. Thermal Areas![]() Burns from thermal features are a common cause of serious injury and death in the park. The ground surrounding these features may look solid, but it can be just a thin crust with super-heated water below. Always walk on boardwalks and designated trails. Keep children close and do not let them run on boardwalks. Even thermal runoff can be extremely hot and cause burns. Hot springs also contain algae, bacteria, and fungi found nowhere else in the world; coming in contact with these life forms can destroy them. Resist the temptation to touch! More than 20 people have died from burns suffered after they entered or fell into Yellowstone’s hot springs. For your safety and for the protection of thermal features in Yellowstone, it is illegal to swim or bathe in any water that is entirely of thermal origin. Pets are not allowed in thermal areas or on boardwalks, even if they're on a leash or carried in arms, strollers, or backpacks. This policy exists to protect our pets from being burned or killed in hot springs. Toxic gases may accumulate to dangerous levels in some hydrothermal areas. If you begin to feel sick while exploring a geyser basin, leave the area immediately. All Wildlife![]() Animals in Yellowstone National Park are wild and dangerous. Follow these regulations and guidelines to keep yourself, and the wildlife you may encounter, safe. The animals in Yellowstone are wild and unpredictable, no matter how docile they may appear to be. The safest (and often best) view of wildlife is from inside a car. Always stay at least 100 yards (91 m) away from bears, wolves, and cougars, and at least 25 yards (23 m) away from all other animals, including bison and elk. If an animal moves closer to you, back away to maintain a safe distance. It's illegal to willfully remain near or approach wildlife, including birds, within any distance that disturbs or displaces the animal. Never feed wildlife, even birds and squirrels. Animals that become dependent on human food may become aggressive toward people and have to be killed. Animals also carry diseases that can be transmitted to people. Don't leave packs, bags, or coolers containing food unattended, even for a few minutes, as animals can learn new food sources quickly. Store these items in vehicles or bear-proof storage lockers, if available. Ravens have also learned to unzip or unfasten many different kinds of zippers and buckles to get to food. If you're involved in a conflict with an animal, regardless of how minor, contact us or report it to a park ranger as soon as possible. If cell service is available, dial 911. The lives of other people, and the animal, may depend on it. Bears![]() All of Yellowstone is grizzly and black bear country, from the trails in the park’s backcountry to the boardwalks and parking lots around Old Faithful. Your safety cannot be guaranteed, but you can play an active role in protecting yourself and the bears people come here to enjoy. Keep at least 100 yards (91 meters) from bears at all times and never approach a bear to take a photo. Although surprise encounters do happen, it's your responsibility to maintain this distance. Bear spray is a non-lethal tool specifically designed to deter bears as a last line of defense. It is proven to be highly successful at stopping aggressive behavior in bears. The active ingredient will iritate a bear's nose, eyes, and lungs to cause significant, temporary pain. Unlike pepper spray intended to deter humans, bear spray reaches substantially further and comes out as a cloud instead of a stream. Using bear spray eliminates the need to have precise aim and effectively defuses situations without permanently harming or killing bears. How to Use Bear Spray
Important Notes
Where to Buy Bear SprayBear spray is sold at gift shops, outdoor stores, service stations, and bookstores inside the park, as well as in local communities. Always select an EPA-approved product that is specifically designed to stop bears. Renting Bear SprayBear spray is also available for rent at Canyon Village in the kiosk located near the Canyon Visitor Education Center and at Old Faithful in the Yurt located south of the Yellowstone Tribal Heritage Center. For more information, visit Bear Aware. Since 1970, 91% of the people injured by bears in Yellowstone were hiking alone or with only one hiking partner. Only 9% of the people injured by bears were in groups of three or more people. While hiking, it's also important to:
If you’re involved in a conflict with a bear, regardless of how minor, contact us or report it to a park ranger as soon as possible. If cell service is available, dial 911. The lives of other people, and the bear, may depend on it. Surprise EncountersAlthough surprise encounters do happen, it is your responsibility to maintain a minimum distance of 100 yards (93 meters) from bears at all times. If you do have a close encounter with a bear, keep your group together and slowly back away. Do not run or make sudden movements. Draw your bear spray from the holster, remove the safety tab, and prepare to use it if the bear charges. Charging BearsIf a bear charges, stand your ground, and deploy your bear spray when the bear is 60 feet (18 meters) away or less. If the bear leaves, immediately leave the area. Walk, don’t run. Curious or Predatory BearsUnlike defensive bear charges, a curious or predatory bear may slowly but persistently approach. If you're approached by a curious or predatory bear, grab your stuff, especially food, and move to the safety of a car or building. Walk, don’t run. For both your safety and the bears' safety, observe all closures and restrictions in active bear management areas. If a bear approaches or touches your car, honk your horn and drive away. Report this behavior as soon as you're able to. We want to discourage this behavior for the bears’ safety and yours. Choose Your Campsite
Store All Food & Attractants
Cook & Clean Up Properly
Secure Your Sleeping Area
Encountering Bears In Camp
Bison![]() Bison may appear tranquil, but these large animals have injured more people in Yellowstone than any other animal. They are unpredictable and can run 3x faster than humans, making it very important to give them plenty of space. Keep at least 25 yards (23 meters) from bison at all times and never approach a bison to take a photo. If need be, turn around and go the other way if a bison walks within 25 yards. If approached too closely, bison may respond by bluff charging, head bobbing while staring at you, pawing, bellowing, or snorting. These are warning signs that you are too close and that a charge is imminent—do not stand your ground! Immediately walk or run away from the animal. If the bison follows you, spray bear spray as you are moving away, and seek cover behind nearby trees or cars. Plan extra time when driving through Yellowstone—the speed limit is 45 mph, unless posted otherwise, and you're likely to encounter a "bison jam". If bison are on the road, be patient, drive slowly, and stay in your vehicle. Wait for bison to move along; do not honk your horn or drive aggressively toward them. Elk![]() With their large antlers, it's easy to see why bull (male) elk are dangerous, but cow (female) elk are just as dangerous when protecting their calves in the spring. Keep at least 25 yards (23 meters) from elk at all times and never approach an elk to take a photo. If need be, turn around and go the other way if an elk walks within 25 yards. In an elk charges, get away! Find cover in a building, vehicle, or behind a tall, sturdy barrier as quickly as possible.
