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Chapter 1


--Origins

--Before NPS

--The Park Service Assumes Responsibility

--Interpretation Institutionalized


Chapter 2


--Branching Into History

--The Importance of Historical Interpretation

--Inagurating the Program

--Historical Challenges


Chapter 3


--New Directions

--Audiovisual Innovations

--Museums, Visitor Centers, and the New Look

--Living History

--Environmental Interpretation

--Women in Interpretation

--Other Agendas


Chapter 4


--Interpreting Interpretation


Chapter 5


--Interpretation In Crisis


Appendices


--Memo

--Photographs


Endnotes


--Origins

--Branching Into History

--New Directions

--Interpreting Interpretation

--Interpretation in Crisis

 



INTERPRETATION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

by Barry Mackintosh


Notes for Chapter 5: INTERPRETATION IN CRISIS

1. Letter, Tilden to Wirth, Sept. 23, 1952, Interpretive Programs file, History Division, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

2. Memorandum, Lee to Director Conrad L. Wirth, Feb. 15, 1954, ibid.; memorandum, Lee to Assistant Director Hillory A. Tolson, Jan. 4, 1960, History of Interpretation files, National Park Service History Collection, Harpers Ferry, W. Va. (hereinafter cited as NPSHC).

3. Wilson F. Clark, "National Parks Survey: the Interpretive Program of the National Parks; their Development, Present Status, and Reception by the Public," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1949; memorandum, Schultz to Ronald F. Lee, Oct. 24, 1955, Washington Office file K1815, Washington National Records Center (WNRC), Suitland, Md.

4. Lee, "What's New in Interpretation," paper for Visitor Services Conference, Williamsburg, Va., Dec. 2, 1959, Interpretive Programs file, History Division; "Report of Committee on Interpretive Standards," May 1962, NPSHC.

5. "Report of Committee on Interpretive Standards," pp. 4, 8, 12, 39.

6. Letter, Beard to S. Herbert Evison, Oct. 2, 1973, NPSHC. (At least one copy escaped destruction--that now in the National Park Service History Collection.)

7. Memorandum, Appleman to Price, Nov. 14, 1962, NPSHC/ Memorandum, Wirth to All Regional Directors, "Improvement of Interpretation in the National Park Service, " Feb. 26, 1963, ibid.

8. Johnsson, "A Prospectus of Projects for Inclusion in the Environmental Education Task Force," Nov. 27, 1969, NPSHC.

9. Risk, "Assessment and Enrichment of Environmental Interpretive Services in National Park Service Areas of the Pacific Northwest Region," 1973, NPSHC.

10. Memorandum, Hartzog to Directorate and All Field Directors, July 10, 1972 (containing Advisory Board quotation), NPSHC.

11. Everhart, "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," March 1973, NPSHC.

12. March 1970, p. 8.

13. "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," p. 24.

14. Road to the Future: Long Range Objectives and Goals for the National Park Service (Washington: National Park Service, 1964), p. 33; telephone conversation with Robert M. Utley, Jan. 7, 1986; letter, William W. Dunmire to Edwin C. Bearss and Barry Mackintosh, Feb. 13, 1986; "Report on National Park Service Interpretation," p. 23.

15. "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," pp. 47, 57.

16. Ibid., p. 59; memorandum, Cook to Field Directorate, June 6, 1974, Washington Office file K1815, WNRC.

17. "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," NPSHC.

18. "A Report on National Park Service Interpretation," p. 17.

19. Mott, "An Administrator Looks at Interpretation, " The Interpreter 8 (1976): 6.

20. "Report and Recommendations, Cultural Resources Management Conference, January 8-10, 1979, at Harpers Ferry, W.Va.," History Division.

21. Ibid. The historian position in the Interpretation Division was filled between 1980 and 1984.

22. Risk, "Final Narrative Report, Evaluation of Interpretive Services in Thirty Selected Sites in the North Atlantic Region," 1980, pp. 6, 10-11, NPSHC.

23. Memorandum, Dame to All Regional Chiefs, Interpretation and Visitor Services, Feb. 20, 1980, NPSHC.

24. Memorandum, Dickenson to Regional Directors and Superintendents, Mar. 29, 1982, NPSHC.

 

 


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