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Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
The Making of a Park |
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ENDNOTES
Prologue
1Walter S. Sanderlin, The Great National Project: A History of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1946), pp. 254-67.
2Ibid., pp. 277-78. The surviving trustee's report to the court for 1935 was typical: "Although to the casual observer the Canal may seem to be in a serious condition, this is not the fact, and, upon resumption of the canal trade traffic sufficient to justify putting the Canal in operation, this would quickly be done, and the cost of doing it would not be very great." (Report to Circuit Court of Washington County, Md., filed June 10, 1936, copy in file 1460/C & O Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.)
Chapter One
1U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia, The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 96.
2S.J. Res. 192, 67th Congress; Congressional Record 62: 5700. The 1921 plan for the high dam near Chain Bridge encountered heavy opposition; its fate was sealed in the mid-1930s when Congress approved construction of the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin at Carderock, Maryland, on land that it would have inundated.
3Letter, Bell to Rep. Frederick N. Zihlman, quoted in "Groundwork Is Laid for Route to Cumberland," Hagerstown Herald, Aug. 19, 1926, p. 10.
4Letter, Coldren to Maj. William E. R. Covell with postscript endorsement by Grant, Aug.30, 1926, George Washington Memorial Parkway/C & O Canal file 500-10, National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
5Coldren office memorandum, subject: C & O Canal Co., November 1926, ibid.
6John. J. Daly, "Civilization and a Canal," Washington Post Magazine Section, May 27, 1928, p. 3.
7H.R. 15524, 70th Congress; Congressional Record 70: 4613.
8H.R. 26, 71st Congress; S. Rept. 458, 71st Congress, Apr. 17, 1930; Congressional Record 72: 1085, 2724, 8849.
9Memorandum, Delano to Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, May 16, 1934, C & O Canal file 650.03, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
10Letter, Charles W. Eliot II to Robert Kingery, Feb. 11, 1931, GWMP/ C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
11Public Law 73-67, Secs. 202 and 203(a), U.S. Statutes at Large 48: 201-02.
12Letter, Preston to Hamilton, July 14, 1933, Correspondence of Office of Trustees, C & O Canal Company, Record Group 79, National Archives.
14Memorandum dated May 11, 1934, ibid. (The President's mislabeling of the National Park Service doubtless resulted from its temporary redesignation as the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations between August 10, 1933, and March 2, 1934.)
15Memorandum to Ickes, May 16, 1934, ibid.
17Letter, Ickes to Roosevelt, May 28, 1934, ibid.; memorandum, Roosevelt to Ickes, May 29, 1934, ibid.
18Letter, Delano to Ickes, Dec. 26, 1934, ibid.; memorandum, Delano to Nolen, Jan. 30, 1935, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
19Memorandum, Nolen to Delano, May 31, 1935, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
21Memorandum, Ickes to Acting NPS Director Arthur E. Demaray, June 7, 1935, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
22Letter, Delano to Ickes, ibid.
23Memorandum, Roosevelt to Ickes, Aug. 31, 1935, ibid.; letter, Delano to Roosevelt, Sept. 24, 1935, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
24Letter, Assistant Attorney General Harry W. Blair to Acting Secretary of the Interior Charles West, Oct. 1, 1935, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; memorandum, Delano to T. S. Settle, Dec. 31, 1935, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
25Memorandum, Settle to Delano, Apr. 2, 1936, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
26Letter, Cummings to Ickes, Dec. 21, 1936, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
27Extract from minutes of 115th meeting, NCP&PC, Jan. 28-29, 1937, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328; memorandums, Settle to Delano, Mar. 31 and June 3, 1937, ibid.; memorandum, Delano to Settle, June 8, 1937, ibid.
28Memorandum, Lee to Spalding, Sept. 27, 1937, C & O Canal National Historical Park file, NPS History Division. At that time no national historic sites had yet been designated under the general Historic Sites Act authority (or authorized by particular acts of Congress), although several such arrangements were under consideration.
29Memorandum, Settle to Delano, Dec. 29, 1937, with Washington Post clipping of Dec. 28, 1937, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
30Letter, Delano to Wright, Dec. 31, 1937, Office Files of Frederic A. Delano, RG 328.
31Letter, Wright to Delano, Jan. 4, 1938. ibid.
32Telegram, Wright to Delano, Jan. 7, 1938, ibid.
33Letter, Wright to Ickes, Feb. 1, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
34Memorandum, Wright to Jesse Jones, Feb. 24, 1938, quoting Ickes' message from Roosevelt, Delano Office Files, RG 328; Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954) 2: 332.
35Memorandum, Arthur E. Demaray to Ickes, Mar. 21, 1938, Delano Office Files, RG 328; memorandum, Delano to Wright, Mar. 22, 1938, ibid.
36Letter, Delano to Wright, Mar. 25, 1938, ibid.
37Letter, Willard to Ickes, Apr. 12, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; Albrecht, "General Statement on Reservations of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal above Point of Rocks made by the Baltimore and Ohio and Western Maryland Railroads," Apr. 29, 1938, ibid.; memorandum, Cammerer to Ickes, May 2, 1938, ibid.
38Contract for Sale of Property of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company, Aug. 6, 1938, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
40Press release of Aug. 12, 1938, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
41Memorandum, Ickes to Secretary of the Treasury, July 29, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79. "The construction of a parkway" was evidently inserted to help justify the allotment under the National Industrial Recovery Act, which specified parkway construction among the public works that could be funded under its authority (see page 9). Because the Capper-Cramton Act authorized acquisition of part of the canal for the George Washington Memorial Parkway project, rehabilitation of the canal for recreational use could be interpreted as contributing to that project. The allotment justification would later be cited to support plans for a parkway road along the canal to Cumberland.
