|
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Ruins Stabilization in the Southwestern United States Publications in Archeology 10 |
|
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
History
Definitions
CHAPTER 2: PROBLEMS
Structural Faults
Weathering
Human and Animal Disturbance
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS
Portland Cement, Concrete and Mortars
Masonry Cements
Soil Cement Mortars
Soil Bitumen Mortars
Concrete Admixtures
Bonding Agents
Wood Preservatives
Non-Toxic Insecticide
Silicone Water Repellents
Plastic and Resin Compounds
Hydrozo Clear Coating
Herbicides
Poisons and Rodent Repellents
CHAPTER 4: TECHNIQUES AND CONTROLS
Erosion from Capillary Water
Evaluation of Methods
Control of Capillary Moisture
Related Drainage
Repair of Wall Breaks
Realignment
Integral Structural Members
Capping
Control of Efflorescence
Roofing and Roof Supports
Settlement and Subgrade
Underpinning and Shoring
Sub-Soil Intrusion Grout
Monolithic Structures
Adobe Structures
CHAPTER 5: RECORDING
Comprehensive Stabilization Records
Record Sheets
Photographic Coverage
Supplemental Records
Maintenance Records
Field Notes
Recording of Expenses
APPENDICES
1. Accelerated Weathering Tests2a. Wall Realignment and the Use of Adobes
2b. Use of Steel and Concrete for Adobe Walls
2c. Realignment of Adobe Walls
2d. Stabilization of Weakened Chimneys
2e. Stabilization of Stone Masonry
2f. Stabilizing Stone Masonry Walls
2g. Cliff Dwelling Stabilization
3. Executive Order 11593: Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment
LIST OF FIGURES
2. Aboriginal construction with narrow strips at ceiling line
3. Inclusion of heavy timbers within cored-type walls
4. Excavation neither proceeding nor ending on single plane
5. Clearing of depressed areas open to runoff and destruction
6. Strength curves for selected water-cement proportions
7. Selected cylinders subjected to freeze-thaw test
8. Use of heavy grouting to replace native soil between stone
9. Soil-cement in heavy cross section for slab house walls
10. Formed soil-cement in retaining sections of stabilized fill
11. Distribution of soil and vegetal material after soil gradation
12. Well graded soil after suspension in water and settling
13. Silicone treated areas of compound wall after rain
14. Compound wall 1 year after treatment with silicone
15. Damage caused by outward movement of moisture from fill
16. Damage caused by rising moisture from melting snow
17. Basal erosion from capillary moisture
18. Severe undermining and basal erosion of a wall
19. Field control of moisture erosion; wall depicted in section
20. Application of waterproofed cement mortar to an oblique wall
21. Construction of a dry-barrel in section
22. Settling type inlet for drain lines
23. Example of soft, pecked and dimpled stone on wall surface
24. Wall break in partially excavated site
25. Repair based on small area compared with size of break
26. Deep grouting with soil-cement on weathered face of wall
27. Scaffolding in place at completion of respalling and grouting
28. Temporary support of heavy wall with timber
29. Beam rising on jacks and placed through wall
30. Jacks and beams supporting wall
31. Placement of jack in line with shattered facing
32. Steel beams used as temporary support of wall
33. Use of cables and jacks in beginning realignment
34. Realignment of wall with cables and jacks
35. Wall after application of pressure by jacks
36. Placement of reinforcing in concrete mortar over lintels
37. Cast concrete lintels with same appearance as originals
38. Horizontal cast log replacing original timber
39. Integral members of reinforced arch section
40. Integral member: a large reinforced arch section
41. Integral members: steel in place for vertical section
42. Reinforced integral members in spirelike structure
43. Placement of reinforcing in third story of structure
44. General wall repairs and capping
45. Patching of hole combined with horizontal capping
46. Repair masonry laid to fill breaks
47. Temporary support of cracked and broken roof beams
48. Ceiling after removal of overburden and construction of roof
49. Typical roof covering and support
50. Details of roof supports in section
51. Construction of a slab covering and use of I-beams
52. Placement of forms for stabilization of wall
53. Placement of caliche-cement mix over wall
54. Application of a silicone water repellent
55. Two-story adobe structure at Fort Davis National Historic Site
56. Stabilization and modified restoration in process
57. Completed stabilization and restoration of adobe structure
58. Building before combined stabilization and restoration
59. Building following modified restoration
60. Enlisted men's barracks at Fort Davis National Historic Site
61. View of Fort Davis barracks after restoration
62. First sheet used for stabilization records at Fort Union
63. Second sheet used for stabilization records at Fort Union
64. Before and after photographs used with record sheets
65. Walls and coping before stabilization, Fort Union
66. Coping on west wall during stabilization, Fort Union
67. Coping on wall during stabilization, Fort Union
