Presenting Nature

Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Overview

Stewardship

Design Ethic Origins
(1916-1927)

Design Policy & Process
(1916-1927)

Western Field Office
(1927-1932)

Park Planning

Decade of Expansion
(1933-1942)

State Parks
(1933-1942)

Appendix A

Appendix B

Bibliography

Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942

IV. THE WORK OF THE WESTERN FIELD OFFICE, 1927 TO 1932 (continued)

ENDNOTES

1. Office Order, undated, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

2. Ibid.

3. William Carnes, "Profiles of NPS 'Greats': Tom Vint," Courier 3(9):23.

4. "Personnel Information Sheet" for Thomas Chalmers Vint, U.S. Civil Service Commission, July 1940, Form 3464, Files of Charles E. Peterson.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Tweed, p. 47.

8. Job Description for Assistant and Junior Landscape Architects, n.d., ca June 1928, pp. 1-2. Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Tweed, Rustic Architecture, credits Sager with assisting Vint on the civil service standards.

9. Job Description, pp. 1-2.

10. Job Analysis, Assistant Landscape Architect, n.d., ca. June 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

11. Official correspondence, Vint to Director, 9 June 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

12. 1929 AR, p. 163.

13. 1929 AR, p. 165; official correspondence, Vint to Albright, June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

14. 1930 AR, p. 186.

15. Memorandum, Elliott to engineers in charge of park work, 17 October 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

16. General Provisions, Albright to Vint, 16 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

17. 1929 AR, p. 165; official correspondence, Mather to MacDonald, 16 August 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

18. Memorandum, Kittredge to Vint, 27 October 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

19. General Provisions of June 1929, Albright to Vint, 16 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

20. Memorandum, Vint to staff, 8 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

21. Correspondence, Albright to Vint, 16 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

22. John C. Olmsted, "The Treatment of Slopes and Banks," Garden and Forest, 5 September, 1888, pp. 326-327.

23. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. 149-150.

24. Official correspondence, Carpenter to Hewes, 10 February 1931, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; official correspondence, Vint to Director, 20 March 1931, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

25. 1932 AR, p. 28; 1932 AR, pp. 28 and 182; Plan 2015, 23 February 1938; Plan 2010, 19 August 1937.

26. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. 150 and 223.

27. Waugh, "Ecology of the Roadside," Landscape Architecture 21(2):35-36.

28. Ibid., pp. 37-38.

29. Ibid., p. 38.

30. Landscape architect's reports, Davidson to Vint, 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.

31. "1930 Fieldwork on Naturalization Data Requested," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

32. 1931 AR, p. 131.

33. Report to Thomas Vint on Emergency Conservation Work in Mt. Rainier National Park—1934 Season, Third Enrollment Period, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

34. Ibid.

35. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 221 and Illustration XXVIII.

36. General Provisions of June 1929, Albright to Vint, 16 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

37. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 199.

38. PG AP-3-2 sheets, 16 December 1929, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

39. Quote is from Hubbard, Introduction, p. 200.

40. P.G. 2042 and P.G. 2043, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

41. NP-Yos-50, 18 July 1921, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center; this design basically followed the Swan Bridge in Central Park.

42. White River Bridge, 14 June 1928, R-814, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center; AR 1928, p. 165.

43. Drawing R-814, 14 June 1928, revised 6 August 1928, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

44. Ibid.

45. Official correspondence, Carpenter to Albright, 31 July 1931, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; "Portfolio of Representative Park Structures", ca. 1932, National Park Service Historic Photography Collection, Harpers Ferry, W. V.

46. Standard Architectural Details—Headwalls for Culverts, 24 August 1928, AP-81, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

47. Ibid.

48. Draft report, Meeting of the Committee of Expert Advisers, Yosemite National Park, 24-25 April 1930, F. L. Olmsted, Jr., Job 8099, National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid., p. 6.

51. Official correspondence, Albright to Vint, 16 October, 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

52. The Mount Vernon Parkway was added to the National Park System by executive order in 1933.

53. 1929 AR, p. 30; 1931 AR, p. 111.

54. 1929 AR, p. 19.

55. 1930 AR, p. 187-188.

56. 1930 AR, p. 30.

57. Dr. L. I. Hewes, "Minutes of the Twelfth Conference of National Park Executives, Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, April 3 to 8, 1932", document 65378 (Washington, DC: National Park Service, mimeo.), p. 113.; Two years later in Civil Engineering, Hewes credited the Landscape Division with "guiding the design of Bureau of Public Roads" and with influencing the slate highways of Western states; L. I. Hewes, "America's Park Highways," Civil Engineering, 1934, quoted in Culpin, ft. 25.