42Letter, Willard to Ickes, Oct. 8, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
Chapter Two
1Letter, Tolson to Willard, Aug. 8, 1938, George Washington Memorial Parkway/C & O Canal file 500-10, National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
2Letter, Daniel Willard, Jr., to Director, NPS, Aug. 31, 1938, C & O Canal file 650.03, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
3Interior Department press release dated Sept. 26, 1938, ibid.
4Interior Department press release dated Nov. 3, 1938, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
5Memorandum, Tolson to Acting Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 15, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; letter, Willard to Ickes, Oct. 8, 1938, ibid.
6Letter, George L. Nicolson to Secretary of the Interior, May 13, 1938, ibid.
7Dam 4 and 5 file, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Potomac Edison both owned and used Dam 3, originally built for the U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry and later made to supply the C & O Canal also. The NPS acquired this dam in 1985 for Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.
8Letter, John C. Fitzpatrick to H. P. Caemmerer, Mar. 28, 1938, Office Files of Frederic A. Delano, RG 328.
9Memorandum, Ronald F. Lee to Hillory A. Tolson, July 21, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 9; memorandum, Lee to Tolson, Oct. 7, 1938, ibid.; memorandum, Lee to Arno B. Cammerer, Jan. 26, 1939, ibid.
10Memorandum, Lee to Cammerer, Jan. 26, 1939, ibid.; memorandum, Cammerer to Ickes, Mar. 14, 1939, ibid.; memorandum, Jett to Lee, May 12, 1939, ibid.
11Letter, Cammerer to Willard, Feb. 6, 1939, ibid.; letter, Willard to Cammerer, Feb. 10, 1939, ibid.; Assistant Research Technicians' Monthly Report, October 1939, ibid.
12Letter, Philip M. Hamer to Director, NPS, Jan. 12, 1944, ibid.; memorandum, Fowler Harper (solicitor) to Demaray, Mar. 4, 1944, ibid.; letter, Hillory A. Tolson to Hamer, Mar. 15, 1944, ibid.
13Letter, Utley to Paul Claussen, Mar. 14, 1967, C & O Canal National Historical Park file, NPS History Division; memorandum, Utley to Regional Director, National Capital Region, Mar. 15, 1967, ibid.; memorandum, Robert C. Home to Utley, Mar. 21, 1967, ibid.; memorandum, Meyer to Regional Director, NCR, Dec. 18, 1967, ibid.; memorandum, I. J. Castro to Lawson B. Knott, Jr., Jan. 15, 1968, ibid.
14Letter, Hartz to Arno B. Cammerer, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; memorandum, Hartz to George M. Shriver, Jan. 22, 1940, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328. The easement ran in favor of the owner of the Mole, so the railroad's acquisition of the Mole would nullify it.
15Memorandum for files, Donald E. Lee, Nov. 22, 1939, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328; letter, Delano to Frank C. Wright, Mar. 1, 1940, ibid.; letter, Hartz to Wright, Mar. 27, 1940, ibid. As examples of matters requiring future cooperation, Hartz mentioned the need for reciprocal easements for the maintenance and renewal of many drainage structures passing under both the railroad and the canal and the need to amend the legal status of the railroad crossing of the canal near Arizona Avenue in Washington. (Because that crossing had been included as a reservation in the sale, the railroad would otherwise retain fee title to the canal below rather than an easement over it.)
16Memorandum, Demaray to Ickes, Apr. 11, 1940, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
17Hartz, "A Suggested Basis of Settlement," Apr. 23, 1940, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
18The NPS built the Harry T. Thompson Boat Center on the cleared Mole in 1959-60.
19Letter, Hartz to Joseph M. Hernon, Dec. 3, 1941, enclosing deed subject to crossing easement, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; letter, Hartz to Abe Fortas, Nov. 17, 1942, enclosing deed for 12 parcels, ibid.
20Memorandum, NPS Director Newton B. Drury to Under Secretary of the Interior John J. Dempsey, Oct. 3, 1941, ibid.
21Memorandum, Thomas C. Tingle and Samuel H. Hower to Commanding Officer, U.S. Park Police, Jan. 31, 1949, Administration, Maintenance, and Protection file 1460/C&O-5, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md.; letter, E. E. Shiffer to Frank T. Gartside, July 31, 1956, C & O Administration and Protection file, C & O Canal NHP.
Chapter Three
1Letter, Arthur E. Demaray to Daniel Willard, Jr., June 4, 1938, George Washington Memorial Parkway/C & O Canal file 500-10, National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; letter, Hillory A. Tolson to Willard, Aug. 8, 1938, ibid. Collection hereinafter cited as GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
2Memorandum, NCP Acting Superintendent Frank T. Gartside to NPS Director, Nov. 8, 1939, ibid. The planned recreational development in Georgetown was a canoe concession in a rear addition to the Francis Scott Key house, which fronted on M Street just west of Key Bridge.
3Interior Department press release dated Sept. 26, 1938, C & O Canal file 650.03, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
4Memorandum, NCP Superintendent C. Marshall Finnan to Arthur E. Demaray, Feb. 10, 1939, ibid.; memorandum, Dick Sutton to Francis F. Gillen, Dec. 10, 1940, ibid.
5Memorandum, Nolen to Delano and Cammerer, Nov. 7, 1938, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
6Memorandum, Nolen to Delano, Nov. 10, 1938, ibid.
7Memorandum, Edward J. Kelly to Miss Ryan, Feb. 24, 1939, file 1460/C & O Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
8Letter, W. M. Pomeroy to John Collier, Dec. 5, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
9Memorandum, Rogers to Director, NPS, Dec. 10, 1938, ibid.
10Letter, C. H. Godbolt to C. Marshall Finnan, Jan. 3, 1939, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; memorandum, Edwin L. Green, Jr., to Victor H. Cahalane, Dec. 12, 1939, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
11"Status of Development, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal," February 1940, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; memorandum, Arthur E. Demaray to A. J. Wirtz, Apr. 1, 1940, ibid.
