Notes

1. Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande National Monument, to Martin Jackson, 16 November 1921, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599.

2. See Clemenson, Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, for a discussion of Pinkley's many activities as custodian of Casa Grande.

3. Southwestern Monuments Reports (October 1955); Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle and the Jackson Family," Archival Record Group 18, National Park Service, Western Archeological Conservation Center, Tucson.

4. Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 116.

5. Lubick, Petrified Forest National Park, 88; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 127—28.

6. Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 120—23.

7. Martin Jackson, custodian, Montezuma Castle National Monument, to Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, 28 November 1921; Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 1 February 1922. National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599. Pinkley suggested that Jackson paint the Castle ladders "the standard Park Service green." The ladders subsequently offered a striking contrast with the pale limestone cliffs surrounding the ruins.

8. Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 1 February 1922, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599.

9. Ibid.

10. For more on the growth of automobile travel and tourism during this time, see John A. Jackle, The Tourist: Travel in Twentieth-Century North America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), and Earl Spencer Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957).

11. Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office, fact file H-14. Though complete annual visitation figures do not exist for Montezuma Castle until 1925, the guest register inside the Castle ruins, signed by approximately two-thirds of the monument visitors, frequently listed several hundred names per month during the early 1920s. See appendix A for annual travel statistics.

12. Arno Cammerer, acting director, National Park Service, to Carl T. Hayden, U.S. House of Representatives, 12 September 1922, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599. In 1916, Sparkes had first expressed her concern about the condition of the ladders at the Castle. Over the years, she continued to involve herself in other preservation issues and remained an active force in the promotion and development of sites in Yavapai County.

13. Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, 4 August 1922, and Martin L. and Ada Jackson to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 15 September 1923, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599; Montezuma Castle National Monument fact file H-14; "Recent Publicity for Montezuma's Castle Is Given," Arizona Republican, 27 January 1923. In remarking to Director Mather on the large crowds that attended the showing of The Galloping Kid, Martin Jackson expressed his surprise because "the film was nothing extra either."

14. Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle and the Jackson Family," Archival Record Group 18, National Park Service Western Archeological Conservation Center, Tucson. In the various reports about the repair work at Montezuma Castle, there is no mention of the names of the three American Indian laborers. It should be noted that this summer job marked the beginning of Earl Jackson's long career with the National Park Service, which included the custodianship of Montezuma Castle.

15. Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 12 August 1923 and 1 September 1923, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599. Pinkley filed a series of painstakingly detailed reports on all of the repair work done at Montezuma Castle between 1923 and 1925. These reports documented the many accomplishments of the small work crew and served to justify to NPS officials the requests for future appropriations for the care of the monument. Here, Pinkley articulated his belief that the agency needed to continue to provide enough upkeep money for the Castle to protect the newly restored ruins.

16. Martin Jackson, custodian, Montezuma Castle National Monument, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 15 September 1923, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599. In this letter, Jackson recommended that "Mr. Pinkley be made Supervisor of all the monuments of the South West, that they may all have more of his time and derive more benefit from his knowledge, ability and conscientious work. . . . You could not find anywhere a man so well fitted and so badly needed as is Pinkley for the supervision of the National Monuments."

17. Arno B. Cammerer, acting director, National Park Service, to Frank Pinkley, superintendent, Southwestern Monuments, 29 September 1924, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599. Cammerer suggested that appointment of a full-time custodian and the construction of a residence at Montezuma Castle should wait until after the agency received a larger appropriation for care of the monuments. He also indicated that the position of a full-time custodian seemed more critical at that time at Chaco Canyon and that the custodians at Casa Grande and Petrified Forest National Monuments deserved to have adequate residences built for them first.

18. Earl Jackson, memo, "Area History Outline for Fiftieth Anniversary," 21 November 1956, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, file H-14; Montezuma Castle fact file.

19. Martin L. Jackson, "Montezuma Castle National Monument 1923 Annual Report" (unpublished agency report); Frank Pinkley, superintendent, Southwestern Monuments, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 1 August 1924, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599.

