Pulu Factories

In the mid-1800ʻs, one of several burgeoning industries that brought change to the Hawaiian landscape was pulu collection. Pulu is the soft, downy material that grows aroud the fronds and fiddleheads of the hāpuʻu pulu fern.

The first known commercial sale of pulu was made in 1847, when a businessman who had acquired some pulu as a payment on a debt sent it to San Francisco, where it was found to make an excellent stuffing for pillows and mattresses. Pulu soon became a highly marketable commodity, with high demand for the product coming all the way from Europe. By 1862, an astounding 788,000 pounds of the lightweight material had been exported from Hawaiʻi. But the boom was over by 1884 and the industry soon died. The processing centers and small transient communities that were established to support production were quickly abandoned with the end of the trade.

During the boom, Judge George Anson Byron Kaina of Hilo started two processing centers (interchangably referred to as "factories" or "stations") in the Kīlauea region: one at Nāpau on the east rift zone and the other just north of Kīlauea caldera. Judge Kaina hired families from Kaʻū and Puna to collect the pulu and work at the processing centers, where the pulu was dried and compacted into 100 pound bales for shipment through Keauhou to Honolulu. Pulu was also collected in Kahuku on the west side of Mauna Loa and in upland Kona.

 

Duration:

40 seconds

Take a virtual walk-through of a portion of the pulu station at Nāpau using LIDAR scans of the site. [Video contains no audio]

 

Pulu collection was labor intensive. As Archeologist Catherine Glidden wrote of the pulu station at Nāpau, "the actual harvesting of pulu was usually completed by first cutting the stalk of the hāpuʻu with a stone tool, thus exposing the fronds and fiddleheads. The pulu was then removed with a bone scraper and placed in burlap bags" Fires were set nearby to help dry the pulu, then it was taken out and compacted once it was dry for more efficient shipping. Each tree fern produced only five ounces of material, while thirty pounds were needed to fill a single mattress.

The Nāpau pulu station was likely abandoned due to overharvesting around 1867. It was rediscovered in 1924 by a scientist from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory who stumbled across it while conducting surveys around Makaopuhi Crater. Its walls still stand to this day and are visible along the trail to Nāpau Crater.

 

Walls of the Nāpau pulu station (NPS Photo/J. Frey)

 

• 

  Preserving the Ruins of the Hawaiian Tree Fern Industry

  An in-depth look at the Pulu Station in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park's remote Kīlauea East Rift Zone.

  Historic photo credits: Whaling ships Photo title: "Les fregates l'Astrolabe et la Boussole a Hawai en 1786" Source: Gallica.fr Photo title: "Judge Lord Kaina" Source: 1974 Olson, Gunder, "The Story of the Volcano House." Petroglyph Press. Photo title: "Hawaiian family in front of thatched grass house" Source: Hawaii State Archives, Call number PPWD-6-3.010 Photo title: "Native Hawaiian grass huts in the woods" Source: 1901 Report of the Governor of the Territory of Hawai'i Photo title: "Keauhou landing sketch" Source: de Varigny, Charles, 1981 "Fourteen Years in the Sandwich Islands, 1855-1868." The University Press of Hawai'i and the Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu. Photo title: Historic image of Makaopuhi Crater Source: Geoffery Mowrer collection All other photos courtesy of NPS

  Duration:

  6 minutes, 22 seconds