Katmai Building in an Ashen Land: Historic Resource Study

Endnotes

¹ Black, "The Russian Conquest of Kodiak," Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 24, numbers 1-2, 177.

² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 114

³ Davydov, Two Voyages to Russian America, 191. Davydov provided this description of the hunting posts; "At various places along the coast of the island [Kodiak] there are small posts in which groups of hunters live—this is called an artel, and is supervised by a baidarshchik. The baidarshchiks receive their orders from the manager and pass them on to the [natives]. In addition to artels, in some places there will be one promyshlennik [Russian hunter] living with several Americans...., and such an organization is called an odinochka [one-man post]."

⁴ Hussey, Embattled Katmai,114; Tikhmenev, A History of the Russian American Company, Vol. 2 1979, 7.

⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 115 (citing Bancroft, History of Alaska, 321). Morseth, People of the Volcanoes, 34, cited a 1787 report that the baidarshchik and his men stationed at the artel near the Native Katmai settlement had been killed.

⁶ Davydov, Two Voyages to Russian America, 1802-1807, 191.

⁷ Tikhmenev, History of the Russian American Company, Vol. 2, 9-10.

⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 250; The 1880 U.S. census stated Katmai's importance: "Under Russian rule, Katmai controlled the trade of the upper Naknek area and into Bristol Bay, Nushagak and "Kolmakoosky" areas (Ivan Petroff, U.S. Census Office, Tenth Census).

⁹ Davydov, Two Voyages to Russian America, 1802-1807, 192.

¹⁰ As noted by Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 157. In 1791, Shelikhov's men from the Kenai post retaliated to the Alaska Peninsula inhabitants for participating in the destruction of the Katmai crew. The Katmai post was established in 1794 according to VanStone, Russian Exploration in Southwest Alaska: the Travel Journals of Petr Korsakovskiy (1818) and Ivan Ya. Vasil'ev (1829) (Fairbanks, The University of Alaska Press, 1988), 67.

¹¹ Tikhmenev, A History of the Russian American Company, Vol. 2 (1979), 64.

¹² Russian Orthodox American Messenger (ROAM), 1(4):57-58, 1896, "From the Travel Journal for 1895 of a Priest of the Kodiak Resurrection Church-Tikhon Shalamov," translated by Richard Bland, May 1999. All ROAM articles used in this study were translated by Richard Bland, May 1999. According to Katherine Arndt (personal communication, 30 July 1999), the Alaska Russian Orthodox Church records state that Katmai was located between mountains.

¹³ Khlebnikov, Notes on Russian America, 40.

¹⁴ Fedorova, The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18^th Century-1867, (Kingston, The Limestone Press, 1973), 200; 1821 inventory.

¹⁵ Khlebnikov, Notes on Russian America, 40.

¹⁶ Tikhmenev, A History of the Russian American Company, Vol, 2, 14.

¹⁷ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 96.

¹⁸ Unrau, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, Historic Resource Study, 40.

¹⁹ Ibid, 38.

²⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 105.

²¹ Langsdorff, Remarks and Observations on a Voyage Around the World from 1803 to 1807, 30 and 140.

²² Ibid, 140.

²³ Gideon, The Round the World Voyage of Hieromonk Gideon 1803-1809, 141. The Alaska Russian Orthodox Church Records will undoubtedly provide more information about the Savonoski settlements during the Russian and early American time periods.

²⁴ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 168.

²⁵ Dumond and VanStone, "Paugvik," 7.

²⁶ Katherine Arndt, University of Alaska Fairbanks, a noted scholar of the Russian-America period who is currently preparing a Katmai ethnography; personal communication, 8 June 1999. Although this figure is listed in Fedorova, The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18^th Century-1867, (Kingston, The Limestone Press, 1973), 200, Arndt clarifies that this was a mistranslation and should be read as the collective population figure for the villages within the jurisdiction of Katmai. As these six settlements were listed for the Katmai jurisdiction in 1830 or 1831, it is likely that these same settlements existed in 1818.

²⁷ Katherine Arndt, citing Alaska Russian Orthodox Church Records, personal communication 7 June 1999. It is also possible that Naushkak, was the same settlement located on modern maps as "Kaguyak," since Orth's Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 484, includes "Naouchkak" as a name variant for Kaguyak.

²⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 108-109. Hussey states that it is not clear how Vasiliev acquired this interior name, and that it is also possible that another "Vasiliev," who traveled with Etolin and Khromchenko in 1921-1822, may be responsible for reporting the name "Naugeik."

