Jefferson National Expansion Administrative History

¹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JEFF) Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5. All Superintendent's Annual Reports may be found in File A2621, JEFF Files.

²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17, and interview with John Patterson, Building Services and HVAC Foreman, April 1, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

³ i.e., service-wide computer specifications requirements and new service-wide training manuals; see JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 24.

⁴Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Contract #CX6000-3-0139, File S7217, Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Missouri, hereinafter cited as Federal Records Center.

⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

⁸Contract #CX6000-5-0052, File S7217, Federal Records Center.

⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

¹¹Ibid.

¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 20.

¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1988, p. 17; 1989, p. 23.

¹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 23.

¹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 24; for 1991, p. 26.

¹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 26.

¹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 28.

¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 26.

¹⁹Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992. These are just a couple of examples of the many common, seemingly trivial items taken for granted by most employees and the public, which must be checked, repaired and replaced by the HVAC division.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹Ibid. See Chapter 9 in this administrative history for more on the exhibits in the Old Courthouse; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19; and for 1988, p. 17.

²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

²³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19; interview with John Patterson, July 28, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, pp. 26 and 28.

²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6; for 1987, pp. 19-20; for 1988, p. 17. The design of the signs was coordinated by Norman Messinger, Assistant Superintendent at JEFF; they were fabricated by the St. Louis Ornamental Stone Manufacturing Company. Interview with John Patterson, July 28, 1992.

²⁶See Chapter 7 in this administrative history for more information on the establishment of an entrance fee at JEFF.

²⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, pp. 22-23; "Accomplishments HVAC 1989," p. 1, internal JEFF document, copy, JEFF historian's files.

²⁸Ibid., p. 23.

²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 23; for 1990, p. 26.

³⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 23; "Accomplishments HVAC 1989," p. 3.

³¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 23-26.

³²Replacement of exterior ramps, Scope of Work, File #S7219, Federal Records Center.

³³Later, WVP was awarded the contract for Title III services as well; see Contract #CX6000-4-0097, File # S7219, Federal Records Center.

³⁴File S7217, Federal Records Center; interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly, March 28, 1992, conducted by Bob Moore, JEFF Historian.

³⁵Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

³⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

³⁷See "Leaks in Roof Being Fixed At Underground Area of Arch," St. Louis Post Dispatch, June 21, 1967. All newspaper sources cited may be found in the newspaper clipping Files, JNEM Archives. See also Memorandum, Curt Townsend, Technical Assistance Coordinator, Denver Park Support Office, to Regional Director, Midwest Region, April 28, 1981; and trip report, Istvan Lippai, Civil Engineer, Rocky Mountain Team, June 23-25, 1981; 79-89-0003, Box 5, D22, Federal Records Center.

³⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17.

³⁹Contract #CX6000-7-0005, File S7219; see also Scope of Work Statement for Zurheide-Hermann, File D24, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Physical Facilities; and Memo, Thomas A. Hermann, Executive Vice President, Zurheide-Hermann, to Gerald T. McClarnon, Contacting Officer, NPS, December 16, 1987, which includes details of the investigation, File D24, all JEFF Files.

⁴⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17.

⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report 1987. See also the letter of Thomas A. Hermann, to Gerald T. McClarnan, December 16, 1987, in JEFF File D24. The letter detailed the discovery, on December 10, 1987, of water intrusion and leakage through a beam above the north entrance. "A closer inspection of this area and removal of a portion of the ceiling revealed a crack in the bottom of the beam with water leaking thru it. . . . While the crack above the north entrance contributes to the water intrusion problems, we feel that it was not caused by the water problems, but was due to other circumstances. . . [T]here exists the potential for progression of serious structural problems." The letter recommended a more extensive investigation of the structural problems in the visitor center area, and included a diagram of the damage.

⁴²Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990; see also Dave Caselli, "The Dirty Story of the Underground Museum's Roof," Courier, Newsmagazine of the National Park Service, Volume 37, Number 4, April, 1992, pp. 8-10, hereinafter cited as Caselli.

