Andersonville 2024 Fire Management Plan Update

Andersonville National Historic Site 2024 Fire Management Plan Update

National Park Service

1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING

The mission of the National Park Service Wildland Fire Program is to manage wildland fire to protect the public, park communities, and infrastructure, conserve natural and cultural resources, and maintain and restore natural ecosystem processes (NPS Wildland Fire Strategic Plan, NPS 2020-2024). Each park unit with burnable vegetation must have an approved Fire Management Plan that will address the need for adequate funding and staffing to support the fire management program. (Directors Order #18, Wildland Fire Management, NPS 2008). To align with the DOI FMP Framework, the NPS developed fire management planning guidance described in NPS Reference Manual (RM) - 18, Fire Planning, Chapter 4 (2023), that considers fire program complexity and efficient and effective planning direction.

This document outlines the fire management program at Andersonville National Historic Site (hereinafter referred to as “the Park” or by NPS alpha code “ANDE”) in Andersonville, Georgia, roughly 60 miles southwest of Macon, Georgia (see Figure 1). In conformance with federal and NPS policy, the FMP for a national park unit serves as a detailed operational fire manual and a programmatic strategy document for implementing a park’s fire management program consistent with the unit’s resource management goals and objectives. The resource management goals and objectives of ANDE are found in the General Management Plan (1988).

Current federal wildland policy stresses the protection of firefighters and the public, protection of public and private property, and protection, restoration, and rehabilitation of the natural and cultural resources on federally managed lands. The intent of the ANDE fire management program, guided by federal policy and the Park’s resource management objectives, is to increase the protection of life, property, and natural and cultural resources with the Park from the adverse effects of an unplanned wildfire.

ANDE was established in Andersonville, Georgia, on October 16, 1970. The park is approximately 515 acres in size and consist of the Civil War military prison Camp Sumter, the Andersonville National Cemetery, and the National Prisoner of War Museum. The park is located in both Macon and Sumter Counties, adjacent to the east side of the town of Andersonville

1.1 Program Organization


ANDE is part of the NPS Atlantic Fire Management Zone (ATLZ). Each Fire Management Zone consists of all NPS units within a defined geographic area within the bounds of the Department of Interior Region 2 (IR2) that have burnable vegetation or that can be affected by wildland fire and are staffed with an Interagency Fire Program Management Qualified Zone Fire Management Officer (FMO) and other qualified staff. The ATLZ FMO is based out of Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) and falls under CUIS supervision and management discretion.  The ATLZ FMO provides leadership to his/her staff and ensures that a sound fire management program, within the capacity of his staff, is in place at all parks within the Zone.
The Atlantic Zone includes:
  • Andersonville National Historic Site (ANDE)
  • Canaveral National Seashore (CANA)
  • Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (CASA)
  • Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS)
  • De Soto National Memorial (DESO)
  • Fort Frederica National Monument (FOFR)
  • Fort Matanzas National Monument (FOMA)
  • Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU)
  • Jimmy Carter Historic Site (JICA)
  • Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU)
  • Timucuan Ecologic and Historic Preserve (TIMU)

1.2 Fire Management Actions


Approved fire management actions at ANDE include the wildfire suppression, non-fire fuels treatments, and prescribed fire use. All wildfires will be suppressed at the lowest cost with the fewest negative consequences with respect to firefighter and public safety. Managing wildfire for resource benefit is not approved for ANDE.

Non-fire mechanical treatments can be used to reduce hazardous fuel accumulations to create and maintain defensible space around park infrastructure.

Prescribed fire can be employed along the wetted area of Stockade Branch, which consist of approximately 10 acres of grasses and forbs.

Due to a lack of aviation use in recent years, JICA is currently considered a Level 3 park and is not required to develop a park-level Aviation Management Plan. Drones and other aviation operations used for wildland fire management, if approved and authorized, would operate under the Regional Aviation Management Plan. A Project Aviation Safety Plan (PASP) would also be completed where required prior to any aviation operations.

1.3 Environmental Compliance


An Environmental Assessment (EA) for the 2003 ANDE Fire Management Plan was completed in August 2003 pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The preferred alternative in the EA included mechanical thinning, prescribed fire, and wildfire suppression. A Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the 2003 ANDE FMP EA for The actions outlined in this FMP update do not conflict with the 2003 EA.

1.4 Park Unit/Resource Management Planning


Each unit of the National Park Service will have a Foundation Document that provides basic guidance for planning and management decisions. The Andersonville National Historic Site Foundation Document was completed in February 2014.

The fundamental resources and values defined in the document that require protection from wildland fire include:
  • Prison site and associated resources. This encompasses all the components of the prison camp officially named Camp Sumter. These include the Star Fort, earthworks, wells, potential archeological resources, stockade branch, and the Providence Spring.
  • Commemorative monuments. This includes all cemetery and prison site monuments and the POW commemorative walkway. Groups of monuments are listed below:
    • Sixteen monuments erect by states and veteran groups in the early 1900s, within the national cemetery and prison site, to their honored dead at Andersonville o Five monuments in the prison site erected by the Woman’s Relief Corps between 1908 and 1934.
    • Three monuments dedicated between 1976 and 1989 to prisoners of war of post Civil War conflicts and unknown soldiers buried in the national cemetery o Sixteen memorial plaques located near the National Prisoner of War Museum
  • National Cemetery. This resource includes the graves of the nearly 13,000 prisoners who died at Camp Sumter as well as nearly 8,000 graves of deceased veterans from every subsequent conflict in which the United States has been engaged.
  • Museum and collections. This encompasses the National Prisoner of War Museum and associated commemorative courtyard, museum collections/artifacts, and archival collections.
  • Objectives addressed in the Park’s 1988 Resource Management Plan that are pertinent to fire management are:
  • Cultural resource preservation, which involves:
    • Identifying, evaluating, protecting, and preserving the park’s cultural resources and artifacts in accordance with legislation and executive requirements and the Service’s historic preservation policies.
  • Natural resource conservation, which involves:
    • Promoting reestablishment of mature oak-pine forest in the park, except where manipulation of natural resources is required to maintain the historic setting. (Manipulation of natural resources involves controlling the vegetation in the historic zone to duplicate as near as practical the tree line of 1864.)
    • Documenting the existing air quality and providing a management strategy to protect the historic resources of Andersonville.
  • Promoting safe, efficient access to and circulation within Andersonville Prison site and the national cemetery.
  • Securing adequate information to facilitate development of optimal management strategies for the park’s cultural and natural resources.