Cow elk are especially fierce and protective around their calves in the spring (May - early July). To protect their young, they may run towards you or kick with hard hooves, even if you're more than 25 yards (23 m) away. Around Mammoth Hot Springs, they often hide calves near cars or buildings—be cautious when exiting buildings or approaching blind corners. Wolves & Cougars![]() While wolves and cougars (mountain lions) are skilled predators, they are not normally a danger to people, and very few documented confrontations with humans have occured in Yellowstone. It's still important, however, to know what to do if you encounter them. Keep at least 100 yards (91 meters) from wolves and cougars at all times and never approach them to take a photo. If you’re concerned about a wolf because it’s too close or not showing any fear of people, stand tall and hold your ground. If the wolf approaches you, wave your arms, yell, and flare your jacket. If that doesn’t discourage it, throw something at it or use bear spray. Group up with other people, continue waving and yelling, and tell a ranger as soon as possible.
Stay in a group; carry small children; make noise and ready your bear spray. Do not run, do not bend down to pick up sticks. Act dominant—stare in the cat’s eyes and show your teeth while making noise. Wolf scat may contain tapeworm eggs that can cause hydatid disease in humans. Ticks & Mosquitoes![]() Ticks can spread bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause human diseases. From mid-March to mid-July, grassy, brushy, low elevation areas (4,000–6,500 feet) are ideal tick habitat in Yellowstone. Wear repellent even on shoes, socks, cuffs, and pant legs. Tuck your pant legs into your socks and your shirt into your pants. Check your clothes and your body often. Mosquitoes can spread germs that make humans sick. During June and July, mosquitoes may be widespread around lakes and streams, especially in wet areas. Mosquitoes tend to diminish in mid-to-late August. Repellents, netting, and wearing clothing with long pants and sleeves are the best options for enduring insects in Yellowstone.
Environmental Conditions![]() Calm, sunny mornings can abruptly turn into fierce, stormy days. Gusty, south-to-southwest winds are common in the afternoon, and rain and lightning often follow. If you’re hiking or boating when storms approach, get off the water, ridges, and open places. Thick forests of equal height offer better protection from lightning than meadows. Yellowstone can experience winter-like weather any time of year. Depending on elevation, summer nighttime temperatures may even fall into the 20s with a light freeze. Rain, wind, snow, and cold lake/river water make hypothermia a year-round risk. If proper precautions aren't taken, it can be deadly. Always bring rain gear and extra clothes for warmth. To avoid hypothermia: stay dry, stay out of the wind, and avoid getting chilled. Put on rain gear before you get wet and warm clothes before you start shivering. Most hypothermia cases happen in air temperatures of 30–50° F (-1-10° C). Wear a hat and gloves to conserve body heat. If you cannot stay warm and dry, assess and alter your plans. Remember that you are only as strong as the weakest person in your group. Persistent or violent shivering is a clear warning that someone is on the verge of hypothermia. Other symptoms include slow/slurred speech, loss of dexterity, exhaustion, incoherence, and drowsiness. When someone is hypothermic, find shelter and make camp. Get out of wind and rain. Remove wet clothing. Get into dry clothing and a sleeping bag. Provide warm, non-alcoholic drinks. Intense sun exposure at high elevations can lead to sunburn, dehydration, heat exhaustion, or even heat stroke. Protect yourself by wearing a hat, sunglasses, sunscreen, and SPF lip balm. Drink plenty of water—at least one quart per hour of activity—and take breaks in the shade when possible. As a safeguard against Giardiasis, other parasites, and bacteria, we recommend that you boil, filter, or chemically treat all drinking water that isn't from a clearly marked potable water source. Waters may be polluted by animal and/or human waste and intestinal infections from drinking untreated water are increasingly common. Few of Yellowstone’s rivers or streams have bridges, and many cannot be crossed until July or later. Even in late summer, water levels can rise quickly after rainstorms or from snowmelt in the high country on warm afternoons. The water can be cold, fast, and more than thigh-deep, making any attempt to cross perilous. Trying to ford deep, swift water has resulted in loss of gear, injury, and death. Most of Yellowstone lies more than a mile above sea level, making visitors susceptible to Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) while enjoying an easy hike or even a leisurely drive. AMS is a generic label applied to symptoms commonly experienced by people visiting high altitudes: headaches, increased breathing, rapid pulse, nausea, loss of appetite, lack of energy, and dizziness. These are all warning signs not to go any higher than you already are. If symptoms advance to a lack of balance or coordination, slurring of words, altered mental state, extreme shortness of breathe, a wet or rasping cough, or blue skin, the person may be experiencing severe AMS and their life may be in jeopardy. Go down immediately and seek medical attention. Winter brings its own set of challenges, including sub-zero temperatures, icy roads, and blinding snow storms. With the proper preparation, however, you can stay safe during the colder months. Wildfires have left thousands of standing dead trees that can fall with little or no warning. In 2015, a falling tree killed someone on a hill near the Midway Geyser Basin. Avoid areas with large numbers of dead trees, and watch for dead trees along trails and roads, or in campsites and picnic areas. |
Last updated: August 7, 2025