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Ten Essentials
Heading out to a national park? Make sure you pack the 10 Essentials!
The 10 Essentials are a collection of important items that can help you or others in the event of minor injuries, sudden weather changes, or unexpected emergencies. The 10 Essentials include basic items you should have with you. You may need additional items depending on the activity in which you participate (i.e., life jacket, bug spray, 2-way satellite messaging device). Visit the specific park's website to learn more about the park and make a plan for your activity before you head out. Be sure to tell someone where you’re going and when to expect you back.
THE TEN ESSENTIALS
The 10 Essentials are organized into ten categories, or systems1 :
The 10 Essentials are organized into ten categories, or systems1 :
Navigation items are used when planning your route before your trip, and when orienting yourself in the park during your activity. Know how to use a topographical map, compass or GPS unit before going out. Bring a physical map as a back up. You can also use the NPS app or download a map onto your phone or GPS. Pack an extra battery for your phone.
Sun protection is necessary to protect your skin and eyes against harsh UV rays that are responsible for sunburns and skin cancer. Consider using sunglasses, sunscreen, and hats. Sun-protection clothing such as pants and long sleeve shirts can also help minimize your exposure to the sun.
Prepare for sudden changes in weather conditions. Pack an extra layer of clothing that reflects the most extreme conditions you could encounter. This may include a raincoat, jacket, hat, or gloves. Use bright clothing to make yourself easier to see in case Search and Rescue needs to look for you.
Lighting is important in the outdoors at night, and can help you find your way out or signal for help. Items include flashlights, and headlamps. Headlamps are the recommended light source because they are hands-free. Be sure to pack extra batteries.
Prepare for emergencies by packing first-aid supplies. Start with a pre-made kit and modify it to fit your trip and your medical needs. Check the expiration date on all items and replace them as needed. Include any personal medications you regularly take. Consider including an emergency guide in case you are faced with an unfamiliar medical emergency.
Fire can be an emergency signal and a heat source for cooking and staying warm. Pack matches (preferably waterproof) or a lighter and fire starters - items that catch fire quickly and sustain a flame. Familiarize yourself with the local fire use regulations of your park before heading out. Learn more about campfires.
Carry a basic repair kit with you to help repair equipment. Include items like duct tape, knife, and scissors. Pack a multi-tool, a small tool that includes a knife, screwdriver, can opener, etc. A trowel and toilet paper may also be important. Bring any tools specific to your trip and your activity.
Be prepared for the possibility of changes to your trip plans. Pack an extra day's supply of food, preferably no-cook items that have good nutritional value to keep your energy high like salty and easy to digest snacks (e.g. trail mix, nuts, and granola bars). Having extra food can make a big difference for yourself or others if an unexpected situation occurs.
Staying hydrated on your trip is of utmost importance! Physical activity increases your risk of dehydration (loss of water and salts from the body), which can lead to negative health consequences. If you’re active outdoors (hiking, biking, running, swimming, etc.), especially in hot weather, you should drink water often and before you feel thirsty. Prepare your water before you need it and do not allow yourself to become dehydrated. Before heading out on your trip, be sure to identify if there are any bodies of water at your destination that you could collect water from and treat using your water treatment supplies. Learn more about purifying water.
Shelter is one of the most important elements during an emergency survival situation. It can protect you from severe weather conditions and exposure to the elements. A tent, tarp, bivy sack, or emergency space blanket are all lightweight options for emergency shelter.
Plan and prepare for your trip with help from the NPS Trip Planning Guide and learn more about Health & Safety in national parks. Remember to Hike Smart and leave no trace.
1. This system was developed by The Mountaineers, and additional details can be found in the book Mountaineering: The Freedom of the HiIls, 8th Edition, 2010.