1.5 Collaborative Planning


The National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy is a strategic push to work collaboratively among all stakeholders and across all landscapes, using best science, to build resilient landscapes, fire adapted communities, and a safe and effective wildfire response. Interagency fire management goals adopted under the National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy Addendum Update 2023 are incorporated into the park’s fire management goals. The goals of the cohesive strategy are:
  1. Resilient Landscapes: Landscapes, regardless of jurisdictional boundaries areresilient to fire, insect, disease, invasive species, and climate change disturbances, in accordance with management objectives.
  2. Fire-Adapted Communities: Human populations and infrastructure are as prepared as possible to receive, respond to, and recover from wildland fire.
  3. Safe, Effective, Risk-based Wildfire Response: All jurisdictions participate in making and implementing safe, effective, efficient risk-based wildfire management decisions.

Fire and park staff will promote and maintain cooperation with Federal, State, and County agencies and organizations on projects affecting the management of the monument. A statewide Master Cooperative Agreement exists between the U.S. Department of the Interior (National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), United States Forest Service, and the Georgia Forestry Commission. ANDE has no structural firefighting capability. All structural fire events at the park will be referred to the Sumter County Fire Department.

Information on agreements related to wildland fire is included in Appendix C: Cooperative and Interagency Agreements.

1.6 Communication and Education


The Atlantic Zone and park staff will facilitate, coordinate, and support communication and outreach with internal and external audiences to increase understanding and support of wildland fire management practices. If a wildland fire communication and education plan is developed, it will follow guidance from National Park Service RM 18, Chapter 20 (Communication and Education).

ANDE will inform the public and park visitors of all wildfires. The park will also provide fire danger or fire prevention messages during periods of elevated fire danger as described in the Preparedness Level Plan (Appendix D-3).

In the event of a wildfire, or during times of extraordinary fire danger, the Superintendent or designee may, as a safety precaution, temporarily close part of the park to the visiting public. Every effort will be made to inform the general public of the situation. If a fire threatens to escape the NPS-owned lands, adjacent authorities and landowners will be given as much advance warning as possible so that they may take appropriate action.

2.0 WILDLAND FIRE PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 Goals

  1. Suppress all wildfires in a cost‐effective manner, consistent with resource objectives, considering firefighter and public safety (always the highest priority), and values to be protected.
  2. Manage all wildfire incidents in accordance with accepted interagency standards, selecting strategies and tactics that respond to the specific conditions and resource setting of the wildfire, and maximizing efficiency via interagency coordination and cooperation.
  3. Continue coordination with state and local fire management agencies to facilitate close working relationships and cooperation regarding fire management activities.
  4. Develop and conduct a monitoring program with recommended standard monitoring levels commensurate with the scope of the fire management program, and use the information gained to continually evaluate and improve the fire management program.
  5. Integrate knowledge gained through natural resource research into future fire management decisions and actions.
  6. Maintain the highest standards of professional and technical expertise in planning and safely implementing an effective fire management program.
  7. Plan and conduct all fire management activities in accordance with all applicable laws, policies, and regulations.
  8. Incorporate minimum impact suppression tactics (MIST) relevant to the specific circumstances of the event into all wildfire suppression activities to the greatest extent feasible.
  9. Provide park employees with fire operations training and experience to develop fully qualified personnel commensurate with the normal fire year workload

2.2 Objectives

  1. Control 95% or higher of all wildland fires during initial attack.
  2. Mechanically create and maintain at least 30 feet of defensible space around all park buildings. Total area affected will be approximately .2 acre. A 60-foot radius of defensible space (totaling approximately 1 acre) will be mechanically created and maintained around the maintenance facility that includes two buildings, an aboveground fuel storage unit, vehicles, and gas-powered equipment.

3.0 WILDLAND FIRE OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE

3.1 Management of Wildfires

The initial action on wildfires at ANDE will be to suppress the fire at the lowest cost with the fewest negative consequences with respect to firefighter and public safety. The appropriate initial attack response will vary from fire to fire, and sometimes even along the perimeter of the same fire. Options range from confinement with minimal on-the-ground disturbance to direct suppression actions along the entire fire perimeter. Managing wildland fires for resource benefit is not approved for ANDE.

3.1.1 Wildfire Response Planning


Expected Fire Behavior

Weather (wind speed, relative humidity, and temperature) and fuel moisture (live and dead) are the primary influences on fire behavior at ANDE, as the terrain is relatively flat. Fire behavior in mixed hardwoods and pine trees is expected to be low to moderate under most conditions, but will increase significantly during dry or windy conditions. The lack of prescribed fire has resulted in the buildup of litter and duff fuels, which can significantly increase fire intensity and fire duration during periods of drought.

Weather and/or fuel conditions that may lead to fire behavior that exceeds the capacity for initial attack by firefighters with handtools include:
  • Relative humidity (RH) values below 25%
  • Surface wind speeds of 15 mph or greater
  • The National Weather Service daily fire weather forecast includes RH and wind, and is available at: Text Products for FWF Issued by FFC (weather.gov)

Additionally, the Georgia Interagency Fire Danger Operating Plan (FDOP) uses multiple indices to help determine elevated fire danger:
  • Energy Release Component (ERC) values above the 90th percentile indicate potential for elevated, even extreme, fire behavior and increased resistance to control.
  • The Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is a fire index used to help measure moisture levels in deep duff and upper soil layers. The KBDI ranges from 0 (saturated) to 800 (maximum drought possible). The Georgia FDOP uses KBDI to help determine long term fire danger and preparedness planning. KBDI values above 500 are an indicator of the potential for elevated fire danger and resistance to control.
  • Daily ERC and KBDI values can be obtained using the Weather Information Management System (WIMS).