²⁹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 106-107.

³⁰ Ibid., 142.

³¹ Ibid., 139-140.

³² One such example of a Suqpiat/Alutiiq hunting party was noted by Khlebnikov: A sea otter party formed by the Katmaiskaia odinochka, consisting of 15 baidarkas of Aliaskans and two baidarkas from Sutkhumskaia odinochka and hunting on the east shore of the Aliska Peninsula from Kamyshak Bay to Sutkhum odinochka, obtained eight sea otters, five young sea otters and two pups. Office Manager V. Kashevarov. (Khlebnikov, Notes, 362.)

³³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 143-146. The 1820 register for native men at Fort Ross included the Village of Katmaiskoe, Fedorova, Ethnic Processes, 12. Marina Ramsay's translation of Richard Pierce's Documents on the History of the Russian-American Company, 121-122, provide specific references about Katmai toions in Sitka in the 1800 instructions to Baranov by V.G. Medvednikov (who was in charge of Novo-Arkhangel'sk). Medvednikov encouraged the rewarding of native hunters, including "the Katmai toion Gavril" and that when the main party arrived from Kodiak, to order the hunters, "the Katmai toion Efim, Nunalkudak and Kumyk to disclose and show the best hunting spots to the south which they know."

³⁴ Tikhmenev, A History of the Russian American Company, Vol. 2, 1979, 77.

³⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 163-164.

³⁶ Unrau, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, 45.

³⁷ Khlebnikov, Notes on Russian America, 349-50.

³⁸ Source of census figures for 1792, 1800, 1821 and 1825 are Khlebnikov, Notes on Russian America Parts II-V, 7-8; source for 1818 ­ Arndt, personal communication 8 June 1999. Source for Katmai 1862 is Arndt, citing Church records based on Katmai visit by priest that year. Of note, a population figure given for Katmai (which may be for the Katmai jurisdiction) for 1860 or 1863 was 457 as noted in Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 157 (citing Tikhmenev II). Source for 1850 is Dumond, Demographic Effects of European Expansion, 16. Source for 1861 is Arndt, citing Church records based on the visit by a priest of that year, personal communication, 30 July 1999.

³⁹ In 1844 there were two Savonoski settlements listed in the ROC records called Ikak and Alinak. Two settlements continued at least through 1865 and were listed in the Church records as 1^st and 2^nd Severnovskoe settlements ("Info on the Severnovski Settlements from Alaskan Russian Church Archives," compiled by K. L. Arndt, May 1999, Katmai HRS).

⁴⁰ Katherine Arndt, personal communication 30 July 1999, citing her translation from the Records of the Russian American Company Correspondence of the Governors General Communications Sent, vol. 15, No. 180, folios 251-251, Kupreianov to Main Office, 1 May 1838.

⁴¹ Fortuine, Chills and Fever, 203, 233.

⁴² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 128, 180.

⁴³ Arndt, personal communication, 7 June 1999.

⁴⁴ Arndt, personal communication, 8 June 1999.

⁴⁵ Dmytryshyn, The Russian American Colonies, Vol. 3, 444. Circa 1840-1845.

⁴⁶ Arndt, personal communication, 8 June 1999; Dumond and VanStone, "Paugvik," 8.

⁴⁷ Dumond and VanStone, "Paugvik," 8.

⁴⁸ Although it is not clear how many settlements were located in this area and for what length of time periods, there does appear to be some continuity of a settlement being located at the head of Naknek Lake (eastern end), at the end of Iluik Arm, throughout the early American period. According to the Alaska Russian Orthodox church records, this settlement was known primarily as "Iqkhagmiut" from the mid 1870s through the early 1900s, for a couple of years its was "Severnovskoe," and from 1910-1912 it was listed as "Nunamiut." What follows is a further discussion on these settlements and names gathered from Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 248-249, 252 and 257, and Katherine Arndt's "Info on the Severnovski Settlements from the Alaskan Russian Church Archives," May 1999, Katmai HRS. Hussey noted that early American maps showed that the settlement located at the head of Naknek Lake was best known as "Ukak." In 1872, Alphonse Pinart's map showed two settlements: one at the head of Iliuk Arm as "Haknik" and the other located to the north and at the end of the Katmai trail as "Ikak." In 1880, Petroff reported "Ikkhagmute" as the name used by its inhabitants for the settlement at the end of Iliuk Arm. Hussey noted that from 1890 forward the name "Savonoski" or it variants appeared more consistently. Arndt's research of the Alaska Russian Church archives about these settlements revealed the listing of one settlement called "Iqkhagmiut from 1876-1897, which was listed as "Severnovskoe" from 1895-1897. J.E. Spurr's report of his 1898 trip through the area noted that name for the village located at the head of Naknek Lake "is Ikkhagamut, or Savonoski, as it is now commonly called." Spurr also noted that a former Native settlement called "Naouchlagamut" was located about 15 miles east of Naknek Lake near the Savonoski River (place name variation is "Nauklak" according to Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 677). Arndt's research found reference to the existence of two settlements in 1898 by the priest Vladimir Modestov who referred to the Severnovkoe settlement and the upper Severnovskoe settlement or out-settlement located 10 miles from the former. The Church records also showed a listing for the upper settlement called Kanigmiut from 1902-1912 and that the other Severnovskoe settlement was referred to as "Nunagmiut in 1896, "Iqkhagmiut" through 1909, and Nunamiut from 1910-1912.

