The 19th Amendment: A Crash Course

19th Amendment to the United States Constitution

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

A suffrage parade in New York City, May 4, 1912.

Library of Congress

An Overview of the 19^th Amendment

In 1848 women and men met in Seneca Falls, New York to advance the cause for women’s rights. The convention, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Martha Wright, Mary Ann M'Clintock, and Jane Hunt marked the beginning of a formal women’s suffrage movement. The men and women of the movement made speeches and petitioned Congress, pressuring government officials to recognize the woman’s right to vote. Stanton, Mott, and suffrage advocate Susan B. Anthony did not live to see women get the right to vote. Instead, they paved the way for future suffragists like Alice Paul, Ida B. Wells, and Mabel Ping-Hua Lee.

The women leading the women’s suffrage movement were not always unified. Some suffragists thought only white women should exercise their right to vote. Others like Charlotte Forten Grimke, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, and Mary Church Terrell knew women of color also had a right to participate in electing government officials.

The first constitutional amendment to secure votes for women was introduced to congress in 1878. It failed. By 1919, suffragists get another amendment introduced to congress that would secure women's right to vote. The 19^th Amendment passed both the House and Senate. The states ratified the 19^th Amendment in 1920, officially recognizing women’s right to vote.

Missouri became the 11th state to ratify the 19th Amendment with the signature of Governor Frederick Gardner. Suffragists worked from the grassroots up to accomplish their mission.

Library of Congress

While many women were able to head to the polls, the amendment did not give voting rights to all women. Women of color, immigrants, and lower income women were often deterred from voting by laws and social pressure. For example, Native American women were not considered US citizens until 1924 and were not permitted to vote. Women who were convicted of a crime were also unable to vote, even if they completed their sentence.

After the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, suffragists like Alice Paul knew that their work was not finished. While the government recognized women’s right to vote, many women still faced discrimination. Paul and other members of the National Woman’s Party drafted the Equal Rights Amendment. If ratified, the amendment would guarantee equal rights to all people regardless of their gender. The Equal Rights Amendment was ratified by both houses of Congress in the 1970s but failed to get adequate support from the states. It has not yet been ratified to the Constitution.

Women’s rights advocates did make progress in passing other legislation after 1920. Congress passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963, making it illegal to pay a woman less for doing the same job as a man. A year later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act is often associated with the Civil Rights Movement as it prohibits employers from discriminating against an individual based on their race. The act also states that employers cannot discriminate against someone based on their gender. Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers could choose not to hire a woman because of her gender.

In the late 1960s and 1970s the Women's Liberation Movement rejected patriarchy and sought to bring more attention to issues of gender equality.

Library of Congress

A century after the ratification of the 19^th Amendment, women are still advocating for their rights. This activism would be impossible without the power of the vote that enables women to have a say in the democracy they live in. The 19^th Amendment is a milestone in American history.

A Brief Timeline of the 19^th Amendment

• July 1848- The first Woman’s Rights Convention takes place in Seneca Falls. Suffrage is part of the resulting Declaration of Sentiments
• February 3, 1870- The 15^th Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• January 1878- A women’s suffrage amendment is introduced to Senate. It fails in 1887.
• 1914- Another women’s suffrage amendment is introduced. It also fails.
• 1918- The 19^th Amendment passes the House and then fails in the Senate by 2 votes.
• February 10, 1919- The 19^th Amendment fails in the Senate by 1 vote.
• May 21, 1919- The 19^th Amendment passes in the House.
• June 4, 1919- The 19^th Amendment passes in the Senate.
• June 10, 1919- Wisconsin and Michigan are the first states to ratify the 19^th Amendment.
• August 18, 1920- Tennessee is the 36^th State to ratify the 19^th Amendment law, passing the three-fourths threshold requirement for the amendment to become law.
• August 26, 1920- The 19^th Amendment is adopted as part of the US Constitution.

Voting Rights After the 19^th Amendment

Lyndon Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act with Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists standing by, on August 6, 1965.

LBJ Presidential Library

The 19th Amendment did not guarantee that all women and men in the United States could vote. Securing this essential right has been an long struggle, that for some, continues on to this day.

• 1924, Indian Citizenship Act- Native Americans deemed US citizens, but states continue to decide who votes. Many continue to disenfranchise Native Americans.

• 1943, Magnuson Act- Chinese in America granted the right to become citizens, and therefore to vote (the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 previously prevented this)

• 1962- Utah is the last state to enfranchise Native Americans.

• 1965, Voting Rights Act- African Americans and Native Americans continued to face exclusion from voting through mechanisms like poll taxes, literacy tests, and intimidation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated many of these.

Learn more about the 19^th Amendment

19th Amendment

Visit the National Park Service's 19^th Amendment page to discover more about this landmark legislation. For primary source documents and more resources check out the Library of Congress 19^th Amendment Web Guide.