12Dallas D. L. McGrew, "Outline Report of Architectural Work on the Restoration of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal for Recreational Use (Georgetown, D.C., to Seneca, Md.)," NPS Branch of Plans and Design, 1939, ibid.
13Young, "Final Report on Research Completed on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Project between January, 1939, and January, 1940," Jan. 19, 1940, ibid.
14Letter, Ickes to Delano, June 28, 1940, Office Files of Frederic A. Delano, RG 328.
15Letter, Delano to Ickes, July 9, 1940, ibid.; letter, Delano to Ickes, Aug. 19, 1940, ibid.
16Memorandum, McHenry to Francis F. Gillen, Oct. 8, 1940, Administration, Maintenance, and Protection file 1460/C&O-5, National Capital Parks, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md.; memorandum, Harry T. Thompson to Robert C. Home, Oct. 2, 1940, ibid.; memorandum, Jett to Irving C. Root, May 6, 1941, ibid. Hereinafter cited as file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC.
17Memorandum, Gillen to Arthur E. Demaray, Nov. 1, 1940, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
18Memorandum, Tolson to Gillen, Nov. 8, 1940, ibid.
19Memorandum, Lee to Irving C. Root, Jan. 19, 1942, ibid.
20Memorandum, Newton B. Drury to Members of the Advisory Board, Feb. 17, 1942, ibid.
21Ibid.; letter, Roosevelt to Ickes, Mar. 28, 1942, Historic Sites Survey file, NPS History Division. The moratorium was evidently intended to apply to properties outside NPS jurisdiction whose designation would entail new federal responsibilities. At that juncture, however, no one was willing to press the issue.
22Memorandum, Newton B. Drury to Ickes, Mar. 11, 1942, C&O file 650.03, RG 79. The plaque, which remains in place, was one of only two "national historical markers" ever fashioned. The other had been given to Blair House, the future presidential guest house, in December 1940.
23Memorandum, Jett to Lee, Dec. 14, 1939, ibid.
24Letter, Thompson to Hillyer G. Norment, Sr., Oct. 30, 1950, C & O Canal January 1950-December 1954 file, WNRC.
25Following their presentation of the national historical marker, the DAR ladies were treated to a barge trip up the canal.
26Letter, Gillen to Harry K. Boss, Mar. 10, 1942, file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC.
27Letter, Roper to Ickes, Apr. 7, 1938, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; letter, Chapman to Roper, Apr. 19, 1938, ibid.; memorandum, Arthur E. Demaray to Chapman, July 20, 1939, ibid. (Just as the agreement was concluded, the Bureau of Fisheries was transferred from Commerce to Interior, where it would become part of the new Fish and Wildlife Service in 1940.)
28Memorandum, Green to Victor H. Cahalane, Oct. 10, 1939, ibid.
29Interior Department press release of Feb. 1, 1946, file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC.
30Letter, Arthur E. Demaray to E. Lee LeCompe, Sept. 15, 1944, Potomac Fish and Game Club file, Office of Land Use Coordination, National Capital Region, NPS; permit to Oldtown Sportsmen's Club, July 18, 1952, ibid.
31Letter, C. R. Shewbridge to Arno B. Cammerer, Aug. 26, 1938, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; memorandum, Rothrock to Acting Supervisor, Branch of Research and Information, Aug. 2, 1939, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
32Memo, Gartside to Acting Director, NPS, Aug. 2, 1939, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328; memorandum, White to Gartside, Aug. 5, 1939, ibid.; letter, Demaray to White, Aug. 9, 1939, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
33Letter, White to Delano, Aug. 7, 1939, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328; letter, Delano to Nolen, Aug. 22, 1939, ibid.; memorandum, Nolen to Delano, Sept. 11, 1939, ibid.
34Memorandum, Ickes to Demaray, Oct. 27, 1939, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; memorandum, Gartside to Director, NPS, Nov. 8, 1939, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328.
35Extract from minutes of 144th meeting, NCP&PC, Nov. 16-17, 1939, GWMP/C&O file 500-10, RG 328; letter, Elbert K. Burlew to Byron, Dec. 2, 1939, ibid.; letter, Burlew to F. C. Harrington, Aug. 8, 1940, file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC; letter, Howard O. Hunter to Burlew, Aug. 14, 1940, ibid.
36P. E. Smith, "Report on Leaks Below Widewater," Oct. 18, 1940, file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC.
37Memorandum, Arthur E. Demaray to Secretary of the Interior, Oct. 23, 1942, file 1460/C&O-5, WNRC.
38Ibid.; letter, Demaray to E. A. Schmitt, Dec. 4, 1942, file 1460/ C&O-5, WNRC; letter, Irving C. Root to Rep. Joseph Clark Baldwin, Apr. 2, 1943, ibid.; Letter, Root to Corson & Gruman, June 7, 1943, ibid.; Steven H. Lewis, "Stabilization Study, Little Falls Skirting Canal, Maryland and District of Columbia," August 1966, History Division.
39Hugo Habluetzell, oral history transcript, June 23, 1971, NPS Harpers Ferry Center Library, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.
40Letter, Ickes to Sam Rayburn, Feb. 7, 1947, in H. Rept. 2459, 79th Congress; Public Law 79-633, Aug. 7, 1946, U.S. Statutes at Large 60: 885.
Chapter Four
1U.S. Department of War, Office of the Middle Atlantic Division Engineer, "Public Notice Relative to Propose Improvement of Potomac River and Its Tributaries," Jan. 1, 1945, copy in files at Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
2Potomac River and Its Tributaries, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, Letter from the Secretary of War transmitting a letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated March 8, 1945, submitting a report . . . on a Preliminary Examination and Survey of the Potomac River and Tributaries. . ., H. Doc. 622, 79th Congress, May 28, 1946, p. 84.