⁴⁹ Various maps have shown the name "Kaguyak" located four miles north of Cape Chiniak on the Alaska Peninsula. According to Katherine Arndt, the initial error stems from transliteration and placement errors on Teben'kov's map, as there was an established Kaguyak village on the southeastern shore of Kodiak Island. Arndt's research of the Alaskan Russian Orthodox Church and Alaska Commercial Company records, show that settlement(s) at this location never used the Kaguyak name, but consistently used the Douglas name from the mid 1870s on. Additional confusion has been caused because the church records used three different names Kaymyshak Bay, Cape Douglas, Douglas. The church/clergy registers, however, show that the name changed and not its physical location that was consistently the same distance from Kodiak. (Arndt, "The Location of Douglas Settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station" compiled by Arndt, 2 March 1999 and "Minimum Number of Burials at Douglas," compiled by Arndt, 20 May 1997; both on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center).

⁵⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 243, 255.

⁵¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 226. Hussey cited Petroff, Population and Resources, 32-33. In 1901, Afognak Parish priest Vasilii Martysh noted ten barabaras on the elevated shore of the sea with 45 persons. ROAM, 6(20), 431-433.

⁵² Hoagland, Buildings of Alaska, 1993, 27; Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 223.

⁵³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 154, 253.

⁵⁴ Krech, A Victorian Earl in the Arctic, 1989, 87.

⁵⁵ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 253-255.

⁵⁶ Davis, Archeological Investigations of Inland and Coastal Sites of the Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 50, 70.

⁵⁷ Unrau, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Historic Resource Study, 79-80.

⁵⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 180.

⁵⁹ Porter, Population and Resources of Alaska, 72.

⁶⁰ Katherine Arndt, comp., "The Location of Douglas Settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station," unpub. mss., 2 March 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center. Author's Note: there is some possibility that a trading post was located close to the Cape Douglas headland, but the historic records are inconclusive. Some recent archeological investigation in the area revealed historic foundations that might be related to a trading post or to sea mammal hunting ­ see Historic Properties summary section.

⁶¹ Arndt, personal communication, 30 July 1999.

⁶² Unrau, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Historic Resource Study, 84.

⁶³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 233, 263.

⁶⁴ ACC Douglas Station Accounts, Box 4 folders 47-56 (inventories for stock on hand for the years 1881, 1883, and 1894).

⁶⁵ Arndt's compilation "The Location of Douglas Settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station," 2 March 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

⁶⁶ ACC Douglas Station, Douglas Weather Journal, June 23, 1885 to April 16, 1887, Box 5 folder 67.

⁶⁷ ACC Douglas Station Accounts, Box 4, and Box 5 folder 64.

⁶⁸ Fedorova, Ethnic Processes, 1975, 21. The ROC retains ownership of the tracts of land which include former chapels and cemeteries at Kukak, Douglas/Kaguyak and Katmai to date.

⁶⁹ The remains of one other ROC chapel is located within the park along the Alagnak River. This former chapel is probably related to the Nushagak mission. Ethnographic investigation and research into the Alaska Russian church records could provide more information.

⁷⁰ Dumond and VanStone, "Paugvik," 11.

⁷¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 220. Hussey cited Petroff's 1880 account where he noted that the Savonoski villages preferred to travel to Katmai to trade including the chapel keeper, "a party going over the pass to Katmai included the keeper of the local church who needed to buy fifty cents worth of nails [to fasten the church door] at the Katmai trading store." Petroff also commented on the fact that the Savonoski villages apparently were "assigned [to the Nushagak mission] without regard to locality or convenience."