⁴³Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁴⁴The decision was made to replace this soil with new material, "blended from sand and peat according to a strict recipe provided by a soil specialist professor at the University of Missouri." Caselli, p. 9. With the dirt and roofing material removed from the top of the visitor center complex, it was necessary to reactivate the hot water heating system, which had not been used for several years. During the late 1980s, the park was able to generate enough energy through the lighting units alone to provide heat in the museum, due to the insulation provided by the underground facility. Caselli, p. 9; interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

⁴⁵Ibid.

⁴⁶Caselli, p. 9.

⁴⁷For more on the asbestos survey, see Chapter 10, Law Enforcement and Safety, in this administrative history.

⁴⁸Ibid.; see also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 23; for 1991, p. 26, and Chapter 3, on the VP Fair, in this administrative history. Final cost figures were supplied by Dave Caselli.

⁴⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5.

⁵⁰Interview with JEFF Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁵¹JEFF Operations Evaluation Report, Midwest Regional Office (MWRO), May 1982, pp. 6 and 15-16.

⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985-1991.

⁵³Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁵⁴"Grounds Maintenance Labor Breakdown," internal document, JEFF, 1991, copy, historian's files, JEFF.

⁵⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁵⁶"The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989, p. 67.

⁵⁷Memo, MWRO Landscape Architect Mary V. Hughes, to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Resource Preservation, MWRO August 8, 1991, on a trip to Dan Kiley's Studios in Charlotte, Vermont, June 8-9, 1991.

⁵⁸Ibid.; see also "St. Louis Riverfront Revisited 1933-1964," by Ruth Layton, in Landscape Architecture, April, 1964, which provides a brief overview of the most radical changes made to the Saarinen/Kiley plan during this period. A copy of this article is in the JEFF Library vertical file, VF-JNE-147. At a meeting of the Eastern Office of Design and Construction in Philadelphia on March 18, 1963, "a discussion on the 'pros and cons' of lakes emerged, which resulted in the . . . plan being revised to show a 'lake scheme.'" See letter, Philip D. Shipman, Office of Dan Kiley, to Bruce Detmers, Eero Saarinen and Associates, October 2, 1963, copy, JEFF historian's files. For more on the "opening up" of the landscape design and the planting of fewer trees than Kiley advocated, see letter, Robert G. Hall, Chief, Eastern Office, Design and Construction, to Eero Saarinen and Associates, February 3, 1963, and letter, Bruce Detmers, Saarinen and Associates to Hall, March 25, 1963, copies in JEFF historian's files.

⁵⁹Meeting and interview with landscape architect Dan Kiley, at JEFF (included a tour of the grounds), October 21, 1991. Participating were MWRO Landscape Architect Mary Hughes; JEFF Historian Bob Moore; and JEFF Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs. Mr. Kiley discussed the appearance of the landscape design. Although pleased at the general site layout, he was disappointed that his original plant selections had not been followed, stating that his plan called for tulip poplars for the grounds. The poplars "would be seventy feet tall by now, and would blend very well." He suggested that clusters of flowering trees near the edges of the property, especially near the highway, might look nice, and favored ginkgoes or tulip poplars as possibilities for new tree plantings. He also mentioned clustering the trees closer together, as at the Tuilleries in France, where the trees are distant 12' 6" on center. When asked about the tree grates on the sidewalks, Mr. Kiley said that he would prefer to keep them as they were, despite the problems caused by the root systems. Mr. Kiley stated that he had originally consulted with the Missouri Botanical Garden and other sources on the plantings, and the most successful trees for the St. Louis climate. He noted that the plantings away from the walkways are substantially different than the way he had designed them. In several letters, Eero Saarinen expressed his concerns regarding the landscape design and his wishes regarding the retention of Kiley as the landscape architect; see letters, Saarinen to Kiley, especially August 6, 1956. A 1969 letter from Kiley's office stated Kiley's concerns: "We are . . . interested in seeing the design carried out in a way that is sympathetic with the original design intent. Mr. Kiley is concerned that this project may be going ahead without his involvement." See letter, Henry F. Arnold, partner, Office of Dan Kiley, to Richard Huber, NPS Eastern Office of Design and Construction; copies in historian's files, JEFF. According to Mr. Kiley, no reply to this letter was received from the NPS.