3Letter, Demaray to Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, Mar. 28, 1945, files, C & O Canal NHP.
4Memorandum, Demaray to Francis S. Ronalds, Apr. 4, 1945, ibid.
5Letter, Butcher to Irving C. Root, Dec. 21, 1945, Administration, Maintenance, and Protection file 1460/C&O-5, National Capital Parks, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md. Hereinafter cited as file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
6Memorandum, Kirkpatrick to Thomas Vint, Apr. 24, 1935, C & O Canal file, Office Files of John F. Nolen, Jr., National Capital Planning Commission, Record Group 328, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Jeffers's concurrence on Nolen's copy.
7Letter, Slattery to Tydings, Jan. 23, 1939, C & O Canal file 650.03, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Collection hereinafter cited as C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
8House Joint Resolution 8, May 29, 1941; memorandum, Irving C. Root to Newton B. Drury, Oct. 13, 1941, C&O file 650.03, RG 79.
8Letter, Newton B. Drury to Charles M. See, Oct. 30, 1941, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; NCP staff meeting minutes, June 2, 1943, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
10Memorandum, William G. Hayward, P. E. Smith, and Merel S. Sager to Irving C. Root, Oct. 24, 1945, file 1460/C&O, WNRC; letter, Col. John M. Johnson to Root, Oct. 25, 1945, ibid.; memorandum, Demaray to Ickes, Dec. 11, 1945, ibid.
11Memorandum, Demaray to Ickes, Dec. 11, 1945, ibid.
12Memorandum, McClellan to Harry Edelstein, Jan. 10, 1946, ibid.
14Memorandum, Demaray to Ickes, Jan. 24, 1946, ibid.; Ickes quote in memorandum, Demaray to Oscar L. Chapman, Mar. 6, 1946, ibid.
15Memorandum, Demaray to Chapman, Mar. 6, 1946, ibid.
16H.R. 5155, 80th Congress; letter, Chapman to Rep. Richard J. Welch in H. Rept. 1684, 80th Congress.
17Congressional Record 94: 4636, 6763; Public Law 80-618, U.S. Statutes at Large 62: 351.
18U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Report, H. Doc. 687, 81st Congress, Aug. 16, 1950, pp. iii-iv.
20Memorandum, Sutton to Thomas C. Vint, Apr. 11, 1949, C&O file 650.03, RG 79; Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Report, p. 15.
21Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Report, p. 32. It was understood that under the terms of the sales contract with the canal company receivers, commercial traffic could not use the parkway without the consent of the B & O Railroad (ibid., p. 2; see p. 19 above).
26Memorandum, Young to Ronald F. Lee, May 12, 1950, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP.
27H.R. 8534, 81st Congress, May 17, 1950; letter, Dale E. Doty to Rep. J. Hardin Peterson, Aug. 7, 1950, in H. Rept. 2834, 81st Congress; Congressional Record 96: 12920, 14667; Public Law 81-811, U.S. Statutes at Large 64: 905.
28Letter, Robert O. Beatty to Wirth, Oct. 30, 1950, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; letter, Kelly to Beatty, Nov. 3, 1950, ibid.
29Quoted in Irston R. Barnes, "Historic C & O Canal Threatened by Road," National Parks Magazine 27, no. 114 (July-September 1953): 136.
30S.J. Res. 14 approved May 7, 1951, Laws of Maryland 1951; State of Maryland, "Report of the Joint Committee on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Parkway," December 1952; memorandum, W. Drew Chick to Harry T. Thompson, June 25, 1951, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; memorandum, Thompson to Ben H. Thompson, July 25, 1951, ibid.
31Memorandum, Chick to Thompson, June 25, 1951.
32Letter, Pasarew to Chapman, Jan. 3, 1952, in "Report of the Joint Committee on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Parkway," p. 25; letter, Chapman to Pasarew, Feb. 13, 1952, ibid.; ibid., pp. 42-43.
33Letter, Vaughn to Thompson, June 11, 1952, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP.
34See, for example, Thompson letter to Roger B. Farquhar, Montgomery County Historical Society, May 12, 1952, ibid.
35Letter, Thompson to Vaughn, June 17, 1952, ibid.
36Letter, Thompson to Towner, July 10, 1952, in "Report of the Joint Committee on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Parkway," p. 47.
37Letter, Thompson to Leonard E. Kolmer, Oct. 16, 1952, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; letter, Thompson to J. William Hunt, Oct. 27, 1952, ibid.
38"Report of the Joint Committee on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Parkway," p. 50.
41Thompson to Wirth, Dec. 4, 1952, file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP.
42Letter, Thompson to Alvin Pasarew, Feb. 9, 1953, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
43Letter, Thompson to Beall, ibid.
44S.B. 211, Laws of Maryland 1953.
45Public Law 83-184, Aug. 1, 1953, U.S. Statutes at Large 67: 359.
46Barnes, "C & O Canal Proposed as Recreation Park," Washington Post, Jan. 11, 1953, clipping in file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
47Memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, Apr. 28, 1953, ibid.
48Dora A. Padgett, "Report on a Meeting Called by the Audubon Society of the District of Columbia, on May 7, 1953, at the Home of Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, 1615 Rhode Island Avenue, Washington, D.C., at 8 P.M.," ibid.
49Barnes, "Historic C & O Canal Threatened by Road," p. 135.
50Letter, Olmsted to Wirth, Aug. 13, 1953, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
51Letter, Wirth to Olmsted, Oct. 20, 1953, ibid.
52Letter, Thompson to Leonard E. Kolmer, November 1953, ibid.; letter, Wirth to Harlan P. Kelsey, Sept. 9, 1953, ibid.