Initial Response Procedures

The goal in all initial response is to suppress the fire in a cost-effective manner, consistent with resource management objectives. Initial attack priorities at ANDE are tiered to firefighter and public safety (the highest priority in every fire management activity), and the threat that the wildland fire poses to park values. The Initial Response Plan and Emergency Contact List are located in Appendix D-4.

Initial action forces are the first suppression personnel to arrive at a wildfire, as well as any reinforcements that arrive during the first burning period. In the case of a wildfire at the park, NPS is part of a Master Cooperative Wildland Fire Response Agreement with the GFC, who, upon notification, will respond. In coordination with the agency administrator or Fire Duty Officer (DO), the GFC will develop a response to the incident, organize and direct the fire resources on hand toward safe, efficient implementation of that response, monitor the effectiveness of the suppression tactics in use, and adjust strategy and tactics accordingly. The GFC will be responsible for the fire until it is out or until being relieved of duty via a formal command change.

The DO will ensure a complexity analysis has been completed and an appropriately qualified Incident Commander (IC) is assigned to each incident. If a qualified IC is not available, one will be requested through the Georgia Interagency Coordination Center (GICC).

Transition to Extended Response

Given the small size of ANDE, the amount of maintained landscape, and the relatively short response times for first responders, it is unlikely that an extended attack situation would occur. If a wildfire does transition to extended attack the IC, with assistance from Zone and ANDE staff, will complete a WFDSS decision. The Superintendent will approve WFDSS decision documents and periodic assessments. See Section 3.1.2 for more information on WFDSS, and refer to the Red Book, Incident Management and Response, Chapter 11 for current direction on wildfire command and organizational structure.

Minimum Impact Strategy and Tactics (MIST)

NPS policy requires fire managers and firefighters to select management tactics commensurate with a fire’s existing or potential behavior, but which cause as little impact to natural and cultural resources as possible. All suppression activities at ANDE will therefore incorporate the MIST policy to the greatest extent feasible for the situation.

Examples of minimum impact suppression tactics that will be implemented include:
  • Keeping fire engines or slip‐on units on existing roads.
  • Not using heavy equipment (bulldozers, plows) for constructing fire line.
  • Not using fire line explosives.
  • Using existing natural fuel breaks and human‐made barriers, wet line, or cold trailing the fire edge in lieu of fire line construction whenever possible.
  • Keeping fire line width as narrow as possible when it must be constructed.
  • Avoiding ground disturbance within known natural and archeological/cultural/historic resource locations. When fire line construction is necessary in proximity to these resource locations it will involve as little ground disturbance as possible and be located as far outside of resource boundaries as possible.
  • Using water or type A (biodegradable) foam in lieu of fire retardant
  • Using soaker hose, sprinklers, or foggers in mop‐up; avoiding boring and hydraulic action.
  • Minimizing cutting of trees
  • Scattering or removing debris as prescribed by the Incident Commander
  • Protecting air and water quality by complying with the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and all other applicable federal, state, and local laws and requirements. MIST guidelines are listed in Exhibit 1 of RM - 18, Managing Wildland Fire, Chapter 2.

3.1.2 Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS)


The Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS) will be used to document the management objectives and strategies if a wildfire escapes initial attack, exceeds initial attack response, or if the management objectives contain elements of protection and resource benefit. Current direction on WFDSS pertaining to the NPS can be found in the Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations (Red Book) in Chapters 3 and 11. Current direction on WFDSS pertaining to the NPS can be found in the Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations (Red Book) in Chapters 3 and 11.

Management Requirements (MRs) and Strategic Objectives (SOs) are derived from land and resource management plans, as well as related compliance documents, and provide the framework, and limitations/challenges for wildfire response. MRs and SOs provide the foundation of the WFDSS decision. In order to publish an Incident Decision in WFDSS, applicable fire related protection and resource management objectives and requirements must be incorporated pre-season into WFDSS. NPS recommends pre-loading MRs and SOs pre-season in the WFDSS Production System (Red Book, Incident Management and Response, Chapter 11).

Due to the limited amount of burnable vegetation at ANDE, it is not expected that a wildfire will exceed initial attack. Therefore, no MRs or SOs have been developed. If developed, they will be added to WFDSS.

3.2 Fuels Treatments


The EA and FONSI allow for non-fire mechanical treatments to reduce hazardous fuel accumulations to create and maintain defensible space around park infrastructure. Prescribed fire can be implemented along the wetted area of Stockade Branch, which consist of about 10 acres of grasses and forbs.

Defensible Space

Non‐fire fuels treatments will be conducted to create and maintain defensible space of at least 30 feet around all park structures. The maintenance facility with two buildings, an above ground fuel storage unit, vehicles, and gas-powered equipment will have a 60-foot radius (approximately 1 acre) of defensible space. Creating defensible space will involve removing hazardous fuels, including dead and down timber, ladder fuels, exotic vegetation, and timber of less than 4 inches in diameter at breast height. Maintaining defensible space includes general grounds-care operations such as mowing and weed-eating during the growing season. Current information on NPS Structure Protection needs can be found at NPS Wildland Fire Risk Assessment (WFRA). https://wildfire-risk-assessments-nifc.hub.arcgis.com/

The NPS has adopted the International Code Council’s (ICC’s) International Urban-Wildland Interface Code (2006; revised 2018) through the parameters described in Executive Order Wildland-Urban Interface Federal Risk Mitigation (May 18, 2016). Contained in the Andersonville National Historic Site 2024 Fire Management Plan Update 15 | Page ICC’s code (sections 603 and 604) are descriptions of defensible space and maintenance requirements for urban wildland interface areas.” Reference RM - 18, Fuels Management, Chapter 7 for additional information.

3.3 Preparedness


NPS policy requires that every unit with a fire management program incorporate preparedness considerations into its fire management plan. Refer to RM - 18, Preparedness, Chapter 5 and Red Book, Preparedness, Chapter 10 for current preparedness direction.

The Annual Delegation of Authority, Inter-Park Agreement, Cooperative and Interagency Agreements, Fire Danger Operating Plan, Preparedness Level Plan, and Initial Response Plan are found in the Appendix section of this FMP. Reference Red Book, Preparedness, Chapter 10 for preparedness planning requirements.