⁶⁰The plan was approved by Director George B. Hartzog on February 2, 1966; see the memorandum, Ray Freeman to Rich Huber, March 20, 1970, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. It appears that many of the NPS people involved in the planning process had deep concerns about crime on the grounds and the physical safety of visitors if the area were heavily forested.

⁶¹Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center (DSC), 1988; copy, JEFF historian's files.

⁶²Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶³Ibid. See also "Aerodynamic Stability of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Gateway Arch" by Lloyd R. Cayes and Charles F. Scheffey, July, 1965, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 35, Folders 25-27.

⁶⁴Editorial, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 26, 1968, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 22.

⁶⁵Letter, JEFF Superintendent LeRoy Brown to Joseph Pulitzer, February 29, 1968, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 22.

⁶⁶Memorandum, Superintendent LeRoy Brown to Midwest Regional Director, March 6, 1968; and Memorandum, Chief, Design and Construction H. Reese Smith to Regional Director, March 15, 1968, both JNEM Archives, ibid.

⁶⁷Ibid.; Pfanz assumed responsibilities as Superintendent of JEFF in December 1968.

⁶⁸ Proposed Tree Planting Plan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, January 2, 1970, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. Phase I of this plan specifies "two rows of tulip trees" which will line the walks of the memorial.

⁶⁹ Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, JEFF 1984; p. 167. See JNEM Archives, letter, Clarence Owens of Owens Nursery to Sen. Eagleton, March 12, 1970; Mrs. James S. Behan of Houlihan Nursery to Sen. Eagleton, March 11, 1970.

⁷⁰Memorandum, March 20, 1970, Raymond L. Freeman, Deputy Associate Director, Professional Services, NPS, to Charles Hamilton, Assistant to the Secretary for Congressional Liasons, copy in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. In addition, Superintendent Pfanz defended the tulip poplar selection before the press on March 12; see St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 13, 1970 p. 3A. Pfanz had received negative comments about the tulip trees from Director Bielmann of the Missouri Botanical Garden. "In fact, he pointed out certain characteristics of the tulip poplar which we might find undesirable and which have been cited by some of our critics." See the memorandum, Superintendent Pfanz to the Director, Midwest Region, April 27, 1970.

⁷¹Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992.

⁷²Ibid.; "but in effect," noted Ronscavage, "this was a true committee decision." See the memorandum, Chief, Environmental Planning and Design, WSC, Glenn O. Hendrix to Director George B. Hartzog, June 25, 1970, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23.

⁷³In fact, the pin oak was designated as the tree of choice for a short period; see ibid.

⁷⁴See Manual of Woody Landscape Plants by Michael A. Dirr, (third edition, 1975), p. 4, Map: "Zones of Plant Hardiness (USDA)". A simple comparison of the characteristics of tulip poplars compared to the Rosehill Ash seemed to verify the soundness of the committee's decision. The Tulip Poplar ( Lilodendron tulipiferous) is subject to disease, requires deep soil (the Arch grounds have only 8" in most places), prefers acid soil (the grounds have alkaline soil), good drainage, and full sun. The Rosehill Ash ( Fraxinus americana) is tolerant of poor, alkaline soils and withstands dry and rocky conditions well.

⁷⁵Ibid. See also the memorandum, Associate Director J.E.N. Jensen to Director, Midwest Region, July 23, 1970.

⁷⁶By this time, the jurisdictional lines for managing projects such as the landscaping of the Arch grounds had changed, and the project, still supervised by Ronscavage, was under the Office of Design and Construction in the San Francisco Service Center. In 1972 responsibility shifted to the new Denver Service Center.

⁷⁷JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. 167, and letter, Superintendent Harry Pfanz to St. Louis Mayor Alfonso Cervantes, June 26, 1970. A second contract for $546,010 was let to Millstone Associates Construction Company on June 30, 1971, which included 280 tree wells, the north and south overlook walkways, concrete benches, lighting, topsoil, and an irrigation system. Brown, p. 168. For more on the early development of the landscape design, see Brown pp. 164-165, 166-167, and 168. A contract for overlook paving and outdoor lighting was let in 1974; see Brown p. 174. See also the project diaries kept by Gene Mott, Project Supervisor under Jim Holland, in the JNEM Archives (hereinafter identified as Mott diaries). The five diaries cover the 1970-71 period of landscaping in great detail.