53"Potomac Parkway," Washington Post, Jan. 3, 1954, p. 4.
54Reproduced in Jack Durham, "The C & O Canal Hike," The Living Wilderness 19, no. 48 (Spring 1954): 2.
56Letter, Thompson to William Hunt, Mar. 18, 1954, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
57Durham, "The C & O Canal Hike"; W. Drew Chick, Jr., "Report of Justice Douglas-Washington Post Hiking Trip Along the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, March 20-27, 1954," C & O Canal NHP.
59"C & O Canal: A Report," reproduced in Durham, "The C & O Canal Hike," pp. 23-24.
60Letter, Douglas to McKay, Apr. 22, 1954, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
61Letter, McKay to Douglas, May 4, 1954, ibid.
62Letter, Douglas to McKay, June 19, 1954, ibid.
63Letter, Beall to McKay, Apr. 27, 1954, ibid.; letter, McKay to Eisenhower, April 30, 1954, ibid.; Beall press release, May 9, 1954, ibid.
64Letter, Wirth to Murie, Apr. 15, 1954, ibid.; Wirth note on memorandum, John Nolen, Jr. to Wirth, May 13, 1954, ibid.
65Letter, Brant to Douglas McKay, June 14, 1954, ibid.
66Thompson and Vint memorandums accompanying "Progress Report of Committee Making a Study of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal," July 1, 1955, C & O Canal NHP.
69"Statement by Conrad L. Wirth, Director, NPS, Concerning the Proposed Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park and Parkway, Maryland, for Presentation to the State of Maryland Board of Natural Resources, March 19, 1956," C & O Canal NHP.
70"Potomac for the Future," Washington Post, May 1, 1956, p. 24.
71Memorandum, Van Gelder to Chief of Planning, Aug. 12, 1943, George Washington Memorial Parkway—Maryland file, Office of Land Use Coordination, National Capital Region, NPS; memorandum, Van Gelder to Harry T. Thompson, June 12, 1945, file 1460/ C&O-5, WNRC.
72U.S. Congress, Senate, Interior Department and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1956, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, 84th Congress, 1st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955), pp. 879, 884.
73Letter, Tolson to Sen. Carl Hayden, Apr. 1, 1955, ibid., p. 674-75; ibid., pp. 676, 685.
74S. Rept. 261, 84th Congress, p. 11; H. Rept. 731, 84th Congress, p. 7; April L. Young, "Saving the C and O Canal: Citizen Participation in Historic Preservation," M.A. thesis, George Washington University, 1973, p. 40.
75Barnes, "The C & O Canal Highway," Atlantic Naturalist 11 (September-October 1955): 3; Barnes, "A New Era for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal," National Parks Magazine 30 (July September 1956): 110-16; Potomac Valley Conservation and Recreation Council, Survey of the Potomac River Situation (Washington: Potomac Valley Conservation and Recreation Council, 1956), p. 2.
76Quoted in Potomac Valley Council, "National Capital Planning Commission Report to Senator Murray Shows Canal Parkway Has No Function," 1957, 5-page paper in C & O Canal files, National Parks and Conservation Association.
77Telephone interview with Raymond L. Freeman, Oct. 19, 1989.
Chapter Five
1Letter, Wirth to Hyde, Feb. 13, 1957, in Background Book, Proposed Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, 87th Congress, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
2U.S. Congress, Senate, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Historical Park, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 85th Congress, 1st Session, on S. 77, June 12, 1957 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957).
5Letter, Maj. Gen. E. C. Itschner to Sen. James E. Murray, Aug. 5, 1957, ibid., p. 4; memorandum, Wirth to Legislative Counsel, July 26, 1957, file L58, C & O Canal Parkway, C&O Canal NHP.
6S. Rept. 1145, 85th Congress, Aug. 27, 1957, pp. 1-3.
7Congressional Record 103: 16499; "Board Raps Canal Park," Baltimore Sun, Oct. 22, 1957, clipping in file L58, C & O Canal Parkway, C & O Canal NHP; "Pass the Park Bill," Washington Post, May 11, 1958, p. E4.
8U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 85th Congress, 2d Session, on S. 77 and H.R. 1145, June 30, July 1, 15, Aug. 13, 14, 15, 18, 1958 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1959), pp. 6-7.
13"Suffocation," Washington Post, Aug. 21, 1958.
14U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 86th Congress, 1st Session, on H.R. 953, H.R. 2331, H.R. 5194, and H.R. 5344, Mar. 23, 24, 25, 26, Apr. 20, 21, 1959 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1959).
15Ibid., pp. 6-8, 9-10, 17-18.
16Ibid., pp. 108-09, 116-17, 189, 227.
19Letter, Philip S. Hughes to Rep. Wayne N. Aspinall, Mar. 27, 1959, ibid., p. 176.
20H. Rept. 682, 86th Congress, July 16, 1959.
22U.S. Congress, House, Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1961, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, 86th Congress, 2d Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 925; Congressional Record 106: 10706-10.
23Letter, Wirth to Beall, May 24, 1960, C & O Canal National Historical Park file, NPS History Division; S. Rept. 1632, 86th Congress, June 21, 1960, pp. 1-3.
24Congressional Record 106: 14030. Rogers was unhappy about the expenditure of nearly $300,000 on the Old Stone House in Georgetown, which he thought lacked historical value. "Now if the folks in my district wanted to do something like this, the Park Service would say, 'That's fine. You go right ahead and do it,'" he told a reporter. "We'd probably have to take up a collection of dimes from the schoolchildren. The Federal Government has not been too anxious to help us out back home." (James R. Carberry, "Death of Bill Creating Canal Park Laid Largely to Texas Congressman," Washington Post, Sept. 4, 1960, p. B2.)