3.3.1 Preparedness Activities


Preparedness activities at ANDE will include:
  • Ensuring that ANDE has access to additional fire resources as the need arises.
  • Maintaining fire records, weather data, maps, and other associated information. The ATLZ FMO will submit park data annually, including fire reports and polygons to the Interagency Fire Occurrence Reporting Module (InFORM).
  • The ATLZ FMO will conduct preparedness reviews on an annual basis using approved NPS Interagency Preparedness Review Checklists.

3.3.2 Coordination and Dispatching


Dispatching for ANDE resources is accomplished through the Georgia Interagency Coordination Center (GICC, contact number 770-297-3036).

Dispatch and mobilization guidelines and procedures are provided in the National Interagency Mobilization Guide and the Southern Interagency Mobilization Guide. The Interagency Resource Ordering Capability (IROC) enables fire managers to request fire personnel and equipment and track where they’re located.

3.3.3 Duty Officer


The Zone FMO is responsible for providing DO coverage during any period of predicted incident activities. The DO will assist with monitoring local conditions and fire indices, coordinating wildfire response, and assisting with wildfire documentation and reporting per the Red Book, NPS Program Organization and Responsibilities, Chapter 3.

3.3.4 Prevention


NPS policy requires that units that average more than 26 human caused fires per year over the most recent 10-year period are required to develop a fire prevention plan. ANDE is not currently required to develop a fire prevention plan due to limited fire occurrence. Fire prevention activities are included in Appendix D-3: Preparedness Level Plan.

Additional resources regarding fire prevention and education can be found in RM-18, Chapter 20, Communication and Education, Interim Policy RM-18 Chapters 5 and 6, or at the NIFC Fire Prevention, Education, and Mitigation website.

3.3.5 Safety Program/Plan


Wildland fire operations include a significant number of activities that are inherently dangerous, requiring the active involvement of park and fire leadership staff to ensure involved personnel are focused on life, health, and safety in all fire management activities. The prevention of injury and/or loss of human life is the overriding consideration during all operations. At no time will the control of a wildfire or the protection of resources be placed above the protection of human life. Every supervisor and employee is responsible for following safe work practices and procedures, as well as identifying and reporting unsafe conditions. All firefighters, fireline supervisors, fire managers, and agency administrators have the responsibility to ensure compliance with established safe firefighting practices.

All actions defined in this Fire Management Plan will conform to safety policies defined in agency and departmental policy, including, but not limited to:
  • Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations (NFES 2724).
  • NPS Director’s Order 18, and Reference Manual 18, Standards for Operations and Safety chapter.
  • NPS Directors Order 60, and Reference Manual 60, Aviation Management.
  • NPS Directors Order 50B, and Reference Manual 50B, Occupational Safety and Health Program.
  • All operational standards identified by the NWCG.

ANDE maintains a Documented Occupational Safety and Health Plan, as described in NPS Reference Manual 50B, National Park Service Occupational Safety and Health Program. The current safety plan and park serious injury or death procedure are stored in park files.

3.3.6 Job Hazard Analysis


The Atlantic Zone FMO is required to ensure completion of a JHA per Red Book, NPS Program Organization and Responsibilities Chapter 3. The current JHAs are stored in Zone files.

3.4 Post-Fire Programs and Response


ANDE is responsible for taking prompt action after a wildfire to minimize threats to life or property, and to prevent unacceptable degradation to natural and cultural resources. Damages resulting from wildfires are addressed through four activities:
  1. Suppression Repair: The intent is to repair suppression damages and is the responsibility of the IC. This activity is paid for from wildfire suppression funding.
  2. Emergency Stabilization: The intent is to protect life and property and critical resource values, and is the responsibility of the Superintendent. This activity is paid for from Emergency Stabilization (ES) funding.
  3. Rehabilitation: The intent is to repair wildfire damaged lands that are unlikely to recover naturally to management approved conditions, or to repair or replace minor facilities damaged by wildfire. This activity is paid for from Burned Area Rehabilitation (BAR) funds.
  4. Restoration: The intent is to continue the rehabilitation efforts started in the BAR process beyond the time period limitation set by the department. This activity is paid for from regular program funds.

Southeast Region Standard Operating Procedures for developing and submitting post-fire Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) requests can be obtained by contacting the Regional Fire Ecologist. RM - 18, Post Wildfire Programs, Chapter 18 and the Red Book, Incident Management and Response, Chapter 11 provide direction on current processes and timeframes.

3.5 Air Quality/Smoke Management


ANDE is located in an area that has been designated a class II air shed under the Clean Air Act. Under class II, modest increases in air pollution are allowed beyond baseline levels for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and nitrogen dioxide, provided that the national ambient air quality standards, established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), are not exceeded.

Prescribed burning at ANDE will be limited to approximately 10 acres of grasses and forbs along Stockade Branch. Smoke emissions are expected to be minimal and of short duration. Debris burning may be allowed as outlined in RM 18, Chapter 7. Fire staff will work with ANDE staff and local cooperators as needed to address and mitigate any smoke impacts to local roads and communities during wildland fire operations.

3.6 Data and Records Management


3.6.1 Wildfire Reporting

Wildland fire reporting will follow guidelines established by NPS policy, Director’s Order 18, and the associated NPS RM-18, Chapter 11. Each wildfire requires completion of an individual fire report, currently submitted using the InFORM online system. It is the responsibility of the IC, or FPC if no NPS IC was present on scene, to provide wildfire information to the Zone Duty Officer. Zone fire staff will typically enter the reports into InFORM, although this can be delegated to other personnel. The fire report is a permanent record of wildland fires on NPS lands and/or fire responses completed by the NPS. When ANDE staff assist with wildfire suppression on other agency lands, the agency with jurisdiction will file a report.

3.6.2 Geospatial Data Management for Wildland Fire Projects


All GIS Standard Operating Procedures will be followed. Information and guidance can be found on the NWCG Geospatial Subcommittee website.

3.6.3 Wildland Fire Qualifications Management

The Zone FMO or their designee will enter and maintain all ANDE Incident Qualification and Certification System (IQCS) records for fire management. ANDE staff will provide documentation of completed training courses to the Zone FMO or their designee. The Zone FMO will authorize task books and sign all Incident Qualifications Cards (Red Cards). Red Cards may also be issued following the issuance or completion of position task books in order to reflect changes to employee qualifications.