⁷² Arndt personal communication 6 June 1999, citing Alaskan Russian Orthodox Church and clergy registers.

⁷³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 220; Arndt, "Minimum Number of Burials at Douglas," compiled by Katherine Arndt, 20 May 1997, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

⁷⁴ ROAM, 2(17): 508-509, 1898.

⁷⁵ ACC Douglas Station records, box 5, folders 67 and 68.

⁷⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 222. Hussey's source is the Eleventh census taken in 1890.

⁷⁷ Arndt, personal communication 8 June 1999, citing Alaska Russian Orthodox Church Records.

⁷⁸ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 1(4): 57-58, 1896.

⁷⁹ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 6(20):431-433, 1901. Arndt noted that the Church records list the Katmai chapel as being completed in 1904; personal communication, 30 July 1999.

⁸⁰ Arndt, personal communication 8 June 1999; Russian American Orthodox Messenger , 2(17):508-509, 1898). Note: A 1893 invoice Douglas Station invoice for Douglas Church to the ACC included 500 feet Saiding (siding?), Red boards, 60 Afognack boards, shingles, iron tacks, brass hinges, and screws. In 1953, W.A. Davis in the Archeological Investigations of Inland and Coastal Sites of the Katmai National Monument, pages 49-50, provided a description of the last Douglas chapel, "The church is a rectangular building 7.85 m in length, 5.95 m wide, and having a vestibule 3.4 x 2.1 m.... The walls...are made of 20 mm square, hand-hewn, dove-tailed timbers. The exterior corners of the building are squared and the wall covered with horizontal cedar siding. The vestibule is a rough timber frame covered with cedar siding and a shed roof. The rafters and sheathing of the hip roof are of rough fir lumber; the roof is shingled. The roof is surmounted by a Russian Orthodox cross. The south and east walls have two windows each, the north wall one.... Sod was piled against the outside walls to a height of one meter."

⁸¹ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 6(20): 431-433, 1901.

⁸² Arndt, personal communication, 7 June 1999.

⁸³ Tollefson to Superintendent, Katmai National Monument, April 13, 1977 memo with attached transcript from 10/22/75 oral interview with Harry Kaiakokonok, page 10, in AKSO, Regional Park Katmai file.

⁸⁴ Knutson, The Moran Fleet: Twelve to the Yukon, 53.

⁸⁵ Petroff, Alaska: Its Population, Industries, and Resources, 28; Dumond, Demographic Effects of European Expansion, 16, citing Alaska Russian Orthodox Church records.

⁸⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 261, citing Alphonse Louis Pinart's 1871 visit to Katmai in which Pinart noted that "quite a large business" in furs was carried on with villages in the interior and on Bristol Bay by way of a portage up the Katmai River."

⁸⁷ ROAM, 2(17): 508-509, 1898.

⁸⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 244.

⁸⁹ Morseth, The People of the Volcanoes, 48. Wide Bay is located 70 miles southwest of Katmai Bay.

⁹⁰ Morseth, The People of the Volcanoes, 76; Tollefson to Superintendent, Katmai National Monument, April 13, 1977 memo with attached transcript from October 22, 1975 oral interview with Harry Kaiakokonok, page 9, in AKSO, Regional Park Katmai files. According to Harry Kaiakokonok, "In Puale Bay there was a man by the name, John, he had a store. People go from Katrmai to there to buy some stuff and people from Savonoski go there to buy until he got killed."

⁹¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 227.

⁹² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 168-169, 257.

⁹³ Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 17.

⁹⁴ Davis, Archeological Investigations of Inland and Coastal Sites of the Katmai National Monument, Alaska, 70-71.

⁹⁵ ROAM, 6(20):431-433, 1901.

⁹⁶ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 232-234. Hussey notes the confusion caused by Petroff's Tenth Census, that identifies an Ashivak population and provides a map that identifies Douglas near the Cape Douglas headland and Ashivak about 12 miles to the coastal north. There is no indication that Petroff physically visited these sites. Arndt believes these two sites should have been placed farther south with Ashivak being located at today's Swikshak and Douglas being located at today's Kaguyak. Arndt's research indicates that Ashivak was a summer camp of the Douglas people and Petroff mistakenly recorded this as the permanent settlement of the same people. Arndt, "The location of Douglas settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station, compiled by Katherine L. Arndt, 2 March 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

⁹⁷ Arndt, comp., "The Location of Douglas Settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station," 2 March 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

⁹⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 247.

