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Virginia also suffered at the hands of British forces in 1813. British raids took place on Carter Creek, Rappahannock River, Pagan Creek, James River, Lawnes Creek, Rosier Creek, and Mattox Creek. The British attack on Norfolk and Portsmouth was repulsed at the Battle of Craney Island at the mouth of the Elizabeth River. The British took out their revenge of that loss on Hampton three days later, attacking and occupying that city. The looting and destruction that began in 1813 severely affected the economy and commerce of the Chesapeake Bay region for many years.