58. Hubbard, "Landscape Development," p. 108.

59. Report of the National Interregional Highway Committee, 1944, quoted in Christopher Tunnard, Man-Made America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), p. 222.

60. Tunnard, p. 230.

61. Informal notes, Harold Caparn to Superintendent Albright, 1926, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

62. Informal correspondence, Davidson to Wosky, 8 July 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

63. William Tweed, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form for Moro Rock Stairway, 29 May 1977.

64. Ibid.

65. Ptarmigan Wall Tunnel, Drawing S4934, Glacier National Park, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

66. Official memorandum, Kenneth McCarter to Superintendent Toll, 30 August 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

67. Horace M. Albright, "Picturesque America Seen from Trails in National Parks," U.S. Daily, Washington, D.C., 18 November 1929.

68. Engineering Division, "Standards for Trail Construction," San Francisco, Calif., October 1934, PG 5088, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

69. Ibid.

70. 1930 AR, p. 186; official correspondence, Vint to All Superintendents, 5 September 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; official correspondence, A. E. Demaray to P. J. Jennings, September 1931, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; sheets were numbered A 912-A, B, and C, National Park Service, Denver Service Center, Technical Information Center.

71. 1930 AR, p. 131.

72. Good, Park Structures and Facilities (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1935).

73. 1932 AR, p. 115.

74. Press Release, U.S. Department of the Interior, 12 December 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

75. "Portfolio of Representative Structures Designed by the Landscape Division, National Park Service," (San Francisco: Landscape Division, National Park Service, n.d., ca. 1932).

76. Good, Park Structures and Facilities, p. 176; Mary Shivers Culpin, NRHP Inventory-Nomination Form for Obsidian Cliff Kiosk, Historic Resources of Yellowstone National Park, 30 November 1981.

77. 1920 AR, p. 337.

78. Waugh, Outdoor Theaters (Boston, Wiley and Sons, 1917); California had several other well-known outdoor theaters, including one at Pomona State College by Myron Hunt.

79.

80. The Forestry Division was also concerned with insect control and measures to bring white pine blister rust and other forest infestations under control.

81. 1925 AR, p. 136.

82. Official correspondence, Vint to F.E. Kannermeyer, 3 May 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

83. Report to Landscape Division, 5-15 September 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.; Report to Landscape Division, 5-22 October 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.; the list of plants has been compiled from Jerry F. Franklin and C.T. Dyrness, Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington (Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Technical Report PNW-8, 1973), and Jerry F. Franklin, et al, The Forest Communities of Mount Rainier National Park (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1988).

84. Landscape Architect's Report, Davidson to Vint, Spring 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.

85. Correspondence, Tomlinson to All Residents of Mount Rainier Park, 25 August 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

86. Landscape Report, September 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.

87. Correspondence, Davidson to Vint, 11 October 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.; Information about the Douglas fir on the front lawn is drawn from a comparison of photographs from 1928 to 1932.

88. Landscape Report, 10 October to 15 November 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif., Landscape Report, 1-8 June 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.

89. The figures are taken from Davidson's "Landscape Transplanting Costs" that was included in the 1930 Naturalization Data Request, 14 August 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. The names of plants are taken from Davidson's landscape reports; the plant lists for Longmire compiled by L. Shiltgen. "Managing a Rustic Legacy", pp. 118-122; and the recent plant ecology for the Longmire area as reported in Franklin, 1988.

90. 1930 AR, p. 134; Nature Notes for Mount Rainier carried an article about the new landscape plantings around the administrative buildings, and suggested it as a good place for visitors and park residents to get ideas for residential plantings.

91. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 186.

92. Ibid., p. 188.

93. Ibid., p. 182; Shepard, Camps in the Woods, pp. 26-28, 78-79.

94. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 187.

95. Official correspondence, Albright to Vint, 21 May 1929, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Note: Although the complete report seems to have been lost, sheets of mounted and labeled photographs on this work exist in the collection at the Mount Rainier Library.

96. Vint to Resident Landscape Architects, "1930 Fieldwork on Naturalization Data Requested," Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

97. Ibid.

98. Ibid.

99.

100. Cathy Gilbert and Gretchen Luxenberg, The Rustic Landscape of Rim Village (Seattle: Pacific Northwest Region, National Park Service, 1991), pp. 67-79.

101. Merel S. Sager, "Report on Naturalization in the Rim Area, Crater Lake National Park," 18 November 1932, reproduced in Gilbert and Luxenberg, pp. 181-183.

102. Memorandum, Albright to All Superintendents and Concessionaires, 11 November 1930, National Archives, Record Group 79, Washington, D.C.

103. Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Storer, "Animal Life as an Asset of National Parks," Science 44:375-380; Charles C. Adams, of the New York State College of Forestry, "The Relation of Wild Life to the Public in National and State Parks," Proceedings of the Second National Conference on State Parks, 1922, (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1922), pp. 129-147; quote is from p. 137.

104. Memorandum, Bryant to Albright, 11 November 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

105. Correspondence, Tomlinson to Albright, 7 May 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

106. Correspondence, Vint to Bryant, 4 November 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

107. 1932 AR, p. 8; CCC Handbook, Washington, D.C. undated; a memorandum issued to the CCC in 1935 reemphasizing the prohibition of introduced species made an exception for historic units of the National Park Service, many of which were added to the park system in 1933 and afterwards.

108. Memorandum on the Ahwahnee Development, 29 November 1927, Job 8099, Yosemite National Park, National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.

109. Ibid., p. 2.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid.

112. Ibid. C, pp.8-9.; P.R. Jones, Report of Visit, The Ahwahnee, Yosemite National Park, 4-7 November 1927, National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.

113. 1929 AR, p. 18; When Davidson visited Yosemite in 1929, he was impressed by the splendid display of azaleas.

114. 1929 AR, p. 171.

115. 1929 AR, p. 171.

116. 1929 AR, p. 18; quote is from Master Plan, Mount Rainier, sheet 13, ca. 1937.

117. 1931 AR, p. 135.

118. 1931 AR, p. 137.

119. Herbert Maier, "The Purpose of the Museum in the National Parks," Yosemite Nature Notes 5(3), 31 March 1926; Mabel E. Hibbard, "The Yosemite Museum Flower Show," Yosemite Nature Notes 6(9), 30 September 1927, p. 65-67.

120. C. Edward Graves, "Dry or "Moraine" Rock Garden at Yosemite Museum," Yosemite Nature Notes 9(10), October 1930; Enid Michael, "Nature Garden a New Feature of Yosemite Museum," Yosemite Nature Notes 11(10), October 1932, pp. 4-5.

121. Enid Michael, "Roadside Planting of the New Wawona Highway," Yosemite Nature Notes 13(12), December 1933, pp. 113-114.

122. 1931 AR, p. 72.

123. 1930 AR, p. 31.

124. Memorandum, Cammerer to All Superintendents, 30 August 1930, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

125. Lester Rountree, Flowering Shrubs of California and Their Value to the Gardener (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1939), pp. vi-vii.

126. Emillo P. Meinecke, "Memorandum on the Effects of Tourist Traffic on Plant Life, particularly Big Trees, Sequoia National Park, California," unpublished report in Sequoia-Kings Canyon Archives (May 1926), cited in DilSaver and Tweed, Challenge of the Trees, pp. 144-145, 148-149.

127. Meinecke, Camp Ground Policy, p. 1, cited E. P. Meinecke, "A Report upon the Excessive Tourist Travel on the California Redwood Parks" (Sacramento: California Department of Natural Resources, Division of Parks, 1928).

128. Ibid. 7, p. 2.

129. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

130. Ibid., p. 10.

131. Ibid., pp. 10-13.

132. Ibid., p. 11.

133. Ibid., p. 12.

134. Ibid., p. 14.

135. Ibid., p. 16.

136. Official correspondence, Kittredge to Meinecke, 30 January 1935, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

137. Ibid., p. 15; later such irrigated or spring-fed sites were used as campgrounds in Carlsbad Cavern and Big Bend National Parks.

138. E.P. Meinecke, Camp Planning and Camp Reconstruction (California Region: U.S. Forest Service, n.d., ca. 1934), p. 8.

139. Ibid., p. 6.

140. Ibid., pp. 8-9.

141. Ibid., p. 6.

142. Ibid., p. 9.

143. Ibid,. p. 10.

144. Ibid., p. 21.

145. Ibid., pp. 20-21.

146. "Meeting of the Committee of Expert Advisers, Yosemite National Park", 24-25 April 1930, pp. 13-14, by F. L. Olmsted, Jr., Job 8099, National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site.

147. Ibid., p. 13.

148. Ibid., pp. 13 and 15.

149. Ibid., p. 20.

150. "Meeting of the Committee of Expert Advisers, Yosemite National Park", 24-25 April 1930.

151. Ibid., pp. 9-10.

152. Ibid., p. 21.

153. 1931 AR, p. 80.

154. 1932 AR, pp. 7-9.

155. Ibid., p. 7.

156. Ibid., p. 9.

157. Ibid., p. 8.

158. Ibid.

159. Ibid., p. 9.

160. 1932 AR, p. 34.

Continued >>>

Last Modified: Mon, Oct 31, 2002 10:00:00 pm PDT
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mcclelland/mcclelland4h.htm