Contents
Foreword
Preface
The Invaders
1540-1542
The New Mexico: Preliminaries to Conquest
1542-1595
Oñate's Disenchantment
1595-1617
The "Christianization" of Pecos
1617-1659
The Shadow of the Inquisition
1659-1680
Their Own Worst Enemies
1680-1704
Pecos and the Friars
1704-1794
Pecos, the Plains, and the Provincias Internas
1704-1794
Toward Extinction
1794-1840
Epilogue
Abbreviations
Notes
Bibliography
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Italicized entries in the population column are most likely firsthand
information; asterisks denote San Miguel del Vado and environs.
| YEAR(S) | POPULATION |
SOURCE |
| 1500-1600 | "little less than
2,000" | Kidder, Pecos, New Mexico |
| 1540-42 | "as many as 500
warriors" | Castañeda I:12, Hammond and Rey,
Narratives |
| 1581 | 500 houses (Nueva
Tlaxcala: Pecos?) | Gallegos of Rodríguez Sánchez
Chamuscado expedition, Hammond and Rey, Rediscovery |
| 1583 | "about 2,000 men armed
with bows and arrows" | Pérez de Luján of Espejo
expedition, Hammond and Rey, Rediscovery |
| 1622 | "2,000 souls, a few
less" | Fr. Andrés Juárez to the viceroy, Oct.
2, AGN, Civil, 77 |
| 1620s | "more than 2,000
souls" | Fr. Alonso de Benavides, Memorial, 1630, and
Revised Memorial, 1634 |
| c. 1641 | 1,189 | Report on the missions, anon. and
undated, NMHR, vol. 4 (1929), pp. 47-48 |
| 1662 | c. 1,100 to
1,500 | Rough estimate based on encomienda tribute, AGN, Tierras,
3268 |
| 1680 | "more than 2,000
Christians" | Vetancurt, Teatro Mexicano, 1698 |
| 1692 | about 1,500 | Diego
de Vargas, Oct. 17, J. M. Espinosa, First Expedition |
| 1694 | 736 (186 men, 230
women, 320 children) | Fr. Diego de Zeinos, Dec. 28, BNM,
leg. 3, no. 6 |
| 1695 | "more than eight hundred
persons of all ages" | Diego de Vargas, Oct. 27, SANM, II, no.
58 |
| eight hundred persons | Santa Fe
Cabildo, Nov. 8, BNM, leg. 4, no. 11 |
| 1706 | "about a thousand
Christian Indians, children and adults" | Fr. Juan Álvarez,
Jan. 12, Hackett, Documents, III |
| 1714 | 100 Pecos auxiliaries
summoned for an Apache campaign, three times the number from any other
pueblo | Gov. Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollón, Aug., SANM, II,
no. 209 |
| 1730 | 521 (98 [198?]
families) | Bishop Benito Crespo., Sept. 8, Adams,
Tomarón's Visitation |
| 1744 | 125 families | Fr.
Juan Miguel Menchero, Hackett, Documents, III |
| 1749 | "estimate . . . more than
1000, counting children and adults" | Fr. Andrés Varo, BNM,
leg. 8, no. 57 |
| 1750 | 449 (255 adults, 194
children) | Fr. Francisco de la Concepción
González, BNM, leg. 8, no. 81 |
| 1752 | 318 (127 heads of
family, 111 children) (107 fighting men) | Gov. Tomás
Vélez Cachupín, AGN, PI, 102 |
| 1760 | 344 (158
families) | Bishop Pedro Tamarón, Adams,
Tamarón's Visitation (Fr. Juan Agustín de Morfi,
1782, quotes Tamarón's 1760 figures for 1765, Thomas,
Forgotten Frontiers) |
| 1765 | 532 [332?] (138
families) | Nicolás de LaFora? NMHR, vol. 50 (1975), p.
