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Chapter 1
--Origins
--The Park Service Assumes Responsibility
--Interpretation Institutionalized
Chapter 2
--Branching Into History
--The Importance of Historical Interpretation
Chapter 3
--New Directions
--Museums, Visitor Centers, and the New Look
--Environmental Interpretation
Chapter 4
--Interpreting Interpretation
Chapter 5
--Interpretation In Crisis
Appendices
--Memo --Photographs
Endnotes
--Origins
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INTERPRETATION IN THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: |
Notes for Chapter 1: ORIGINS
1. Quotation from Linnie Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945), p. 144; C. Frank Brockman, "Park naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II, " Journal of Forest History, January 1978, p. 26.
2. Aubrey L. Haines, The Yellowstone Story (2 vols.; Yellowstone National Park: Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, 1977), 2: 303; Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954), p. 257.
3. Brockman, "Park naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II, " p. 28.
4. Ned J. Burns, Field Manual for Museums (Washington: National Park Service, 1941), p. 4.
5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1904 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904), pp. 387, 397; Burns, Field Manual for Museums, p. 4; U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1915 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915), pp. 814-15.
6. Schmeckbier, "Publicity in its Relation to National Parks, " Proceedings of the National Park Conference Held at the Yellowstone National Park September 11 and 12, 1911 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1912), pp. 105-06; Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, pp. 59, 257-58.
7. Yard, The National Parks Portfolio (Washington, Department of the Interior, 1916); U.S. Department of the Interior, Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1917 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1918), 1: 792.
8. U.S. Department of the Interior, Reports...for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1917, 1: 792-93.
9. Letter of May 13, 1918, reproduced in Administrative Policies for Natural Areas of the National Park System (Washington: National Park Service, 1970), p. 70.
10. Letter to Harold C. Bryant, June 24, 1931, History of Interpretation files, National Park Service History Collection, Harpers Ferry, W. Va. (hereinafter cited as NPSHC).
11. U.S. Department of the Interior, Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1919 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1919, 1: 946.
12. Lloyd K. Musselman, Rocky Mountain National Park Administrative History, 1915-1965 (Washington: National Park Service, 1971), pp. 147-48; Ricardo Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde National Park: An Administrative History, 1906-1970 (Washington: National Park Service, 1970), p. 94; U.S. Department of the Interior, Reports...for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1919, 1: 943-44.
13. Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," p. 29; Report of the Director of the National Park Service, in U.S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1920 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1920), 1: 113, 254, 256.
14. Brockman, "Park naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," pp. 30-31.
15. Burns, Field Manual for Museums, p. 18; Brockman, "Park naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation through World War II," pp. 31-32.
16. U. S. Department of the Interior, Annual Report...for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1920, 1: 59.
17. Ralph Lewis, "Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service," draft manuscript, 1983, p. 41; Burns, Field Manual for Museums, p.18.
18. Bumpus quote in H. C. Bumpus, Jr., Hermon Carey Bumpus, Yankee Naturalist (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1947), p. 104.
19. Lewis, "Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service," p. 53. 20 Ibid., p. 54.
20. Ibid., p. 54.
21. Report of the Education Division, 1926, NPSHC. 22. Torres-Reyes, Mesa Verde National Park, pp. 179-85; Brockman, " park naturalists and the evolution of national park service interpretation, " p. 41. 23. Brockman, "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation," pp. 33-34. 24. Ibid., pp. 32, 37; Russ Olsen, Administrative History: Organizational Structures of the National Park Service 1917 to 1985 (Washington: National Park Service, 1985. 25. Letter with enclosures, Feb. 17, 1926, NPSHC. 26. Harold C. Bryant, Nature Guiding (Washington: American Nature Association, 1925); Harold C. Bryant and Wallace W. Atwood, Jr., Research and Education in the National Parks (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936), pp. 37-38; Brockman, " park naturalists and the evolution of national park service interpretation, " p. 35. 27. Reports with Recommendations from the Committee on Study of Educational Problems in the National Parks January 9, 1929, and November 27, 1929 (n.p., n.d.) 29. Harold C. Bryant interview by S. Herbert Evison, Mar. 18, 1962, NPSHC. 30. "Park Naturalists and the Evolution of National Park Service Interpretation" p. 43. 31. Memorandum, "Report of Summer Inspection Trip, 1935, " NPSHC. 32. Memorandum, Ronald F. Lee to Hillory A. Tolson, Jan. 4, 1960, NPSHC.
Last Modified: July 9, 2000
09:35:00 pm PST
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