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During the American Revolution, a small, earthen star fort, known as Fort Whetstone, was constructed at the end of the peninsula at the entrance of the Baltimore harbor. Although the fort wasultimately never attacked during the American Revolution, military leaders saw the importance of coastal defenses around the young nation's third largest city and vital port. In 1798, construction began to expand Fort Whetstone with brick and stone masonry to create a new, more permanent, structure. The new fort was dubbed Fort McHenry, named after George Washington’s Secretary of War and Baltimore native, James McHenry.
Artist's depiction of the bombardment of Fort McHenry.
NPS
The War of 1812
After its completion in 1803, Fort McHenry had a brief period of peace, allowing the fort to serve as an outpost for the small standing army of the United States. The country’s first light artillery unit was organized there. On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on England following several disputes around “Free Trade & Sailor’s Rights.” Fort McHenry’s role became vital in 1813 when British forces entered the Chesapeake Bay and a campaign of terror in the region began. In August of 1814, disaster struck the American forces when they were defeated at Bladensburg and British forces captured and burned Washington D.C.
With the nation’s capital fallen, eyes turned to Baltimore as the English forces’ next target. In September of 1814, 5,000 British soldiers landed northeast of the city and battled their way toward Baltimore until they were halted by well-defended earthworks at Hampstead Hill. Rather than test the defenses, they waited for support from the Royal Navy on the Patapsco River. Standing in their way was Fort McHenry and its 1,000 brave defenders. On September 13, 1814, the most powerful navy in the world sent a force of bomb and rocket ships dislodge the defenders from their fortifications. For twenty-five hours, bombs and rockets rained on Fort McHenry. But on the morning of September 14th, when the smoke and fog cleared, the defenders were still there. The British land and sea forces were forced to withdraw, unable to take the city. A lawyer by the name of Francis Scott Key witnessed the bombardment and was so inspired that he wrote a poem called “The Defense of Fort McHenry,” which was later put the music and renamed “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
An image depicting Fort McHenry's appearance during the Civil War.
Library of Congress
The Civil War (1861-1865)
In the years that followed the War of 1812, Fort McHenry went through a series of changes and improvements. Buildings were expanded, outer defenses were added, and an Army colonel by the name of Robert E. Lee oversaw the construction of Fort Carroll to the southeast, adding to Baltimore’s coastal defenses. When civil war broke out in 1861, Fort McHenry’s defensive role once again became prominent. Its large cannons pointed not only towards the water to defend the city from coastal attack, but also towards the center of Baltimore in an attempt to force the pro-secession population to comply with federal rule.
The fort also served as a prison during the war, seeing major surges of activity following the battles of Antietam in1862 and Gettysburg in 1863. Some of the most prominent prisoners to come through Fort McHenry, however, were not soldiers, but Maryland citizens who had expressed secessionist sentiments. Following President Abraham Lincoln’s suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the state, private citizens could be arrested for expressing such beliefs. For its role in housing political prisoners during the Civil War, some called Fort McHenry “The American Bastille.”
Nurses of General Hospital No. 2 on the large Rodman cannons that surround Fort McHenry.
NPS
20th Century
Following the Civil War, Fort McHenry declined in strategic importance. Its structures and defenses were outdated for modern machines of war. However, when the United States entered the First World War in 1917 the site found new purpose. The grounds surrounding the fort were transformed into a massive 100 building and 3,000 bed hospital. General Hospital No. 2, as it was named, operated from 1917 to 1925 and marked the busiest time period in Fort McHenry's history.
Following the closure of General Hospital No. 2, the U.S. Army began restoring the fort to its mid-nineteenth century appearance. In 1931 “The Star-Spangled Banner” became the National Anthem of the United States, breathing new life into the need to preserve Fort McHenry. In 1933, the site was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) and was re-designated as a National Monument and Historic Shrine, the first and only of its kind, in 1939. Fort McHenry was briefly called back into service during the Second World War as a training site for the United States Coast Guard. Following the conclusion of the war in 1945 the site returned to the NPS. Today, Fort McHenry is still the only National Park Service unit with the designation of “Historic Shrine."