25Proclamation 3391, Federal Register, Jan. 24, 1961; memorandum, Seaton to Eisenhower, Dec. 5, 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kans.
26Although the proclamation authority in the Antiquities Act was still valid, its use had been avoided since 1943, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument in Wyoming after Congress refused to add the land to Grand Teton National Park. Congress retaliated by denying appropriations for the national monument and banning future use of the proclamation authority in Wyoming. As a result of the controversy and its consequences, the creation of national monuments was left to congressional initiative in all but one noncontroversial instance between 1943 and 1961.
27Interview with Gilbert M. Gude, Nov. 20, 1989.
28letter, Arthur B. Focke (Budget Bureau) to Attorney General, Jan. 12, 1961, Eisenhower Library; "Ike's Move Hinders Park Status for C & O Canal, Udall Claims," Washington Post, Feb. 8, 1961, p. A6; U.S. Congress, Senate, C. & O. Canal National Historical Park, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 87th Congress, 1st Session, on S. 77, Apr. 12, 1961 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1961), p. 22; telephone conversation with Wirth, June 13, 1990.
29Senate Hearing on S. 77, 1961, pp. 2-3, 7.
31S. Rept. 648, 87th Congress, July 28, 1961, pp. 1-3.
32Congressional Record 107: 14442, 108: D514; letter, Mathias to Aspinall, Apr. 10, 1962, file 1460/C&O General, C & O Canal NHP; "Saving the Potomac" (editorial), New York Times, July 22, 1962.
33U.S. Army Engineers District, Baltimore, Summary, Potomac River Basin Report(Baltimore: U.S. Army Engineers District, 1963).
34April L. Young, "Saving the C and O Canal: Citizen Participation in Historic Preservation," M.A. thesis, George Washington University, 1973, pp. 64-66; Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, Corps of Engineers, "Public Hearing on the Potomac River Basin Report," 1: 6-10.
35Young, "Saving the C and O Canal," pp. 82-83; H. Doc. 78, 89th Congress, Feb. 8, 1965.
36Federal Interdepartmental Task Force on the Potomac, Potomac Interim Report to the President (Washington: Department of the Interior, 1966).
37Letter, Udall to Hubert H. Humphrey, Mar. 8, 1968, C & O Canal NHP file, Horne Papers, NPS History Collection, Harpers Ferry, W. Va.; "Secretary Udall Proposes 195-Mile Potomac National River," Department of the Interior News Release, Mar. 12, 1968, ibid.
38U.S. Department of the Interior, The Nation's River: The Department of the Interior Official Report on the Potomac (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1968).
39Young, "Saving the C and O Canal," p. 87; Marie Ridder, "Capital Newsmakers: William O. Douglas . . . Walk Along with Him," Washingtonian, April 1970, p. 24.
40Interview with Carrie Johnson, Jan. 31, 1990; interview with John Frye, Feb. 1, 1990.
41Letter, Smith to Hickel, Apr. 6, 1970, C & O Canal files, National Parks and Conservation Association; Carrie Johnson interview; letter, Hickel to Aspinall, May 27, 1970, in U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 91st Congress, 2nd Session, on H.R. 658 and Related Bills, Aug. 11 and 13, 1970 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 12.
43Hickel To Aspinall, May 27, 1970; memorandum, Robert L. Steenhagen to Theodor R. Swem, Oct. 29, 1969, file L1425, C & O Canal NHP.
44House Hearings on H.R. 658, 1970, p. 17.
45Letter, Hickel to Aspinall, May 27, 1970, ibid., pp. 12-13.
46House Hearings on H.R. 658, 1970, p. 59.
50Letter, William E. Trieschman, Jr., (Corps of Engineers) to Richard L. Stanton, Sept. 17, 1975, Potomac National River file, NPS Legislation Division. The secretary of the Army followed suit in May 1970 when he transmitted the Corps's 1963 Potomac River Basin Report to Congress.
51H. Rept. 91-1553, 91st Congress.
52Congressional Record 116: 34852; S. Rept. 91-1512, 91st Congress. The Senate committee report was written by Carrie Johnson, a member of Senator Mathias's staff, at the request of the committee staff (Johnson interview).
53Congressional Record 116: 43245; Public Law 91-664, U.S. Statutes at Large 84: 1978-80.
Chapter Six
1Memorandum, Thompson to files, Sept. 28, 1953, file 1460/ C&O General, National Capital Parks, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md. Hereinafter cited as file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
2Memorandum, Thompson to Conrad L. Wirth, Oct. 27, 1953, file 1460/C&O, WNRC.
3Memorandum, Horne to files, June 27, 1956, C&O Administration and Protection file, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
4Memorandum, George A. Palmer to Conrad L. Wirth, May 7, 1957, C & O Canal Parkway file L58, C & O Canal NHP.
5Public Law 86-655, U.S. Statutes at Large 74: 520.
6Wirth position cited in memorandum, Richard L. Stanton to Donald E. Lee, Aug. 17, 1965, in "Chesapeake & Ohio 1965" file L1425, C & O Canal NHP.
7Interview with Richard L. Stanton, June 8, 1989; memorandum, Joseph R. Prentice to Regional Director, Northeast Region, NPS, Oct. 26, 1966, John Brown Fort file L1425, NCP, WNRC; memorandum, Stanton to Regional Director, National Capital Region, NPS, ibid.; "Briefing Paper, B & O Railroad Land Exchange," attached to memorandum, William Penn Mott, Jr., to Secretary of the Interior, Apr. 5, 1989, copy in C & O Canal National Historical Park file, NPS History Division. Prentice, superintendent of Harpers Ferry National Monument, pressed for acquisition of the engine house site in 1966-1967 because the engine house, then located on the former Storer College grounds, had to be moved to make room for the Service's new Interpretive Design Center. The failure to consummate the exchange meant that the structure had to be relocated on another site.