20. Southwestern Monuments Monthly Reports (May 1924).

21. Earl Jackson, memo, "History of 'Museum' Building and 'Museum-Store' Building," 30 November 1956, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office, file H-14; Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle and the Jackson Family," Archival Record Group 18, National Park Service Western Archeological Conservation Center, Tucson. It seems that the Jacksons built the second building on the monumentwhich later housed the concession shopsometime before 1928 and added the two-bedroom home to this structure between 1929 and 1930, though no exact date is listed. The Jacksons eventually relocated the monument office and museum to the old shelter cabin in August 1939. Ada Jackson and later Norman Jackson (Earl's brother) ran the store until it was closed in August 1942. Recollections about the concession shop can be found in Betty Jackson, interview by Joshua M. Protas, 18 April 1997, Oral History Project, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments, Camp Verde, Arizona.

22. Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle and the Jackson Family," Archival Record Group 18, National Park Service Western Archeological Conservation Center, Tucson; Earl Jackson, memo: "Area History Outline for Fiftieth Anniversary," 21 November 1956, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office, file H-14.

23. John E. Edwards, assistant secretary of the interior, to the secretary of agriculture, 23 June 1928, National Archives, Record Group 48, box 1979; Southwestern Monuments Reports (January, March, and September 1928).

24. Southwestern Monuments Reports (March 1928).

25. For specific references to the high visitation rates at the Montezuma Castle museum and the donations of collections by local individuals, see Southwestern Monuments Reports between 1928 and 1930.

26. David R. Wilcox, "The Changing Context of Support for Archaeology and the Work of Eric F. Schmidt," in Eric F. Schmidt's Investigations of Salado Sites in Central Arizona, ed. John W. Hohmann and Linda B. Kelley (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona, 1988), 21—25. Wilcox's chapter provides a detailed account of the movement for states' rights in archeological matters, the origins of the Arizona Antiquities Act of 1927, and the conflicts that emerged as institutions and individuals fought for control over the state's archeological resources. Correspondence on these issues can also be found in National Archives, Record Group 48, boxes 571 and 1980. Of notable interest in these files is correspondence, signed by many representatives from prominent archeological institutions both within and outside of Arizona, recommending that Frank Pinkley be designated as the Department of the Interior archeologist for Arizona (18 April and 12 June 1931). Although the department never acted on this suggestion, the proposal reflects the frustration of archeologists working on federal lands in Arizona who had to obtain permits through the unresponsive Department of Interior archeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum.

27. Earl H. Morris, "An Aboriginal Salt Mine near Camp Verde, Arizona," Anthropological Papers, American Museum of Natural History 30, pt. 3 (1928) : 75—97; Paul R. Fish and Suzanne K. Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology: Review and Prospective (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona, 1977), 5. The report by Fish and Fish includes a helpful section with project summaries for all of the major archeological projects done in the Verde Valley. Additional summary information on archeological research in the Verde Valley can be found in Calvin R. Cummings, "A Survey of the Archaeological Potential of the Upper Verde Valley, Arizona," Montezuma Castle National Monument library, Camp Verde.

28. Earl Jackson, naturalist, to superintendent, Montezuma Castle National Monument, 7 August 1957, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office, file H-14; copy of notes made by George Boundey, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office, file H-14. Jackson recalled that Boundey left the excavation project early, saying, "I am kept awake by the Old People. They talk to me and I can't sleep and can't rest. So I've got to go." Although Boundey stored the artifacts from the excavation in paper bags in the basement of the monument headquarters, Jackson noted that by the time he began work on the CWA excavations of Castle A in 1933—34, rats had destroyed most of the bags, and the material was scattered all over the basement floor.

29. Frank Pinkley, Montezuma's Castle, copyrighted brochure (n.p.: National Park Service[?], 1928); Susan J. Wells and Keith M. Anderson, Archeological Survey and Architectural Study of Montezuma Castle National Monument (Tucson: National Park Service, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, 1988), 140.

30. Earl Jackson, "A Survey of the Verde Drainage" (M.A. thesis, University of Arizona, 1933).

31. Winifred Gladwin and Harold S. Gladwin, An Archaeological Survey of the Verde Valley, Medallion Papers, no. 6 (Globe: Gila Pueblo, 1930); Fish and Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology, 32—33.