⁷⁸Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988. Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992; telephone interview with Jim Holland and John Ballard, DSC, July 28, 1992.

⁷⁹Ibid.

⁸⁰"The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁸¹Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988.

⁸²JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. A-5. These trees, the first of the Rosehill Ash on the Arch grounds, lined the sidewalks leading to the Arch. Apparently, 560 trees were actually planted; "The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁸³Ibid. The pedestrian overpasses were never built, due to an enormous estimated cost (at least $6 million) and problems meeting accessibility requirements. Superintendent Schober also thought that the ramps were not aesthetically pleasing, and ruined the appearance of both the Arch and the Old Courthouse. "I felt that the same effect could be gained from asking the city to regulate the [stop]lights" on Memorial Drive, said Schober. He concluded that the ramps would not be put in during his tenure as superintendent. Personal communication to Historian Bob Moore from Jerry Schober, September 1, 1993.

⁸⁴Telephone interview with Mike Hunter, Chief, NRSO, April 19, 1992, conducted by JEFF historian Bob Moore. See also JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. 179; and "Small Business Bids for Arch Landscaping," January 24, 1979, North St. Louis Commercial News, in the newspaper clipping files of the JNEM Archives.

⁸⁵"Nonselective chemical renovates Gateway Arch Grounds," in Chemical Hotline, February 1981, pp. 94-95; a publication of Monsanto Agricultural Products Company. Copy, JEFF historian's files.

⁸⁶Telephone interview with Mike Hunter, Chief, NRSO, 19 April, 1992. Few other walks were in place on the grounds at that time.

⁸⁷Ibid.

⁸⁸See the Chronology, JEFF Administrative History 1935-1980, by Sharon Brown.

⁸⁹Ibid.

⁹⁰Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

⁹¹The reasons for this situation were due to contract lengths for individual projects and deadlines. Since the ideal time to plant lawns was in the fall, seeding had to be accomplished at that time, while the trees had to be planted after they had lost their leaves. The planting of the grass before the placement of the trees was "not a mistake" according to DSC Landscape Architect Nancy Baker, inspector of Phase II and III operations at JEFF. Telephone interview, September 7, 1993, with JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁹²Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992; telephone interview with Nancy Baker, landscape architect, DSC and inspector on Phase II and Phase III, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, April, 1, 1992; and interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁹³Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

⁹⁴Telephone interview with Nancy Baker, April 1, 1992; see also "Gateway Today," the JEFF park newspaper, for Summer 1981, copy in historian's files, JEFF.

⁹⁵See "Integrated Pest Management," an article in the April, 1992 JEFF Newsletter by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs.

⁹⁶Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988. Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992; telephone interview with Jim Holland and John Ballard, DSC, July 28, 1992; interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. "The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁹⁷See Contracts #CX6000-5-0049, File S7212, and #CX6000-6-0032, File S7217, Federal Records Center; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7.

⁹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7.

⁹⁹Ibid.

¹⁰⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁰¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22.

¹⁰²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 28.

¹⁰³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹⁰⁴ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, photograph of Gardener Carl Smith, February 25, 1987, p. 1.

¹⁰⁵"Letters from the people," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 2, 1987.

¹⁰⁶"Letters from the people," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 4, 1987; letter from Skip Kincaid, urban forester with the Missouri Department of Conservation.

¹⁰⁷Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁰⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹⁰⁹Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹¹⁰Ibid.

¹¹¹See "Integrated Pest Management," an article in the April, 1992 JEFF Newsletter by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs. Jacobs continued: "Pest problems exist everywhere, and the mere presence of a particular pest species does not necessarily mean that a problem exists. Chapter 4 of NPS Management Policies lists specific criteria that must be met before exotic or native species may be managed. Whether pest problems are associated with the preservation of historic structures or the prevention of forest devastation, the mandate of the NPS is the same. IPM seeks maximum use of naturally occurring pest controls, including weather, disease agents, predators, and parasitoids. In addition, IPM utilizes various biological, physical, and chemical controls, as well as habitat modification techniques. Before a pesticide may be used in any park, a Pest Management Program Report (Form 10-21A) must be submitted. These annual forms expire on December 31 of the year of approval."

