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Presenting Nature
MENU
Design Ethic Origins
(1916-1927)
Design Policy & Process
(1916-1927)
Western Field Office
(1927-1932)
Decade of Expansion
(1933-1942)
State Parks
(1933-1942)
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Presenting Nature:
The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916-1942 |
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III. A POLICY AND PROCESS FOR DESIGN, 1916 TO 1927 (continued)
ENDNOTES
1. The Organic Act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. 535) established the National Park Service, It was not organized until a later act of April 17, 1917 (Public, No. 2, 65th Congress). Stephen T. Mather was appointed the first director of the National Park Service and Horace Albright assistant director. Annual Report of the Department of the Interior, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), p. 76. Hereafter notes indicate references to annual reports by year and "AR."
2. Proceedings of the National Parks Conference, Berkeley, California, March 11-13, 1915 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1915), p. 20.
3. Stephen T. Mather, Progress in the Development of the National Parks (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916), pp. 9 and 19.
5. Proceedings, 1915, pp. 17-19.
8. Ibid., p.29, quote is from p. 32.
10. Ibid., pp. 61, 64-65, 68; quote is from p. 67.
13. Proceedings of the Fourth National Parks Conference, Washington, D.C., January 2-6, 1917 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), p. 1.
19. Ibid., pp. 27 and 88, quote is from p. 852.
21. 1918 AR, pp. 815 and 1076.
26. 1919 AR, p. 939; Punchard visited Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Rocky Mountain, Mount Rainier, Crater Lake, Sequoia and General Grant, and Hawaii, and inspected several national monuments.
28. Charles Punchard, "Landscape Design in the National Park Service," Landscape Architecture 10:144-145.
40.1921 AR, p. 275; 1920 AR, pp. 256 and 337.
48. Ibid., pp. 987, 1177-1178; 1920 AR, p. 336.
50. Ibid., pp. 94-95 and 1075.
52. 1920 AR, pp. 94 and 333; 1921 AR, p. 274.
60. Ibid., p. 966; 1920 AR, p. 211.
62. 1919 AR, p. 1181; 1920 AR, p. 332.
64. Official correspondence, Mather to Punchard, 31 January 1920, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
65. Official correspondence, Punchard to Mather, 6 February 1920, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
73. Daniel Ray Hull was born in 1890 in Lincoln, Kansas, and died in Alahambra, California in 1964. After graduating from Harvard, Hull went to work for the landscape engineering firm of Daniels, Osmont and Wilhelm in San Francisco—where he was likely associated with Mark Daniels. During World War I, he worked as a camp and hospital planner. It seems that he was working in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at the time he became Punchard's assistant. Hull remained in California after leaving the National Park Service in 1927; he worked for Olmsted, Jr., on the California State Parks Survey and was director of the California park system for many years. Biographical information has been gathered from telephone interviews, 2 October 92, with Robert Chapel, University of Illinois, Urbana, and James McCarthy, Harvard Archives, Harvard University; Harvard Alumni Bulletin, 18 November 1914; Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, Harvard University, 1636-1930 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1930).
74. Paul Peter Kiessig received a B.S. in agriculture with a specialty in drafting from the University of Illinois, Urbana in 1916. He then went to work as a draftsman for an airplane experiment station in Dayton, Ohio, in 1916. He worked for the National Park Service from 1921 to 1923. He was born in San Diego in 1887 and died in Vista, California in 1967. It appears that Kiessig and Gilbert Stanley Underwood worked together in California where they became close friends. They both entered the University of Illinois in 1912, where Underwood and possibly Kiessig met Hull. Biographical information was gathered from a telephone interview, 2 October 1992 with Robert Chapel, University of Illinois, Urbana, and Joyce Zaitlin, Gilbert Stanley Underwood (Malibu: Pangloss Press), pp. 8-14.
75. 1920 AR, p. 93; Quinquennial Catalog.
76. Paul Kiessig, "Landscape Engineering in the National Parks," 2 December 1922, Record Group 79, National Archives, San Bruno, Calif.
78. Kiessig, "Landscape Engineering."
81. Kiessig, "Landscape Engineering."
85. Tweed, p. 30; 1920 AR, p. 96. The inspiration of this building has been attributed to Colter's work at Phantom Ranch, which was at the mouth of Bright Angel Creek.
90. Herbert Maier, "The Purpose of the Museum in the National Parks," Yosemite Nature Notes V(3):37-40, March 31, 1926; quote is from p. 38 and also appears in Tweed, pp. 40-41.
94. Joyce Zaitlin, Gilbert Stanley Underwood (Malibu, California: Pangloss Press, 1989), pp. 11, 14, and 42-48; Tweed, Rustic Architecture, 1977, pp. 41-44.
95. Zaitlin, p. 35-42; 1925 AR, p. 132.
97. Ise, pp. 30 and 127; Mary Shivers Culpin, Historic Roads of Yellowstone National Park Multiple Property Documentation Form (draft), section F, pp. 6-11.
99. Dwight A. Smith, Columbia River Highway Historic District, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, October 3, 1983.
100. Requirement for grade comes from Vint to Mather, official correspondence, 14 August 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
102. Hubbard, Introduction, p. 220; Specifications for Forest Road Construction (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927).
103. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. 310-311.
105. 1921 AR, p. 57; 1923 AR, p. 279. Despite its scenic grandeur, this road would prove vulnerable to flooding and thus was difficult and costly to maintain. Floods in 1924 necessitated emergency appropriations to construct log-crib revetments and diversion cribs as an effort to "save" the road. Due to glacial flow, winter avalanches, etc., the road never became the popular tourist route envisioned by Mather as early as 1916.
106. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. 222-223.
107. Waugh, Natural Style, pp. 120-121.
109. Index of Waugh's Manuscripts, University of Massachusetts Archives, Amherst; Frederick Steiner, "Frank Waugh," in Tishler, ed., American Landscape Architecture (Washington, D.C.: Preservation Press, 1989), pp. 101-103.
110. Waugh, Natural Style, p. 10.
111. Hubbard, Introduction, pp. 219-220.
114. 1926 AR, p. 17; 1925 AR, p. 79.
115. 43 Stat. 90; Official correspondence, Demaray to John J. Blaine, U.S. Senate, 10 October 1927, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
116. Ise, p.3237; 1931 AR, p. 111.
118. 1926 AR, p. 155; "Memorandum of Agreement Between the National Park Service and the Bureau of Public Roads Relating to the Survey, Construction, and Improvement of Roads and Trails in the National Parks and Monuments," 18 January 1926, No. 100072, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
122. Although revision to the interbureau agreement to incorporate the Chief Engineer as a principal in preliminary planning and in the execution of road projects, having authority over the Landscape Engineer for the general approval of basic provisions was considered, the Director decided to reorganize the San Francisco office, assigning to both Vint and Kittredge specific roles in the roads program. Official correspondence, Demaray to Albright, 9 February 1928, and Albright to Demaray, no date, ca. January 1928, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C.123. 1926 AR, p. 15-16. Note: Landscape protection mentioned in earlier reports is now called "preservation of park scenery.
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