8Letter, R. C. Petersen to Edwin M. Dale, June 11, 1964, Cumberland Chamber of Commerce file L1425, C & O Canal NHP; letter, Mathias to Dale, June 29, 1965, ibid.; memorandum, Richard L. Stanton to Regional Director, NCR, Oct. 17, 1968, C & O Canal 1968-69 file L1425, C & O Canal NHP; Stanton interview.
9Memorandum, Conrad L. Wirth to Chairman, NCPC, May 2, 1958, C & O Canal—Great Falls Park file, Office of Land Use Coordination, National Capital Region, NPS; GWMP—Gold Mine Tract file, ibid.
10GWMP—Gold Mine Tract file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
12Memorandum, McClanahan to Regional Director, NCR, Feb. 17, 1967, C & O Canal NM Boundary Adjustments & Survey file, NCP, WNRC.
14Memorandum to NCP General Superintendent Russell E. Dickenson, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
15Memorandum, Joe Holt to Dickenson, Jan. 25, 1971, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division.
16Letters, Raymond L. Freeman to Sen. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., et al., Sept. 16, 1971, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
17Memorandum, Philip O. Stewart to Pank E. Defendorf, Jan. 28, 1972, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination; memorandum, Richard L. Stanton to Russell E. Dickenson, Apr. 14, 1972, ibid.
18Transcript, "Public Information Meeting to Discuss the Future of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park," Brunswick, Md., June 7, 1972, Office of Land Use Coordination.
19Transcript, C & O Canal National Historical Park Commission meeting, Jan. 15, 1972, p. 101, C & O Canal NHP; H.R. 14515, 92nd Congress.
20C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination; memorandum, James F. Sewell to Pank E. Defendorf, Feb. 7, 1973, ibid.
21Transcript, C & O Canal National Historical Park Commission meeting, May 13, 1972, pp. 103-04.
22Memorandum, Stanton to Russell E. Dickenson, May 9, 1972, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination; Stanton interview.
23Attachment to memorandum, Pank E. Defendorf to James F. Sewell, Sept. 6, 1972, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
24Memorandum, Richard L. Stanton to James F. Sewell, Feb. 21, 1973, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
25Stanton interview with Dale, Feb. 3, 1987, tape at C & O Canal NHP; Failor interview with author, Feb. 1, 1990.
26Memorandum, Linda Toms to Barry Mackintosh, Feb. 12, 1990, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division. As manager of the park's Palisades District, Toms played a key role in building the case against Fogel, for which the C & O Canal Association gave her its William O. Douglas Award.
27Letter, George J. Brothers to Byron, Oct. 3, 1973, C & O Canal—Dam 4 file, Office of Land Use Coordination; letter, Fish to Byron, Oct. 24, 1973, ibid.
28Letter, Sens. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., and J. Glenn Beall, Jr., to Rogers C. B. Morton, Nov. 11, 1974, C & O Canal Land Acquisition Policies file, Office of Land Use Coordination; letter, Whittaker to Mathias and Beall, Jan. 10, 1975, ibid.; letter, Richard L. Stanton to John N. Sterling, Oct. 31, 1975, C & O Canal—Sportsmen's Clubs file, Office of Land Use Coordination; telephone conversation with James D. Young, Nov. 21, 1990.
29Memorandum, Stanton to Parsons, June 16, 1976, C & O Canal—White's Ferry file, Office of Land Use Coordination; Young conversation.
30Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Annual Report, 1975; Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, May 10, 1975, p. 15.
31Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Annual Report, 1977; interview with Richard L. Stanton, Feb. 27, 1990.
32Memorandum, Ira J. Hutchison to Legislative Counsel, July 14, 1978, C & O Canal—Western Maryland Railway file, Office of Land Use Coordination; Public Law 95-625, Nov. 10, 1978, U.S. Statutes at Large 92: 3467.
33Record of Morgan County Commission meeting, Aug. 7, 1980, C & O Canal—Western Maryland Railway file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
34Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meetings, Jan. 3, 1981, Apr. 18, 1981, Sept. 16, 1981, Sept. 18, 1982, Mar. 3, 1984.
35CSX Georgetown Spur file, Superintendent's Office, C & O Canal NHP. A few hundred feet of the right-of-way at the District line, adjoining the Dalecarlia water filtration plant, went to the Corps of Engineers.
36Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Dec. 20, 1971, p. 36; memorandum, Manus J. Fish, Jr., to NPS Associate Director, Legislation, Aug. 16, 1974, C & O Canal NHP file, NPS Legislation Division.
37S. 2841 and H.R. 12111, 93rd Congress; transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 29, 1973, p. 241.
38Memorandum, Fish to NPS Associate Director, Legislation, Aug. 16, 1974, C & O Canal NHP file, NPS Legislation Division; memorandum, Dickenson to Legislative Counsel, Oct. 15, 1974, ibid.; S. 2182, 94th Congress.
39"Briefing Paper, B & O Railroad Land Exchange"; interview with John Parsons, Mar. 2, 1990.
40"National Park Service Listing of Acreages as of 12/31/90," NPS Land Resources Division.
Chapter Seven
1Memorandum, Failor to Regional Director Daniel J. Tobin, Apr. 24, 1959, historical files, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park; memorandum, Palmer to Tobin, May 6, 1959, ibid.
2Memorandum, Palmer to Tobin, May 6, 1959, C & O Canal NHP.
4The Master Plan for Preservation and Use, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Monument, Maryland, copy at C & O Canal NHP.
5Development schedule accompanying letter, Walter J. Hickel to Wayne N. Aspinall, May 27, 1970, in U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Parks of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 91st Congress, 2nd Session, on H.R. 658 and Related Bills, Aug. 11 and 13, 1970 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 16.