¹¹²Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹¹³Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹¹⁴For more on the Ash Borer see "Guide to Monitoring Clearwing Borers," published by Albany International, Controlled Release Division, 110 A Street, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, 02194.

¹¹⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. See also Appendix I in this administrative history.

¹¹⁶Ash borers are capable of locating pheromone sources from distances of at least half a mile.

¹¹⁷"Guide to Monitoring Clearwing Borers."

¹¹⁸Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 8.

¹¹⁹Linden, maple and hawthorn; see JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15; and for 1989, p. 22; and the briefing paper on "Pest Control," by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs, 1989.

¹²⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22, and for 1990, p. 28.

¹²¹Briefing Paper on "Pest Control," Jim Jacobs, Grounds Maintenance Foreman, 1989; copy, historian's files, JEFF; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1986, p. 8; 1987, p. 18; and 1991, p. 29.

¹²³See the briefing paper on "Pest Control," by Jim Jacobs, 1989; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1988, p. 15, and 1991, p. 29.

¹²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 28, and 1991, p. 29.

¹²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 30.

¹²⁶Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹²⁷Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. Future applications of Dursban will be limited to the trunks and lower branches of trees, which should eliminate the effects on wildlife experienced in 1991. An on-site visit by Dr. David G. Nielsen of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in the Fall of 1992 confirmed the link between the Dursban applications and the bird deaths. Nielsen recommended just one application per year in the lower area of each tree, where the borers cause the most damage. See letter, David G. Nielsen to Jim Jacobs, November 3, 1992, p. 3; copy, historian's files, JEFF.

¹²⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1987, p. 18; 1988, p. 15, and 1989, p. 22.

¹³⁰JEFF Superintendents Annual Reports, 1987-1989.

¹³¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹³²Briefing paper on "Pest Control," Jim Jacobs, 1989.

¹³³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 28, and 1991, pp. 29-30.

¹³⁴"Arch of Triumph; The Gateway Arch At 25," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990, p. 16.

¹³⁵Ibid and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22. Substitutions were: sugar hackberry or zebkova for sugar maple; snow drift crab for flowering dogwood; and red pine for Japanese black pine.

¹³⁶Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. The grass mix was developed by former Superintendent Robert Chandler, according to information in a telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992.

¹³⁷Ibid. These figures on the length of the irrigation system and the number of sprinkler heads represent the finished system as it stood in 1990. With the addition of the Old Courthouse and Parking Garage areas of the system, it increased in size steadily during the decade covered by this report.

¹³⁸"Arch of Triumph; The Gateway Arch At 25," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990, p. 17.

¹³⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29

¹⁴⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1986, p. 8; 1987, p. 19; and 1989, p. 21.

¹⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 8; and for 1987, pp. 18-19.

¹⁴²Ibid., p. 17.

¹⁴³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

¹⁴⁴Ibid., p. 22.

¹⁴⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992; see also Chapter 3 on the VP Fair in this administrative history; and JEFF Files A8227, which include the signed agreements, special use permits and assessments of damage for each VP Fair.

¹⁴⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹⁴⁷Ibid.

¹⁴⁸Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁴⁹"5th VP Fair was for families," Chris Condon and Margaret Sheppard, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 9, 1985; attachment to JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

¹⁵⁰Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, January 7, 1992.

¹⁵¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7; 1986 NPS Annual Report, p. 2.

¹⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 17-18.

¹⁵³"Roundup Rehabs National Park Lawns," Roadtalk, p. 3, a publication of Monsanto on Roadside Vegetation Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1988, ed. Jim Altemus; Letter, VP Fair Foundation to Richard J. Mahoney, Chairman of the Board and CEO, Monsanto Company, August 24, 1987, JEFF Files A8227.

¹⁵⁴Interview with Jim Jacobs, January 7, 1992.

¹⁵⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 17-18.

¹⁵⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹⁵⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁵⁸Ibid.

¹⁵⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 21.

¹⁶⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 30.

¹⁶¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5.

¹⁶²"No Vacation: Working their summer under the Arch," by Dave Whaley, Granite City (Illinois) Press-Record, August 22, 1985, p. 20, a profile of two students in the 1985 program from Granite City, Brian Forbes and Kevin Williamson.

¹⁶³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 18.

¹⁶⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁶⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 21.