4.0 PROGRAM MONITORING AND EVALUATION

4.1 Monitoring


NPS policy requires managers to monitor the effects of all wildland and prescribed fires. The Park, in coordination with the ATLZ FMO, will conduct a fire monitoring program in accordance with RM - 18, Fire Ecology and Monitoring, Chapter 8.

The Atlantic Fire Management Zone does not have a fire ecologist or fire effects monitoring staff. Monitoring at other Atlantic Zone parks has been accomplished using fire ecology and fire effects staff from elsewhere in the region. The Zone FMO will coordinate with the Regional Fire Ecologist as needed to request assistance with monitoring at ANDE.

4.2 Research

Science based decision-making using research, monitoring, and partnerships provides the basis for fire management to promote beneficial outcomes and mitigate negative ecological consequences of park resources. There has been no known fire research at ANDE. However, research focused on similar ecosystems continues to provide valuable results that may be applied to the ANDE fire management program in the future. Additional information on research related to the fire management program can be found at RM-18, Fire Research, Chapter 17.

4.3 Climate Change

Climate change is affecting vegetation structure, composition, function, and ecosystem processes in the eastern United States. This presents new challenges for managing wildland fires in fire-adapted ecosystems and near the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). The 2021 ANDE Climate Change Summary, states,
Climate change is intensifying the heat that drives wildfire (Jolly et al. 2015) and altering the distribution and density of vegetation that comprises the fuel for wildfires (Gonzalez et al. 2010). These effects combine with the unnatural buildup of coarse woody debris and understory trees from decades of suppression of all fires, even natural ones (Agee and Skinner 2005). The effects of climate change on wildfire vary cross landscapes. For areas where projected climate change increases fire risk, buildings, cultural landscapes, or other infrastructure located under or near tree canopies or dense grasslands are vulnerable to burning and destruction. it is unclear if the increased heat will lead to drying since precipitation is also increasing. Taking action now can help us inform future management, plan for increased wildfire activity across the U.S., and adapt our forests to changing fire regimes.

Specific climate change impacts to the ANDE fire management program are not yet known. However, potential increases in temperature and/or the frequency of drought events could increase future wildfire occurrence and intensity. Park and Zone fire staff will continue to consult available fire climate data and incorporate findings into fire management planning, including the need to maintain or expand defensible space and the development of fuels treatment plans.

4.4 Evaluations, Reviews, and Updates


4.4.1 Fire Program Review

The ANDE Fire Program will be discussed by Zone and park staff annually. A formal program review has not been conducted, but may occur if park, regional or national leadership request a review. The National Park Service has developed a NPS Wildland Fire Program Review Guide that describes the review framework. For more information reference RM - 18, Evaluations, Reviews and Investigations, Chapter 16.

4.4.2 Wildland Fire Incident Review


All wildland fires and fire-related incidents will be reviewed in accordance with RM - 18, Evaluations, Reviews and Investigations, Chapter 16 and the Red Book, Reviews and Investigations Chapter 18. Post-fire critiques are typically completed by the Incident Commander as part of an After Action Review (AAR) using the guidelines in the Redbook, but could be completed in any format. The critique will follow the guidelines in RM-18 and will cover all aspects of the incident, including safety, tactics, difficulties encountered, areas needing improvement, and whether specified objectives were met. The information gathered from these critiques will be used to continually improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the fire management program. The critique will be kept as a permanent record and stored in zone files.

4.4.3 Required Annual Regional FMP Review Process


ANDE will follow the Fire Management Plan Regional Review Process outlined in Reference Manual 18, Fire Management Plans, Chapter 4, Sections 3.0 and 3.1. Signed FMP updates will be uploaded to the NPS Wildland Fire FMP A123 SharePoint

References Cited or Consulted

Interagency Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations (Red Book) National Cohesive Wildland Fire Management Strategy
Management Policies 2006, National Park Service, 2006
Directors Order 18: Wildland Fire Management, National Park Service, 2008 Reference Manual 18: Wildland Fire Management, National Park Service Wildland Fire Strategic Plan, National Park Service, 2020-2024
National Park Service NEPA Handbook, National Park Service, 2015
Fire Monitoring Handbook, National Park Service, 2003
Wildland Fire Program Review Guide, National Park Service, 2013 Andersonville National Historic Site Climate Change Summary 2021, NPS Climate Change Response Program, 2021

NWCG Glossary


The list of pertinent fire management definitions may change over time as new definitions are added and obsolete definitions are replaced. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group maintains a current list of acceptable terms with their definitions on the NWCG Glossary of Wildland Fire website.

Appendix A: Annual Delegation of Authority

February 28, 2024

Memorandum: Delegation of Authority for Andersonville National Historic Site Fire Management Officer.

To: Lucas Hunkler, Acting Atlantic Zone Fire Management Officer

From: Gia Wagner, Superintendent, Andersonville National Historic Site Subject: Fire Management Officer Delegation of Authority


As per RM 18, and the Standards for Fire and Fire Aviation Operations Lucas Hunkler, Acting Zone Fire Management Officer, is delegated authority to act on my behalf for the following duties and actions:
  • Represent Fort Pulaski National Monument in setting priorities and allocating resources for fire emergencies.
  • Ensure that only fully qualified personnel are used in wildland fire operations. • Coordinate, preposition, send, and order fire and aviation resources in response to current and anticipated park fire conditions.
  • Request and oversee distribution of severity funding for the Fire and Aviation program.
  • Approve Fire Program requests for overtime, hazard pay, and other premium pay.
  • Ensure all incidents are managed in a safe and cost-effective manner.
  • Coordinate and provide all fire and prevention information needs to inform internal and external costumers with necessary information
  • Coordinate all fire funding accounts with the budget officer to assure unit fiscal guidelines are adhered to and targets are met
  • Approve and sign aviation request forms.
  • Approve red cards in accordance with agency policy.
  • Authorized to hire emergency firefighters in accordance with the Administratively Determined (AD) Pay Plan for Emergency Workers (Casuals)
  • Utilize fire management assistance from Cumberland Island Fire Staff, as outlined in the Inter-park Agreement for the NPS Atlantic Zone.

