The Big Lockup: Citations

 

Icon of The Big Lockup: Mass Incarceration in the United States. Maya Rodriguez NPS

The Big Lock Up: Mass Incarceration In The United States

1. Prison Policy Initiative, Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2024, By Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner: March 14, 2024 www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2024.html

How Did We Get Here?

TOUGH ON CRIME

1. J. Travis, S. Lawrence, Urban Institute Justice Center, “Beyond the Prison Gates: The State of Parole in America” (p.22), National Prisoner Statistics - Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002 Statistics, www.webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/310583_Beyond_prison_gates.pdf
2. Federal Bureau of Investigation: Uniform Crime Reporting, Crime In The U.S., U.S. Department of Justice, 2019 https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s
3. Bureau of Justice Statistics via Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The New Press, 2012.

IS JUSTICE COLORBLIND?

1. D. Cohn, J. Passel, Pew Hispanic Center, “U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050", Pew Research Center, 2008 www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2008/02/11/us-population-projections-2005-2050/
2. Sentencing Project, “Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System”, April 19, 2018 www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/

IS JUSTICE COLORBLIND FLIPBOOK

1. E. Davis, A. Whyde, L. Langton, Ph.D., Bureau of Justice Statistics “Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2015,” U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 2018 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp15.pdf
2. C. Berdejó, Loyola Law School "Criminalizing Race: Racial Disparities in Plea Bargaining," Boston College Law Review, Vol. 59, 2018 (Forthcoming); Los Angeles Legal Studies, No. 2017-39, September 13, 2017 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3036726
3. C. Uggen, R. Larson, S. Shannon, The Sentencing Project, "6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement," 2016 www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/6-Million-Lost-Voters.pdfF. Curiel, J. Mathews II, The American Bar Association, "Criminal Justice Debt Problems," November 30, 2019 https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/archive/criminal-justice-debt-problems/
4. F. Curiel, J. Mathews II, The American Bar Association, "Criminal Justice Debt Problems," November 30, 2019https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/archive/criminal-justice-debt-problems/
5. Human Rights Watch, “Not in it for Justice: How California’s Pretrial Detention and Bail System Unfairly Punishes Poor People”, Human Rights Watch Analysis of 2014 - 2015 County Jail Data, 2017 www.hrw.org/report/2017/04/11/not-it-justice/how-californias-pretrial-detention-and-bail-system-unfairly
6. G. R. Schmitt, J.D., L. Reedt, K. Blackwell, Office of Research and Data, “Demographic Differences in Sentencing,” United States Sentencing Commission, 2017 www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2017/20171114_Demographics.pdf

DOES HISTORY MATTER?

1. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, The New Press, 2012.

WHO IS INCARCERATED FLIPBOOK

1. B. Rabuy; D. Kopf, Prison Policy Initiative, “Prisons of Poverty: Uncovering The Pre-Incarceration Incomes of the Imprisoned,” 2015 www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/income
2. E. Moss, J. Shambaugh, K. McIntosh, R. Nunn, The Brookings Institute, Survey of Consumer Finances 1989 - 2016 “Examining The Black-White Wealth Gap,” The Hamilton Group, February 27, 2020 www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/02/27/examining-the-black-white-wealth-gap/
3. Office of the Administration for Children and Families: Children’s Bureau, Foster Care Statistics 2018, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2020 www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/foster.pdf
4. National Assessment of Educational Progress, “School Composition and the Black–White Achievement Gap,” National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2015 www.nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/studies/2015018.aspx
5. M. Lynch, National Center for Education Statistics, “High School Dropout Rate: Causes and Costs,” HuffPost, 2014 www.huffpost.com/entry/high-school-dropout-rate_b_5421778
6. S. N. Jarvis; J. A. Okonofua, Hass School of Business, “School Deferred: When Bias Affects School Leaders,” University of California, Berkeley, (492 - 498), 2020
7. Treatment Advocacy Center, “The Treatment of Persons with Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails: A State Survey,” National Sheriffs’ Association, April 8, 2014. www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/treatment-behind-bars/treatment-behind-bars.pdf
8. National Alliance on Mental Illness, “Identity and Cultural Dimensions - Black African American,” NAMI, 2020 www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/Black-African-American
9. “Section 6 PE Tables - 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed
10. Tables, SAMHSA, CBHSQ.” Samhsa.gov, 2023, https://tinyurl.com/3ahw7639
11. National Institute on Drug Abuse, “Criminal Justice Drug Facts” National Institutes of Health, June 2020, www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/criminal-justice
12. The Sentencing Project, Trends in U.S. Corrections, “Prisoners In 2018 - Bureau of Justice Statistics,” 2020 www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Trends-in-US-Corrections.pdf

Who Is Harmed?

CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

1. E. Martin, Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children," National Institute of Justice, 2017 www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/250349.pdf
2. A. Walters, A. Zohrabi, C. Schweidler, S. DeVuono-Powell, Ella Baker Center, "Who Pays? The True Cost of Incarceration on Families," 2015 www.ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/media/Who-Pays-FINAL-2.pdf
3. M. McLaughlin, et al., Institute for Advancing Justice Research and Innovation at Washington University in St. Louis, "The Economic Burden of Incarceration in the U.S.," 2016 www.source.wustl.edu/2016/09/cost-incarceration-u-s-1-trillion/
4. W. Sawyer, Prison Policy Initiative, Who’s Helping the 1.9 million Women Released From Prisons and Jails Each Year?, July 19, 2019 www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2019/07/19/reentry/

LIFE SENTENCE

1. National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction, The Council of State Governments, 2020 https://niccc.csgjusticecenter.org/
2. J. Chung, The Sentencing Project, Felony Disenfranchisement: A Primer, June 27, 2019 www.sentencingproject.org/publications/felony-disenfranchisement-a-primer/

WHO BEARS THE COSTS?

