Park History

People have spent time in the Yellowstone region for more than 11,000 years. Rock structures like this are evidence of the early presence of people in the area.

NPS / Robin Park

 

The human history of the Yellowstone region goes back more than 11,000 years. The stories of people in Yellowstone are preserved in objects that convey information about past human activities in the region, and in people’s connections to the land that provide a sense of place or identity.

Today, park managers use archeological and historical studies help explain how humans left their mark in times gone by. Ethnography helps us learn about how groups of people identify themselves and their connections to the park. Research is also conducted to learn how people continue to affect and be affected by places that have been relatively protected from human impacts. Some alterations, such as the construction of roads and other facilities, are generally accepted as necessary to accommodate visitors. Information on the possible consequences of human activities both inside and outside the parks is used to determine when restrictions are needed to preserve each park’s natural and cultural resources as well as the quality of the visitors’ experience.

 

History of Yellowstone National Park

Precontact

• People have been in Yellowstone more than 11,000 years, as shown by archeological sites, trails, and oral histories.
• Although Tukudika (a.k.a. Sheep Eaters) are the most well-known group of Native Americans to use the park, many other tribes and bands lived in and traveled through what is now Yellowstone National Park prior to and after European American arrival.

European Americans Arrive

• European Americans began exploring in the early 1800s.
• Osborne Russell recorded early visits in the 1830s.
• First organized expedition explored Yellowstone in 1870.

Protection of the Park Begins

• Yellowstone National Park established in 1872.
• Railroad arrived in 1883, allowing easier visitor access.
• The US Army managed the park from 1886 through 1918.
• Automobiles allowed into the park in 1915, making visits easier and more economical.
• National Park Service created in 1916.
• First boundary adjustment of the park made in 1929.

Park Management Evolves

• “Leopold Report” released in 1963; its recommendations changed how wildlife is managed in the park.
• 1970: New bear management plan eliminated open-pit garbage dumps in park.
• 1988: “Summer of Fire.”
• 1995: Wolves restored to the park.
• 1996: Federal buyout of gold mine northeast of Yellowstone protected the park.

 

 

Resources

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Bartlett, R. 1985. Yellowstone: A wilderness besieged. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Carr, E. 2007. Mission 66: Modernism and the national park dilemma. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Clary, D. 1993. The place where hell bubbled up: A history of Yellowstone National Park. Moose, WY: Homestead Publishing.

Cook, C.W., D.E. Folsom, and W. Peterson. 1965. The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone: An exploration of the headwaters of the Yellowstone River in the year 1869. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Culpin, M.S. 2003. For the benefit and enjoyment of the people: A history of concession development in Yellowstone National Park, 1872–1966. YCR-CR-2003-01. NPS, Mammoth, WY.

Davis, L.B. 1996. The Obsidian Cliff plateau prehistoric lithic source, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Denver: National Park Service Selections Series, No. 6.

Everhart, W. 1983. The National Park Service. Boulder: Westview Press.

Frison, G. 1978. Prehistoric hunters of the high plains. New York: Academic Press.

Haines, A. 1996. The Yellowstone story: A history of our first national park. 2 vols. Niwot: University Press of Colorado.

Haines, A. 1974. Yellowstone National Park: Its exploration and establishment. National Park Service.

Janetski, J.C. 2002. Indians of Yellowstone Park. Revised edition. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Keller, R., and M. Turek. 1998. American Indians and national parks. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Langford, N.P. 1972. The discovery of Yellowstone Park. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Leopold, A.S. et al. 1963. Wildlife management in the national parks. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/leopold/leopold.htm

Merrill, M. 1999. Yellowstone and the great West: Journals, letters, and images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Nabokov, P. and L. Loendorf. 2004. Restoring a presence: American Indians in Yellowstone National Park. Norman: University of Oklahoma.

National Park Service. Management Policies 2006. https://www.nps.gov/policy/mp/policies.html

National Park Service. 1998. Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/nps28/28contents.htm

National Park System Advisory Board. 2001. Rethinking the national parks for the 21st Century. https://www.nps.gov/policy/report.htm

Quinn, R. 2004. Weaver of dreams: The life and architecture of Robert C. Reamer. Bozeman, MT: Ruth and Leslie Quinn.

Reinhart, K. and J. Henry. 2004. Old Faithful Inn: Crown jewel of national park lodges. Emigrant, MT: Roche Jaune Pictures, Inc.

Schullery, P., editor. 2010. Old Yellowstone Days. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press. (Orig. pub. 1979.)

Schullery, P. 2004. Searching for Yellowstone. Houghton Mifflin. (Orig. pub. 1997.)

Schullery, P. 1995. Yellowstone’s ski pioneers. High Plains Publishing Company.

Smith, J. F. 2016. Engineering Eden: The True Story of a Violent Death, a Trial, and the Fight over Controlling Nature. New York: Crown Publishers.

Strong, W.E. 1968. A Trip to Yellowstone National Park in July, August, and September of 1875. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Weixelman, J. 2001. Fear or reverence? Yellowstone Science 9(4).

Whittlesey, L.. 2006. Yellowstone place names. Wonderland Publishing Co.

Whittlesey, L.H. and P. Schullery. 2003. Myth and history in the creation of Yellowstone National Park. Lincoln/ University of Nebraska.