Appendix B: Inter-Park Agreement

Inter-Park Agreement
Between
Atlantic Fire Management Zone And the following National Park Service Units: Andersonville National Historic Site
Canaveral National Seashore
Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
Cumberland Island National Seashore
Fort Caroline National Memorial
Fort Frederica National Monument
Fort Matanzas National Monument
Fort Pulaski National Monument
Jimmy Carter Historic Site
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve

Background


Wildland fire management and associated activities require technical expertise that may not be present at the individual park level. These include, but are not limited to:

Fire management planning
Wildfire suppression preparedness/training Fire mobilization and dispatch
Fire reporting Fuels management project planning and implementation Capitalized equipment requests Fire effects monitoring/research.

To address this issue, in 2015, the Regional Fire Management Officer and the Regional Directorate for the DOI NPS Region 2 identified a group of 11 parks and created the Atlantic Fire Management Zone (ATL Zone). The Chief Ranger at CUIS provides supervision for the ATL Zone Fire Management Officer (FMO).

Purpose


The purpose of this agreement is to define the responsibilities of Agency Administrators, ATL Zone fire management staff, and staff from ATL Zone parks regarding fire management activities.

Organization


The Park Superintendent (Agency Administrator) is responsible for wildland fire management within the park. The ATL Zone Fire management staff, led by the Zone FMO, will provide policy guidance, technical expertise, planning, ecology, and operational support to the Park Superintendent to meet wildland fire management requirements and achieve fir management goals and objectives. To facilitate efficient communication between the park and ATL Zone fire management staff, the Superintendent must provide and direct a Fire Program Coordinator from his or her staff.

Agency Administrator Requirements for Fire Operations


Taken from the lnteragency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations (NFES 2724) CHAPTER 03
  1. Take necessary and prudent actions to ensure firefighter and public safety.
  2. Ensures sufficient qualified fire and non-fire personnel are available each year to support fire operations at a level commensurate with the local and national fire situation. Ensures that all training and certification of fire and non-fire personnel is completed as required to support fire operations at the local and national level.
  3. Ensure fire management officers (FMOs) are fully qualified as identified in the Interagency Fire Program Management Qualification Standards.
  4. Provide a written Delegation of Authority (DOA) on an annual basis to individual(s) responsible for wildland fire management activities to ensure an adequate level of operational authority. Depending on park organizational structure, written delegations may be provided to the chief ranger, natural resource specialist, FMO, designated fire coordinator, park group FMO, or to individuals from neighboring fire management organizations, provided a written agreement or memorandum of understanding is in-place. Where applicable, an inter-park agreement that specifies the reciprocal responsibilities of the superintendent and park group FMO assigned DO, will be prepared. This inter-park agreement will be accompanied by an annual delegation of authority. Both the delegation of authority and inter-park agreement will remain valid until rescinded by either party, updates are needed, or personnel changes necessitate a revision and update. As appropriate, the delegation of authority will specify multi-agency coordination (MAC) group authorities.
  5. Park units with burnable vegetation must have an approved Fire Management Plan (FMP). All NPS FMPs must align with the current (2014) DOI Fire Management Plan template by October 1, 2024. For additional FMP agency administrator management performance requirements, refer to RM-18, Wildland Fire Management Chapter 4, Fire Management Plans.
  6. Review and approve wildfire preparedness and fuels management funding based on an accurate and defensible readiness analysis. Ensure use of fire funds is in compliance with DOI and agency policies.
  7. Develop fire management standards and constraints that are in compliance with agency fire policies.
  8. Ensure compliance with the collection, storing, and aggregation of wildland fire program core geospatial data (http://share.nps.gov/firegis).
  9. Management teams will meet annually to review fire and aviation policies, roles, responsibilities, and delegations of authority. Specifically address oversight and management controls, critical safety issues and high-risk situations, such as team transfers of command, periods of multiple fire activity and Red Flag Warnings.
  10. Review safety policies, procedures, and concerns with field fire and fire aviation personnel. Discussions should include issues that could compromise safety and effectiveness during the upcoming season.
  11. Ensure timely follow-up actions to program reviews, fire preparedness reviews, fire and fire aviation safety reviews, fire critiques and post-season reviews.
  12. Ensure fire and fire aviation preparedness reviews are conducted in all units annually. Parks must complete checklists applicable to their specific program scope and complexity and include appropriate program elements, such as prescribed fire. A summary of the preparedness review findings including standards exceeded or needing improvement will be submitted to the regional FMO before the fire season.
  13. Ensure an approved burn plan is followed for each prescribed fire project; technical review, Prescribed Fire Go/No-Go Checklist (PMS 484-1, Element 2B), and Agency Administrator Ignition Authorization (PMS 484-1, Element 2A) are completed; and follow-up monitoring and documentation to ensure management objectives are met.
  14. Ensure Air Quality Exceedance Reviews are completed in cooperation with NPS Air Resource Division.
  15. Meet annually with major cooperators and review interagency agreements to ensure their continued effectiveness and efficiency (may be delegated).
  16. Ensure post fire reviews are conducted on all fires that escape initial attack or are managed as long-term incidents. Participate in all reviews that require management by any type of incident management team (regional director may delegate).
  17. Provide management oversight by personally visiting wildland and prescribed fires each year.
  18. Provide incident management objectives, written delegations of authority, and agency administrator (AADM) briefings to IMTs. See Chapter 11, Agency Administrator Responsibilities.
  19. Monitor wildfire potential and provide oversight during periods of critical fire activity/situations.
  20. Ensure that resource advisors are identified, trained, available, and appropriately assigned to wildland fire incidents. Refer to Resource Advisors Guide for Wildland Fire PMS 313, NFES 1831, Aug 2017.
  21. Convene and participate in annual preseason and postseason fire meetings.
  22. Ensure park superintendents who have potential wildland fire response in their park, their designated acting superintendents, and supervisors of fire management officers (FMOs) attain and maintain the AADM qualification in the Incident Qualifications and Certification System (IQCS). The qualification must be attained within two years of appointment.
  23. Ensure appropriate investigations are conducted for accidents (as defined in Chapter 18), entrapments, shelter deployments, and related events.
  24. For all unplanned human-caused fires where liability can be determined, ensure actions are initiated to recover cost of suppression activities, land rehabilitation, and damages to the resource and improvements.
  25. Ensure there is adequate direction in fire management plans to identify fire danger awareness with escalating fire potential.
  26. NPS Superintendents or other designated approving officials will maintain WFDSS user profiles (as appropriate), allowing them to approve wildfire decisions in WFDSS.
  27. Ensure compliance with departmental and agency policy, as well as regional office direction for prescribed fire activities and ensure that periodic reviews and inspections of the prescribed fire program are completed.
  28. Review prescribed fire plans and recommend or approve the plans depending upon the delegated authority. Ensure that the prescribed fire plan has been reviewed and recommended by a qualified technical reviewer who was not involved in the plan preparation.
  29. Serves as the management official (MO) within the DOI Wildland Firefighter Medical Standards Program.