350 |
| 1776 | 269 (100
families) | Fr. Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, Adams and
Chavez, Missions (Antonio Bonilla, 1776, AGN, Historia, 25, uses
Varo's 1749 estimate) |
| 1779 | 235 (94 men, 94 women,
23 boys, 24 girls) | Gov. Juan Bautista de Anza, Nov. 1, BNM,
leg. 10, no. 59 |
| c. 1779 | 84 families |
Fr. Juan Agustín de Morfi, 1782, Thomas, Forgotten
Frontiers |
| 1789 | 138 (62 men, 6 boys,
58 women, 12 girls) | Gov. Fernando de la Concha,
Oct. 28, HL, Ritch |
| 1790 | 152 | Concha, Nov. 1, AGN, PI, 161 (picked up by Revillagigedo,
1793) |
| 154 (56 families) | Antonio José Ortiz and Fr. Severo Patero, Nov. 9,
SANM, II, no. 1096a |
| 1792 | 142 (61 families, with
44 children) | Estado de las misiones, July 16,
BNM, Leg. 10, no. 83 |
| 1794 | 180 (50 families, with
43 children) including some Tano families | Estado actual, BNM, leg. 10, nos. 70 and 82 |
| 165 (79 male, 86
female) | Misiones de la custodia . . .
1793-1794, Nov. 3, 1795, AASF, 1795, no. 13 |
| 1799 | 159
Indians
150 Hispanos* | Estado que
muestra las jurisdicciones, BNM, leg. 10, no. 74 |
| 1799 | 118 Indians (56 male,
62 female)
178 Hispanos (83 male, 95 female)* | Fr. Buenaventura Merino, June 10, 1801, Cathedral Archive,
Durango. |
| 1800 | 123 Indians (59 male,
64 female)
182 Hispanos (85 male, 97 female)* | Same as above |
| 1804 | 125 indians (52 male,
73 female)
437 Hispanos (220 male, 217 female)* | Noticia de las misiones, Dec. 31, AGI, Mex., 2737 |
| 1808 | 132 Indians (59 male,
73 female)
646 Hispanos (326 male, 320 female)* | Noticia de las misiones, Dec. 30, SANM, I, no.
1191 |
| 1810 | 135 Indians (59 male,
76 female)
662 Hispanos (321 male, 341 female)* | Noticia de las misiones, Dec. 31, HL, Ritch |
| c. 1811 | "30 fighting
men" | Pedro Bautista Pino, Exposición,
1812 |
| 1811-12 | 30 Indian
families
230 heads of Hispano families* | José Cristóbal Guerrero of El Vado petitions
for a resident priest, AASF, 1812, no. 14 |
| 1815 | no more than 40 persons
of both sexes | Anonymous complaint, AASF 1815, no.
7 |
| 1820 | 58 indians (28 male,
30 female) | Noticia de las misiones,
[Dec. 31,] SANM, II, no. 2950 |
| 735 Hispanos (356 male, 379
female)* |
| 1821 | 8 or 10 families | Esteban Baca petitions for lands at Pecos, Feb. 10, SANM,
I, no. 130 |
| 54 indians (26 male, 28
female) | Noticia de las misiones, Dec.
31, SANM, II, no. 3094 |
| 738 Hispanos (366 male, 372
female)* |
| 1823 | 90 persons | Padrón general, MANM |
| 1826 | not even 40 persons (no
more than 40 families) | Gov. Antonio Narbona, Oct.
14, SANM, I, no. 1371 |
| 1831-32 | "not more than fifteen
or twenty men" | Albert Pike, Prose Sketches and
Poems, 1834 |
| 1830s | "about a dozen,
comprizing all ages and sexes" | Josiah Gregg,
Commerce of the Prairies, 1844 |
| 1838 | 17 persons (7 men, 7
women, 3 children) abandon Pecos pueblo for Jémez | Edgar L. Hewett, "Studies," 1904 |
| 20 persons (12 male, 8 female) | Elsie Clews Parsons, Jemez, 1925 |
| 1849 | 18 persons (15 at
Jémez, 1 each at Cañón de Pecos, Cuesta, and Santo
Domingo) | James H. Simpson, Journal,
1852 |
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