Presenting Nature

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Overview

Stewardship

Design Ethic Origins
(1916-1927)

Design Policy & Process
(1916-1927)

Western Field Office
(1927-1932)

Park Planning

Decade of Expansion
(1933-1942)

State Parks
(1933-1942)

Appendix A

Appendix B

Bibliography

Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942

CONTENTS

COVER

To the designers of national parks, presenting nature meant bringing visitors to the parks. Roads and trails were located and designed show nature's wonders from the best point of view while leaving scenic vistas and natural features unimpaired. A memorandum agreement with the Bureau of Public Roads enabled the National Park Service to build roads according to the highest technical stand and ensure that designs were in harmony with nature. (National Park Service Historic Photography Collection)

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

OVERVIEW

I. STEWARDSHIP FOR A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

II. ORIGINS OF A DESIGN ETHIC FOR NATURAL PARKS

The Writings of Andrew Jackson Downing
     The Wilderness
     Rustic Seats, Shelters, and Bridges
     Rockwork
     Roads and Walks
     Vegetation
The American Park Movement
     Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
     Charles W. Eliot, Jr.
     Development of State and National Parks
An American Style of Natural Gardening
     Wilhelm Miller and the Prairie Style
     California Gardening
     The Arts and Crafts Movement
     The Writings of Henry Hubbard
     The Writings of Frank Waugh
     Other Writings
Sources of Rustic Architectural Design
     The Shingle Style and Henry Hobson Richardson
     The Great Camps of the Adirondacks
     The Prairie Style
     The West Coast Work of Greene and Greene
     The Work of Bernard Maybeck and the Bay Area Architects
     The Architecture of Park Concessionaires
     Gustav Stickley and The Craftsman
     The Bungalow Craze

III. A POLICY AND PROCESS FOR DESIGN, 1916 TO 1927

Mather's Vision
National Park Design in the 1910s
A National Park Service
Statement of Policy, 1918
The Role of the Landscape Engineer: Charles P. Punchard
     Landscape Preservation
     Development of Campgrounds
     Development Schemes
     Locating and Designing Park Facilities
     Review of Concessionaires' Designs
     Professional Stewardship
     Expert Advice
Daniel Hull as Landscape Engineer
     Cooperation with Park Superintendents
     From Development Schemes to Town Plans
     Design of Park Structures
     Collaboration with Concessionaires
Development of Park Roads
     Road Design and Construction
     The Landscape Architect's Role
     The Interbureau Agreement with the Bureau of Public Roads
     Preservation of Park Scenery

IV. THE WORK OF THE WESTERN FIELD OFFICE, 1927 TO 1932

Design of Park Roads
     Protection of the Landscape
     Treatment of Road Banks
     Naturalization of Road Banks
     Scenic Overlooks
     Loop Developments, Intersections, and Grade Separations
     Development of Standards for Masonry
     Guardrails
     Design of Bridges
     Culverts
     Tunnels
     The Wawona Tunnel and Overlook
     Westchester County Parks Exchange
     The Significant Landscape Design of National Park Roads
Construction of Trails
Expanding the Building Program
     Designs for the Educational Division
     Forestry and the Protection of Park Forests
A Program of Landscape Naturalization
     Prohibition of Exotic Seeds and Plants
     Grounds of the Concessionaires
     Museum Wild Plant Gardens
     The Wild Garden at the Yosemite Museum
     Propagation Nurseries
E.P. Meinecke and Campground Planning
Yosemite's Committee of Expert Advisers
1932 Study on Park Policies

V. A PROCESS OF PARK PLANNING

From Development Outlines to Master Plans
The Employment Stabilization Act of 1931
Park Development Outline
Plans as a Tool for Landscape Preservation
The Planning Process in Action: The Story of Yakima Park

VI. A DECADE OF EXPANSION, 1933 TO 1942

Public Works Administration Projects
Emergency Conservation Work
     Mount Rainier
     Chinquapin Intersection, Yosemite
     Roadside Naturalization
     Overlooks, Truck Trails, and Trails
     Headquarters Area, Sequoia
     Yosemite Village
     Yosemite Museum's Wild Garden
     Rehabilitation of Springs, Yosemite
     Development of Campgrounds and Picnic Areas
     Recreational Development
Development of Parkways

VII. A NEW DEAL FOR STATE PARKS, 1933 TO 1942

State Park Emergency Conservation Work
     Herbert Maier's Influence
     The Role of the District Inspector
     Principles and Practices
Submarginal Lands and Recreational Demonstration Areas
Works Progress Administration
The Park, Parkway, and Recreational Area Study
Portfolios and Publications
     Park Structures and Facilities
     Park and Recreation Structures
     Landscape Conservation
     Other Publications
The End of the Civilian Conservation Corps

APPENDIX A. REGISTERING HISTORIC PARK LANDSCAPES IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

APPENDIX B. ASSOCIATED LISTINGS IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This document was subsequently released in a revised and expanded edition as Building of the National Parks: Historic Landscape Design and Construction, by The John Hopkins University Press, 1998.

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