ATL Zone Fire Management Staff Responsibilities

Management and Planning

  1. Provide overall fire management program guidance and technical expertise Administer the preparedness and fuels-management fire budgets.
  2. Maintain and supervise permanent and seasonal ATL Zone fire management staff, who provide support to the ATL Zone parks.
  3. Review and provide technical assistance in the preparation, maintenance, and update of park Fire Management Plans (FMPs) and associated documents.
  4. Assist ATL Zone parks in preparing requests for fuels project funding, prioritization, and submission through the agency approved planning and reporting system.
  5. Provide technical expertise and qualified personnel for the planning of prescribed fire and non-fire fuels treatment projects.
  6. Provide support to park fire program coordinators to enhance training and development to the collateral-duty positions.
  7. Support parks in creating and maintaining relationships and agreements with local Fire Departments and other cooperators for wildland fire protection services.
  8. Provide fire ecology support for development of resource management goals and objectives for the overall fire program and fuels-management program.
  9. Provide technical assistance in the management of aviation and structural-fire related issues, as qualifications allow.
  10. Represent all ATL Zone parks, collectively and individually as needed, at and on meetings, conferences, committees, and other agency and interagency wildland fire functions and organizations, including appropriate State Multi-Agency Coordinating groups.
  11. Quality-check and certify final fire reports in lnFORM, (lnteragency Fire Occurrence Reporting Modules).

Preparedness Activities

  1. Recommend wildfire prevention, preparedness, step-up, severity, and suppression activities when appropriate to park staff.
  2. Distribute to park fire program coordinators Safety Advisories, Red Flag Warnings, Fuels Advisories, and other notices related to fire safety.
  3. Assist in maintaining qualifications, training, and experience records in the appropriate interagency computer system currently IQCS, (incident Qualifications Computer System)
  4. Disseminate notices and announcements for fire--related training and training academies.
  5. Schedule and conduct training to meet ATL Zone park needs and promote development of operational, overhead and administrative personnel, and/or advise fire program coordinators in conducting in--park fire training and refreshers. This includes supplying instructors, instructor guidance, and training materials, as practical, and prioritizing firerelated training needs.
  6. Administer fire position task book system and initiate fire position task books as appropriate.
  7. Assist in conducting annual preparedness reviews, of both personnel and equipment, according to Red Book Standards.

Operations/Field Support

  1. ATL Zone Fire Duty Officer will provide incident support as available, warranted, and requested. All resource orders will go through the requesting unit's lnteragency Coordination Center.
  2. Assist park fire program coordinators in the mobilization and dispatch of fire resources with the appropriate state coordination center, and updating resource status in IROC (lnteragency Resource Ordering Capability).
  3. Provide technical expertise, experience, and operationally qualified personnel for the preparation and execution of prescribed fire and non-fire fuels treatment projects.
  4. Conduct fire-effects monitoring of prescribed fire and non-fire fuels treatment projects according to agency standards.
  5. Provide Remotely Automated Weather System (RAWS) support as needed and qualified.

ATL Zone Park Unit Responsibilities


Each ATL Zone park will designate a key official and central contact for liaison with the ATL Zone fire management office. This person is called the fire program coordinator (FPC). The FPC is responsible for:
  1. Coordinating with the Zone FMO and/or designee on all aspects of their park unit's fire program management.
  2. Notifying the Fire Duty Officer of any wildfire occurrence as soon as possible (at least within 12 hours of initial report.)
  3. Ensuring wildland fire size-ups are completed on all wildland fire incidents.
  4. Maintaining permanent project files for wildfires, prescribed fires, and non-fire fuels treatment projects conducted in the park.
  5. Facilitating and scheduling pack tests and refreshers in coordination ATL Zone fire staff Ensuring that firefighters complete necessary paperwork and appointments to meet Medical Qualification Standards, including initial and follow--up appointments and waivers.
  6. Providing documentation of training and experience to the ATL Zone fire staff Maintaining fire supplies, fire equipment, and fire PPE.
  7. Initiating and participating in meetings and other contacts with local Fire Departments and other cooperators as needed.
  8. Providing Geo-Spatial information to the fire management office, for the purpose of determining.
  9. boundaries and NPS land ownership in support of Incident Management Responses and fuels projects.
  10. Working directly with Zone fire staff on all matters concerning fuels related projects where regional funding is provided. Parks may not implement projects independently without approval from Zone FMO.
  11. Ensuring completion of all NEPA and other compliance needs for fuels management projects and FMP updates.
  12. Coordinate all requests for Step-Up or Severity accounts through the ATL Zone fire management office.

Funding


All funding needs and requests are subject to prior approval, prioritization, and funds availability. If allocated funding is insufficient, the Zone FMO will request additional funding from the DOI-NPS Region 2 FMO.

Funding for specific activities will be as follows:

Step-Up and Severity Funding - Funding for step-up and severity are funded from the DOI-NPS Region 2 Fire Management Office and National Office of Wildland Fire, respectively. Requests for funding during these events must be coordinated with the ATL Zone FMO or Duty Officer.

