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Cover Page
MENU
Table of Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Essay
Brief History
Gila River
Granada
Heart Mountain
Jerome
Manzanar
Minidoka
Poston
Rohwer
Topaz
Tule Lake
Isolation Centers
Add'l Facilities
Assembly Centers
DoJ and US Army Facilities
Prisons
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
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Confinement and Ethnicity:
An Overview of World War II
Japanese American Relocation Sites
by J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, and R. Lord
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Chapter 3 (continued)
A Brief History of Japanese American
Relocation During World War II
Retrospect
Figure 3.22. Fred Korematsu, Minoru Yasui, and Gordon Hirabayashi.
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Six of the former relocation centers are listed on
the National Register for their historical significance. Two sites are
also National Historic Landmarks: Manzanar, and the memorial cemetery at
Rohwer. Plaques and small monuments are the only memorials. People still
debate whether the exclusion orders and the relocation centers were
just, reasonable, constitutional, or justifiable responses to war (Baker
1991, 1994; Smith 1995; Uyeda 1995). However, in 1982 the California
legislature passed a bill to provide $5,000 restitution to 314 Japanese
Americans who were fired from their state jobs in 1942. Significantly,
the three Japanese American who had been convicted of violating curfew
and not reporting to the relocation centers were exonerated. Evidence
surfaced that the War Department and the Justice Department had altered
blatantly racist reports and submitted false information to the Supreme
Court about the potential danger posed by the Japanese Americans. With
this newly discovered information Federal District Courts overturned
Fred Korematsu's conviction in 1984, Minoru Yasui's conviction in 1985,
and Gordon Hirabayashi's conviction in 1986 (Figure 3.22). In 1989 the
U.S. government officially apologized and granted redress of $20,000 to
each surviving evacuee.
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