32. Midvale sporadically worked on his survey of the canal network between 1929 and 1967, and never produced a report of his findings. Attwell's investigations of the deteriorating ruins led him to propose the establishment of Clear Creek Ruins as a national research monument. The National Park Service did not pursue this suggestion. Fish and Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology, 5, 33.

33. Fish and Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology, 33—36; Cummings, "A Survey of the Archaeological Potential."

34. For an overview of excavation, development, and establishment of Tuzigoot National Monument, see Josh Protas, "Grace Marion Sparkes: Promoter and Preservationist of Yavapai County's Archaeological Resources," paper presented at the Second National Women in Historic Preservation Conference, 14 March 1997, Tempe, Arizona; and "Tuzigoot," Sharlot Hall Gazette 11 (October 1984) : 1—5.

35. Martin L. Jackson, Report on Montezuma Castle C.W.A. Work, Federal Project No. 5, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 2289; Earl Jackson and Sallie Pierce Van Valkenburgh, Montezuma Castle Archeology, Southwest Monuments Association Technical Series, vol. 3, no. 1 (Globe, Ariz.: Southwestern Monuments Association, 1954). The total budget for the excavation project amounted to more than three thousand dollars. It should be noted that a few years later the Park Service removed the restoration of Room 5 that had been done as part of this CWA project.

36. For more on the changes in the National Park Service during the 1930s, see Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, chapter 9, "The New Deal and the National Monuments."

37. Southwestern Monuments Reports (August 1930).

38. Frank Pinkley, superintendent, Southwestern Monuments, to F. A. Kittredge, chief engineer, National Park Service, 24 January 1932, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18, 1:6.

39. H. A. Kreinkamp, Report to Chief Landscape Architect, through the Superintendent of the Southwest Monuments, 15 September 1931, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18, B1, F16.

40. Southwestern Monument Reports (March—September 1932).

41. Southwestern Monuments Reports (March 1933).

42. Martin L. Jackson, Report on Montezuma Castle C.W.A. Work: Federal Project No. 5, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 2289, F619; Southwestern Monuments Reports, 1933 annual report.

43. Walter G. Attwell, Final Construction Report: Montezuma Castle National Monument Garage and Equipment Shed, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18; Southwestern Monuments Reports (April—October 1934).

44. Southwestern Monuments Reports (October 1938—August 1939); Betty Jackson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 18 April 1997, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments Oral History Project, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monument administrative office.

45. Southwestern Monuments Reports (1931—41).

46. Montezuma Castle National Monument fact file; Southwestern Monuments Reports (1933—41). Correspondence relating to the needed improvement of the Castle approach roads can be found in National Archives, Record Group 79, box 2289, folder 638.

47. Frank Pinkley, superintendent of Southwestern National Monuments, to the director, National Park Service, 16 February 1934, Coconino National Forest administrative office, Flagstaff, Arizona, boundary files.

48. F. A. Silcox, chief, National Forest Service, to the director, National Park Service, 16 April 1936, Coconino National Forest, boundary files. The other proposal to which Silcox refers in this letter involved the transfer of a small parcel of land from Tonto National Forest to Tonto National Monument.

49. Southwestern Monuments Reports, supplement (May 1933).

50. Southwestern Monuments Reports (May—August 1933). Sketches of the proposed tunnel, prepared by the office of the chief engineer of the NPS, appeared in the August 1933 edition of this publication.

51. Walter G. Attwell, associate engineer, to F. A. Kittredge, chief engineer, 8 November 1933, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

52. Ibid.; Thom. C. Vint, "More About Tunnels," Southwestern Monuments Reports, supplement (January 1934); Walter G. Attwell, associate engineer, to F. A. Kittredge, chief engineer, 26 June 1933, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

53. Southwestern Monuments Reports, supplement (1934), annual report. This supplement includes a portion of the letter explaining the decision motto build the proposed tunnel as well as Frank Pinkley's thoughts on this situation.