Fuels Treatment Projects - Funding for all stages of prescribed fire and non-fire fuels treatment projects, including planning, contracting, plan writing, preparation, and execution, will be provided by the OO1-NPS Region 2 Fire Management Office as requested through the agency approved fuels treatment planning and reporting system. Parks must coordinate with ATL Zone fire management staff to request project funding. When fire funds are unavailable it may be necessary that individual parks supply funding from other sources to cover fuels project needs.

Incident Overtime and Travel - Overtime and travel costs incurred on incidents will be borne by the appropriate incident accounts, as approved on incident resource order(s). Zone fire management staff can provide technical assistance with incident business management, including time and travel.

Firefighter Physicals - The cost of firefighter physicals will be paid for by an account number provided by the National Fire Management Program Center.

Program Costs - Routine costs, including travel and per diem, communication, supplies and materials, and vehicles, incurred by ATL Zone fire staff in carrying out normal duties within ATL Zone parks will be charged against fire program accounts maintained by the Zone. Unless otherwise agreed to, none of these costs will be borne by the satellite parks.

Supplies - The ATL Zone fire staff may pay for, and generally order and deliver, wildland fire-related supplies and personal protective equipment such as hand tools, chain saws, leaf blowers, portable pumps, personal protective equipment, firefighting line gear, hose and fittings, and other fire cache supplies and materials. When fire funds are unavailable it may be necessary that individual parks supply funding to cover critical equipment needs.

Training - The requesting park will provide funding for collateral duty wildland firefighters who wish to attend trainings.

Term of Agreement/Updates


This lnterpark Agreement will remain valid until rescinded by either party, updates are needed, or personnel changes necessitate a revision or update. The Agreement will be reviewed each year during the FMP update process.

Appendix C: Cooperative and Interagency Agreements


The current Master Cooperative Wildland Fire Management and Stafford Act Response Agreement between the United States Department of the Interior, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the State of Georgia, Forestry Commission is stored on the ANDE A123 Sharepoint page.

ANDE may enter into agreements with additional cooperators. Agreements will be uploaded to the ANDE A123 Sharepoint page.

Appendix D: Preparedness Planning Documents

Appendix D-1: Georgia Interagency Fire Danger Operating Plan (FDOP)

The Georgia FDOP is stored on the A123 and can be viewed using this link: Georgia Interagency FDOP.

Appendix D-2: Step-up Plan/Staffing Plan


Because ANDE does not have fire funded personnel, a Step-Up/Staffing Plan is not required. A Preparedness Level Plan will be used to guide preparedness actions during escalating levels of fire danger.

Appendix D-3: Preparedness Level Plan


ANDE is located in the Lower Piedmont Fire Danger Rating Area (FDRA 4) of the Georgia Fire Danger Operating Plan (FDOP). The Preparedness Level Plan from the Georgia FDOP will be used to guide preparedness actions based on long-term fire danger. Preparedness Levels will be determined based on a combination of the Energy Release Component (ERC), Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI), and whether local significant wildfire activity exists. The daily ERC and KBDI values will be obtained through WIMS. The determination of significant wildfire activity will be made by the Zone FMO or their designee.

Appendix D-4: Initial Response Plan


Initial response procedures will be consistent with firefighter, employee, and public safety, recognizing the values to be managed (protected or enhanced).
  1. Upon receiving a wildfire report, ANDE staff will notify emergency response resources by dialing 911 and will confirm that resources are responding.
  2. ANDE staff will notify the Fire Duty Officer (DO) and ANDE Superintendent as soon as possible. The DO will assist with determining the appropriate response strategy, request additional resources as needed, and assist with documentation and other administrative tasks related to the wildfire.
  3. The Duty Officer will ensure the necessary fire information is obtained in order to create an incident report with dispatch, order resources, and complete the required fire report once the fire is declared out.
  4. The need for additional notifications will be determined based on the fire situation. Contact information for ANDE, Zone staff, NPS regional staff, and local cooperators is included in Table 3 below

Appendix E: Multi-Year Fuels Treatment Plan


ANDE is planning an update to the Environmental Assessment for the FMP to expand the fuels treatment program. A mechanical project has been targeted for FY2024 along the eastern boundary of the park. Additional prescribed fire and non-fire fuels treatments are being considered and will be included in future FMP updates.

Changes Made During the 2024 FMP Update

  • Cover Page: Added the 2024 FMP Update signature page
  • Page 2: Retained the signature page from 2022, when the FMP went through a major revision
  • Section 1.1:
    • Included DESO in the Atlantic Zone, as per the December 2023 realignment. Included an updated map of the zones
    • Moved the language regarding cooperative agreements to Section 1.5
  • Section 1.2: Included language regarding the park’s aviation program
  • Section 1.3: Added the table from the NPS FMP Framework
  • Section 1.5: Added as per the current NPS FMP Framework.
  • Section 1.6: Added as per the current NPS FMP Framework
  • Section 3.1.1: Added this and sub-sections as per the current NPS FMP Framework:
    • Expected Fire Behavior – included text on potential fire behavior and weather/fuels values used to determine fire danger
    • Initial Response Procedures – included text on complexity analysis and ordering IC through GICC, if needed
    • Transition to Extended Attack – included text on required WFDSS decision for all extended attack incidents
  • Section 3.3: Added sub-sections 3.3.1 through 3.3.6 as per the current NPS FMP Framework
  • Section 3.5: Added as per the current NPS FMP Framework
  • Section 3.6: Added as per the current NPS FMP Framework
  • Section 4.1: Added text to reference monitoring support from other zones
  • Section 4.2: Included a link to the 2021 ANDE Climate Change Summary
  • Added References Cited or Consulted as per the NPS FMP Framework
  • Appendix A: Included a DOA for Acting FMO Lucas Hunkler
  • Appendix B: Updated Agency Administrator requirements to match current Red Book
  • Appendix C: Included a link to the updated 2023 Georgia Master Agreement
  • Appendix D:
    • D-2: Clarified that a Step-Up Plan is no longer required
    • D-3: Included the Preparedness Level Plan based on the Georgia FDOP
  • Appendix E: Added as per the current NPS FMP Framework.

Last updated: June 26, 2024

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