¹⁶⁶Interview with Jim Jacobs, Grounds Foreman, and Tim Burns, Work Leader; April 3, 1992.

¹⁶⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 27, and 1991, p. 29.

¹⁶⁸Ibid, p. 28.

¹⁶⁹Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁷⁰Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹⁷¹Letter, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Vertical File, VF-JNE-076.

¹⁷²Letter, Richard B. Bowser to JEFF Superintendent Gary W. Easton, August 1, 1993, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷³Interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore; "A Monumental Task," by Rick DeYampert, Daytona News Journal, Daytona, Florida, October 14, 1990, copy in Vertical File, JEFF, VF-JNE-151.

¹⁷⁴"Jefferson Memorial Arch, A Panel," Building Research, Sept-Oct. 1964, copy in JEFF historian's files. This article was based on a transcription of interviews with Dick Bowser and four other participants in the design and engineering phases of the Arch construction.

¹⁷⁵Interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992, and Letters, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, Vertical File, JEFF Library.

¹⁷⁶Letter, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Library Vertical File; see also Bowser to Eero Saarinen and Associates, March 28, 1962, which details estimated costs of building, operating and maintaining the tram system, copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷⁷"Jefferson Memorial Arch, A Panel," Building Research, Sept-Oct. 1964, copy in JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷⁸ Reynolds Aluminum Progress, Fall, 1968, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 35, Folder 4.

¹⁷⁹Letters, Dick Bowser to George B. Hartzog, Jr., March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Library Vertical File. See also Battling for the National Parks by George Hartzog, pp. 47 and 50-52, for more on Bowser and the designation of the trams as a "transportation system." Information on the early use and maintenance of the tram system is available in memoranda included in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Boxes 35 and 36, folders 9, 10, 11. Materials relating to the growth of the tram maintenance staff and the hiring of Bi-State employees are located in Box 35, Folder 7. Dick Bowser's visionary suggestions for improving the tram operation are included in a memorandum of December 10, 1969, in Folder 11. From July 24, 1967 to May 5, 1968, the NPS ran the trams in the Arch, which were formally turned over to Bi-State on May 5. See the memorandum, John D. Kuziel to Col. R.E. Smyser, Jr., May 24, 1968 in Folder 4.

¹⁸⁰Memo, JEFF Administrative Officer Edward E. Countreman to files, February 26, 1970. JNEM Archives, Record Unit 104, Box 15.

¹⁸¹See memos of Superintendent Ivan D. Parker to Administrative Officer Edward Countreman, January 28, 1971; Richard Bowser to Ivan D. Parker, January 28, 1971; Edward Countreman to Ivan Parker, February 8, 1971; Ivan Parker to Col. R.E. Smyser, Jr., executive director, Bi-State Development Agency, February 10, 1971; Smyser to Parker, March 1, 1971; and Parker to Smyser, March 3, 1971, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 104, Box 15.

¹⁸²"Kalert keeps trams traveling smoothly up Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 19, 1992.

¹⁸³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1985, p. 5; 1986, pp. 6-7; and 1987, p. 20.

¹⁸⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 16-17.

¹⁸⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁸⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

¹⁸⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 25.

¹⁸⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁸⁹Ibid.

¹⁹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 28.

¹⁹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1985, p. 5; 1986, p. 6; and 1987, p. 20.

¹⁹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

¹⁹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 25, and 1991, p. 27.

¹⁹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 20.

¹⁹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

¹⁹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 25.

¹⁹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁹⁸Memo to JEFF Employees from Acting Superintendent Nicky Lindig, on the installation of MG sets, February 28, 1992. Copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁹⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

²⁰⁰Ibid.

²⁰¹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

²⁰²Ibid., and memo, Acting Superintendent Nicky Lindig to JEFF Staff, February 28, 1992; interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992.

²⁰³Interview with JEFF Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

²⁰⁴Ibid.

²⁰⁵Interview with John Patterson, September 16, 1993.

²⁰⁶Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

²⁰⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5, and interview with Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992.

²⁰⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

²⁰⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 18-19.

²¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19.

²¹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19, and interview with Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992.

²¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19.

²¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

²¹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

²¹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 25.

²¹²⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 27.

²¹⁷Ibid.

²¹⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.