1. T. O. Hayes, American Action Forum, "The Economic Costs of the U.S. Criminal Justice System," July 16, 2020 www.americanactionforum.org/research/the-economic-costs-of-the-u-s-criminal-justice-system/#ixzz6ST65sezB
2. U.S. Department of Education, 'Report: Increases in Spending on Corrections Far Outpace Education," July 17, 2016 www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/report-increases-spending-corrections-far-outpace-education
3. U.S. Census Data and Vera Institute of Justice, “Education Vs Prison Costs,” Tal Yellin / CNNMoney, 2018 www.money.cnn.com/infographic/economy/education-vs-prison-costs
4. American Civil Liberties Union And The University Of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic. Captive Labor Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers, 2022.

AMERICANS WANT REFORM

1. The Associated Press and NORC Poll, Widespread Desire for Policing and Criminal Justice Reform. 2020 https://apnorc.org/projects/widespread-desire-for-policing-and-criminal-justice-reform/

Can We Do Better?

1. Nellis, Ashley, and Liz Komar. "The First Step Act: Ending Mass Incarceration in Federal Prisons." The Sentencing Project, 22 Aug. 2023, www.sentencingproject.org/policy-brief/the-first-step-act-ending-mass-incarceration-in-federal-prisons/

CHANGES ARE HAPPENING

1. Chaddock, Don. “San Quentin Rehabilitation Center Progress.” Inside CDCR, 27 Aug. 2024, www.cdcr.ca.gov/insidecdcr/2024/08/27/san-quentin-rehabilitation-center-progress/
2. L. G. Stebbins, Michigan Advance, "It’s been a big year for criminal justice reform in Michigan," 2019 www.michiganadvance.com/2019/12/10/its-been-a-big-year-for-criminal-justice-reform-in-michigan-whats-next/
3. J. Sonka, Courier Journal, "Kentucky House advances criminal justice reform bills to reduce prison population," 2020 www.courier-journal.com/story/news/politics/ky-legislature/2020/03/11/kentucky-house-advances-bills-reduce-prison-population/5021466002/
4. J. Jenning, PBS, "In Louisiana, prisons shift toward rehabilitation," March 2020 www.pbs.org/newshour/show/in-louisiana-prisons-shift-toward-rehabilitation
5. J. McCullough, The Texs Tribune, "As the Texas prison population shrinks, the state is closing two more lockups," Feb. 2020 www.texastribune.org/2020/02/20/texas-closing-two-prisons/
6. B. Rankin, The Atlanta Journal Constitution, "Nathan Deal’s criminal justice reforms leave lasting legacy," 2019 www.ajc.com/news/local/deal-criminal-justice-reforms-leaves-lasting-legacy/ZMwb2vG7C4LurWoFESw46O/

MODEL PROGRAMS AROUND THE WORLD

1. J. Erbentraut, Huffington Post, "What The U.S. Can Learn From Prison Reform Efforts Throughout The World," What’s Working, April 10, 2015. www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/10/prison-reform-international-examples_n_6995132.html
2. R. Subramanian, A. Shames, Vera Institute, "Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States," October, 2013 www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/vera/european-american-prison-report-v3%20.pdf
3. I. Paniagua, Justice Ministry of Dominican Republic, "New Prisons Across The Country to Focus on Training for Skills," August 10, 2016 https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2016/8/10/New-prisons-across-the-country-to-focus-on-training-for-skills/
4. C. W. Deady, Salve Regina University, "Incarceration and Recidivism: Lessons from Abroad," Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy, March 2014, http://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/Deady_march2014.pdf
5. “El Salvador.” United States Department of State, 2023, www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/el-salvador/

Worlds Largest System

1. A. Gelb, Pew Center on the States, “State Reforms Reverse Decades of Incarceration Growth,” Pew Center on the States, 2017 www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2017/03/state-reforms-reverse-decades-of-incarceration-growth
2. World Prison Brief, “Highest to Lowest - Prison Population Rate | World Prison Brief.” Prisonstudies.org, 2019 www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All
3. Cullen, James. “The History of Mass Incarceration.” Brennan Center for Justice, 20 July 2018, www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration

WHAT ABOUT YOUR STATE?

1. P. Wagner, Prison Policy Initiative, "Tracking State Prison Growth in 50 States," 2014 www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/overtime.html#select50l
2. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Criminal Justice Facts,” U.S. State and Federal Prison Population, 1925-2018, The Sentencing Project, 2017 www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/
3. R. Vallas, S. Dietrich, Center for American Progress, “One Strike and You’re Out: How We Can Eliminate Barriers to Economic Security and Mobility for People with Criminal Records,” 2014 www.cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/VallasCriminalRecordsReport.pdf
4. E. Ann Carson, J. Bronson, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Prisoners in 2017,” U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs, 2019 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p17.pdf

WHY ARE PEOPLE INCARCERATED?

1. Human Rights Watch, “US: California Bail System Penalizes the Poor - Human Rights Watch Analysis 2014-2015 County Jail Data," Public Policy Institute of California www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/11/us-california-bail-system-penalizes-poor
2. Prison Policy Initiative, Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2024, By Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner: March 14, 2024 www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2024.html