⁹⁹ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 1(7):118-119, 1896.

¹⁰⁰ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 186.

¹⁰¹ ACC Douglas Station records, Box 5 folders 67 and 68.

¹⁰² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 180.

¹⁰³ Arndt, "References to Activities in Kamishak Bay out of Iliamna Station, found in the Alaska Commercial Company collection," compiled by K.L. Arndt, 11 February 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

¹⁰⁴ Arndt, "The Location of Douglas Settlement and the Alaska Commercial Company's Douglas Station," compiled by Katherine L. Arndt, 2 March 1999, on file at NPS-LAKA Studies Center.

¹⁰⁵ Porter, Population and Resources of Alaska, 72.

¹⁰⁶ Ibid, 72.

¹⁰⁷ Petroff, Alaska: Its Population, Industries, and Resources, 1884, 25.

¹⁰⁸ ACC Douglas Station records, Box 5, folder 68.

¹⁰⁹ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 1(4):57-58, 1896.

¹¹⁰ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 3(3):91, 1899.

¹¹¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 241; Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 1(7):118-119, 1896; Arndt, personal communication, 7 June 1999.

¹¹² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 227.

¹¹³ Russian Orthodox American Messenger, 4(8):158-159, 1900.

¹¹⁴ Partnow, "The Days of Yore," 144.

¹¹⁵ ROAM, 6(20):431-433, 1901; 8 (1):14-15, 1904.

¹¹⁶ Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 267.

¹¹⁷ Arndt, personal communication, July 30, 1999.

¹¹⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 187.

¹¹⁹ Dumond, Demographic Effects of European Expansion, 16.

¹²⁰ Dumond, "People and Pumice," 384.

¹²¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 253-254, 368; Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 17.

¹²² Partnow, "The Days of Yore," 143.

¹²³ Porter, Population and Resources of Alaska, 72.

¹²⁴ Partnow, "The Days of Yore," 143; Tollefson to Superintendent, Katmai National Monument, April 13, 1977 memo with attached transcript from October 22, 1975 oral interviews, page 12, in AKSO, Regional Park Katmai files.

¹²⁵ Partnow, "The Days of Yore," 143-144.

¹²⁶ Tollefson to Superintendent, Katmai National Monument, April 13, 1977 memo with attached transcript from October 22, 1975 oral interviews, page 12, in AKSO, Regional Park Katmai files.

¹²⁷ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 357; Partnow, "The Days of Yore," 144-145.

¹²⁸ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 357.

¹²⁹ Norris, Isolated Paradise, 19. Norris notes that at this time, the site of the volcanic eruption was believed to be Mount Katmai. It was not until 1954 that a scientific investigation determined that the primary explosion site was Novarupta, located seven miles west of Mount Katmai.

¹³⁰ June 12, 1961 letter to Dr. L.S. Cressman from Mr. Tom Jessee, former resident of Perryville, who wrote down the story as told to him by Harry Kaiakokonok during the late 1950s, on file at NPS-Alaska Support Office, Regional Park-Katmai file.

¹³¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 344.

¹³² Ibid., 356.

¹³³ June 12, 1961 letter to Dr. L.S. Cressman from Mr. Tom Jessee, former resident of Perryville, who wrote down the story as told to him by Harry Kaiakokonok during the late 1950s, on file at NPS-Alaska Support Office, Regional Park- Katmai file.

¹³⁴ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 360, 356-359.

¹³⁵ Ibid., 367.

¹³⁶ Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 17.

¹³⁷ Dumond, "People and Pumice," 385.

¹³⁸ Griggs, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, 17.

¹³⁹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 368.

¹⁴⁰ Environmental and Natural Resources Institute, Archeological Overview and Assessment of Katmai National Park and Preserve, 1993, 36.

¹⁴¹ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 386; National Geographic Society Katmai Expeditions collection at UAA Archives and Manuscripts Department.

¹⁴² Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 230-231, citing Davis, Archeological Investigations, 37-44.

¹⁴³ Hussey, Embattled Katmai, 248.

¹⁴⁴ Ibid., 243-244.

¹⁴⁵ SAIP is an acronym for Systemwide Archeological Inventory Program.

P.R. Hagelbarger, member of the National Geographic Society's 1918 expedition to Katmai, taking a photograph of fumarole number 3, 1918. Photo courtesy of University of Alaska Anchorage, Archives and Manuscripts Department, National Geographic Society Katmai Expeditions Collections, Box 4, 3700.