68. Coping on wall during stabilization, Fort Union
69. Coping on wall during stabilization, Fort Union
70. Coping on wall during stabilization, Fort Union
71. Wing wall during stabilization, Fort Union
72. Coping on wall after stabilization, Fort Union
73. Coping on wall after stabilization, Fort Union
74. Building after stabilization, Fort Union
75. Building corner before stabilization, Fort Union
76. Building corner after stabilization, Fort Union
77. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
78. Side of wall during stabilization, Fort Union
79. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
80. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
81. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
82. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
83. Side of wall during stabilization, Fort Union
84. Side of wall during stabilization, Fort Union
85. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
86. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
87. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
88. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
89. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
90. Side of wall during stabilization, Fort Union
91. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
92. Side of wall after stabilization, Fort Union
93. Fireplace in wall before stabilization, Fort Union
94. Fireplace in wall during stabilization, Fort Union
95. Fireplace in wall after stabilization, Fort Union
96. Side of wall before stabilization, Fort Union
97. Flue and chimney in wall during stabilization, Fort Union
98. Flue and chimney in wall during stabilization, Fort Union
99. General view of Kin Ya-a and Tower Kiva
100. Close-up of north wall, Tower Kiva
101. North wall exterior of Tower Kiva
102. Reinforcing ties for kiva corner
103. Northeast interior of Tower Kiva before stabilization
104. Lower part of interior of Tower Kiva
105. Hole caused by breakdown of savino sockets
106. Lower portion of Tower Kiva after stabilization
107. Installation of integral members in Tower Kiva
108. Upper portion of Tower Kiva, integral members anchored
109. Beginning vertical, reinforced capping, Tower Kiva
110. Installation of integral members in form of a T
111. Wall at completion of stabilization, Tower Kiva
112. Tower Kiva, east wall exterior at juncture with wall stub
113. View of Tower Kiva showing vertical cap
114. View of Tower Kiva showing north wall stub buttressed
115. Tower Kiva, northwest corner
116. North wall of Tower Kiva capped
117. Facing reset, Tower Kiva, west wall
118. Work on highest portion of Tower Kiva
119. Scaffolding anchored on firm and level bases, Tower Kiva
120. Distorted wall of Talus Unit No. 1
121. Plan of reinforced beam, Talus Unit No. 1
122. Construction of concrete beam, Talus Unit No. 1
123. Wall pulled into line, Talus Unit No. 1
124. Use of carrier across Walnut Canyon
125. Before replacement of fallen corner, Walnut Canyon
126. After replacement of fallen corner, Walnut Canyon
LIST OF TABLES
2. Results of 10 exemplary soil-cement tests
3. Costs of silicone preservatives at Fort Union
4. Precipitation on selected test sections of Fort Union walls
5. Penetration of various products in soil-cement
|
| The Mission Church, Tumacacori National Monument, Tumacacori, Arizona. Comprehensive stabilization, repair, and partial restoration of the Mission Church was performed in 1921 by Frank Pinkley. Lower portions of the columns and bases of the facade were restored in 1945. Since that time, all efforts by the National Park Service have been directed to preserving existing original construction. Replacement plaster, where required to cover eroded original lime plaster and adobe brick surfaces, consists of a tinted cement-lime-sand mortar employed with a bonding agent. |
Richard Nixon
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATESRogers C. B. Morton, Secretary
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORRonald H. Walker, Director
NATIONAL PARK SERVICEAs the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational resources. Indian and Territorial affairs are other major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resource." The Department works to assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will make its full contribution to a better United States—now and in the future.
This publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in connection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office, and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. 20402. Price $0.00.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication DataRichert, Roland Von S
Ruins stabilization in the Southwestern United States
(Publications in archeology, 10)
Bibliography: p.
Supt. of Docs, no.:I 29.59:10
1. Indians of North America—Southwest, New—Antiquities—Conservation and restoration. 2. Southwest, New—Antiquities. 3. Antiquities—Collection and preservation. I. Vivian, R. Gordon, joint author. II. Title. III. Series.
E51.U74 no. 10 [E78.S7] 970.4'9 72-600351
| <<< Previous | <<< Contents>>> | Next >>> |
archeology/10/contents.htm
Last Updated: 16-Apr-2007