54. Ibid.

55. J. H. Tovrea, Structural Analysis of Montezuma Castle, March 1938, National Archives, Record Group 79: Southwestern Monuments Reports (April—December 1939).

56. In May 1939, the NPS began collecting an entrance fee of twenty-five cents at eight south western national monuments, including Montezuma Castle. Fees were collected at the checking station, which was moved from the museum grounds in front of the Castle. At this time, the monument staff also implemented a schedule of hourly guided trips through the Castle between 8:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M. The entrance fee, which proved to be extremely unpopular, likely contributed to the decrease in visitation between 1938 and 1939. In July 1939, the Park Service changed its policy and charged the admission fee only to those who climbed the ladders to enter the Castle itself. In June 1940, the policy was amended once again, and fees were charged only to visitors who took guided trips through the Castle.

57. Associate Engineer Montgomery, field report on Montezuma Castle, 24 July 1941, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

58. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Montezuma Castle National Monument Vibration Report, 17 October 1941, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

59. Montezuma Castle National Monument fact file.

60. Frank Pinkley, The Epitaph, November 1922, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 571. The Epitaph was Pinkley's first effort to print a circular with information about current issues at each of the southwestern monuments. This informal publication later evolved into the Southwestern Monuments Reports, which included short updates from each of the monument custodians.

61. For examples of Jackson's typical activities as custodian of Montezuma Castle, see his monthly contributions in Southwestern Monuments Reports.

62. For more on the institutional reorganizations of the Park Service during the 1930s and the development of the Division of Education, see Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, chapter 9, "The New Deal and the National Monuments." This chapter includes an interesting discussion of Frank Pinkley's resentment of the more centralized administration of the national monuments.

63. Robert H. Rose, Montezuma Castle National Monument Museum Development Plan, September 1932, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson. Archival Record Group 18; Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle Museum Discussion," Southwestern Monuments Reports. supplement (February 1935); Louis Caywood, "Proposed Museum Exhibits Plan for Montezuma Castle." Southwestern Monuments Reports, supplement (March 1936).

64. Earl Jackson, "Montezuma Castle and the Jackson Family," Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18; Betty Jackson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 18 April 1997. When Martin and Ada Jackson left Montezuma Castle, they put their other son, Norman, in charge of the concession store. He and his wife, "Honey," lived in the residence above the gift shop and operated the store until 1942.

65. Betty Jackson interview; Southwestern Monuments Reports (1937—40).

66. Montezuma Castle National Monument fact files; Southwestern Monuments Reports (1940—41).

67. Frank Pinkley, custodian, Casa Grande and Tumacacori National Monuments, to Stephen Mather, director, National Park Service, 24 February 1923, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599; Mrs. John L. Heath, Clear Creek. to Frank Pinkley, 16 June 1932, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

68. Walter G. Attwell, associate engineer, "Proposed Research Monument Number One, Clear Creek, Arizona, Cleat Creek Ruins," 9 April 1934, Montezuma Castle National Monument, site files; Erik K. Reed, associate archeologist, "Special Report on the Clear Creek Ruin, Arizona," 1 June 1939 Montezuma Castle National Monument, site files.

69. A good example of a GLO report evaluating Montezuma Well is George F. Wilson, GLO special agent, to commissioner, General Land Office, 13 August 1904, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599.

70. Jack Beckman. "A History of Montezuma Well" (unpublished manuscript); William Back, interview by Albert Schroeder, NPS archeologist, 24 May 1947, transcript, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson.

71. Ibid.

72. Roger Toll to the director, National Park Service, 22 March 1932, National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599; Regional Geologist Gould to regional director, Comments on Appraisal of Well Property, 18 May 1939, Montezuma Castle National Monument library; Erik Reed, associate archeologist, Special Report on Montezuma's Well, 1 June 1939, Montezuma Castle National Monument library.

73. Extensive correspondence on the acquisition of Montezuma Well exists in several locations, including the Carl T. Hayden Papers, Arizona Collection, Hayden Library. Arizona State University; Grace Sparkes Collection, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson; Montezuma Castle National Monument, administrative files; and National Archives, Record Group 79, box 599.