6Stanton, "A National Park Service Review of the Goals, Efforts, and Accomplishments of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Commission," November 1976, C & O Canal Commission file, Office of Land Use Coordination, National Capital Region, NPS; letter, Douglas to Smith, Sept. 16, 1971, C & O Canal files, National Parks and Conservation Association.
7Letter, Smith to Reed, Sept. 14, 1971, C & O Canal files, NPCA.
8Transcript, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Commission meeting, Dec. 20, 1971, p. 15, C & O Canal NHP.
11Memorandum, Reed to Kauffmann, Dec. 22, 1971, C & O Canal Commission file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
12"A National Park Service Review of the Goals, Efforts, and Accomplishments of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Commission."
13"Statement on the C & O Canal National Historic Park Study for Preservation, Management and Use," June 1972, C & O Canal files, NPCA.
14Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, July 8, 1972, pp. 50-60.
15Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 9, 1972.
16"A Milestone for the C & O Canal," May 2, 1974.
17Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park General Plan (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1976), pp. 1-2.
21"Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment, Great Falls Park, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Development Concept Plan," in C & O Canal Commission minutes file, July 19, 1980, C & O Canal NHP.
22U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 91st Congress, 2nd Session, on H.R. 658 and Related Bills, Aug. 11 and 13, 1970 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 92, 107.
23Interview with Carrie Johnson, Jan. 31, 1990; transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, May 22, 1976, pp. 119-21, 152.
24Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meetings, Oct. 18 and Dec. 6, 1980.
25Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Apr. 18, 1981.
26Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 16, 1981; Widewater Towpath file, Superintendent's Office, C & O Canal NHP; interview with James D. Young, Jan. 18, 1990.
27Minutes, C & O Canal Commission, July 19, 1980, and Apr. 18, 1981.
28Record of Decision in file, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Dec. 5, 1981.
29Development Concept Plan for the Cumberland/North Branch Area, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (National Park Service, 1983), p. 5.
30Development Concept Plan and Assessment for the Williamsport, Maryland, Section of Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (National Park Service, August 1982).
31Minutes, C & O Canal Commission, Sept. 18, 1982, and Dec. 4, 1982; Development Concept Plan for the Williamsport Area, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (National Park Service, May 1983).
32Telephone conversation with James D. Young, Dec. 13, 1990.
33Minutes, C & O Canal Commission, Dec. 5, 1981.
34Minutes, C & O Canal Commission, Sept. 18, 1982; Development Concept Plan and Assessment Amended To Include the Brunswick Waterfront Project for Brunswick, Maryland, Section of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park (National Park Service, April 1988).
35Young conversation, Dec. 13, 1990.
Chapter Eight
1Memorandum, Hillory A. Tolson to Arthur E. Demaray, Aug. 18, 1944, C & O Canal file 650.03, National Capital Parks, National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Although the legal authority for the George Washington Memorial Parkway, the Capper-Cramton Act of 1930, authorized federal acquisition of the entire canal property below Point of Rocks, the parkway itself extended only from the D.C. line to just above Great Falls.
2Memorandum, Hayward to Francis F. Gillen, Apr. 12, 1941, "Inspection Trips, C & O Canal" file, National Capital Parks, Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Md.; memorandum, Gillen to Sidney McClellan, Oct. 22, 1943, Administration, Maintenance, and Protection file 1460/C&O-5, NCP, WNRC; letter, Irving C. Root to Chief Engineer, B & O Railroad, Oct. 27, 1943, ibid.
3Memorandum, Tingle and Hower to Chief, U.S. Park Police, May 10, 1951, Inspection Trips file, WNRC; memorandum, Hower to Chief, U.S. Park Police, Nov. 14, 1951, C & O Canal January 1950-December 1954 file, WNRC.
4Memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, Jan. 22, 1953, with Wirth endorsement, C & O Canal January 1950-December 1954 file, WNRC.
5Memorandum, Tobin to Conrad L. Wirth, May 23, 1957, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Parkway file L58, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park; memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, June 5, 1957, ibid.
6Memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, Sept. 4, 1958, C & O Administration and Protection file, C & O Canal NHP. The division gave Dale and Region Five less than the national historical park in the pending legislation, wherein it extended below Seneca to the projected George Washington Memorial Parkway terminus above Great Falls.
7Interview with Dale by Richard L. Stanton, Feb. 3, 1987, tape at C & O Canal NHP; Donald R. Frush in transcript, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Commission meeting, May 12, 1973, C & O Canal NHP; interview with William Clark, Feb. 15, 1990; interview with Carrie Johnson, Jan. 31, 1990; interview with Frye, Feb. 1, 1990.
8Dale interview; letter, Dale to George Hicks, May 24, 1987, C & O Canal NHP.
9NPS Director George B. Hartzog, Jr., approved the transfer "in order that the entire area may be administered as one unit" (memorandum to regional directors, NCR and Northeast Region, May 13, 1966, C & O Administration and Protection file, C & O Canal NHP).
10"C & O May Open to Hunters," Washington Post, Apr. 5, 1966; "Hunting in the Park?" editorial, Washington Post, Apr. 7, 1966; letter, Baker to Anthony W. Smith, June 1, 1966, C & O Canal files, National Parks and Conservation Association.
11Interview with Robert W. Bell, Feb. 1, 1990.
12Robert W. Bell, "Parks Are for People" (five-page paper), Sept. 29, 1967, C & O Canal NHP; telephone interview with McClanahan, Feb. 28, 1990.
14McClanahan interview. Antietam's staff were less happy with the arrangement, which cost them space in the visitor center and effectively subordinated their park to the canal.
15Letters, Oscar S. Gray to Dickenson, July 20 and Sept. 8, 1971, C & O Canal files, National Parks and Conservation Association; memorandum, Ernest A. Connally to Dickenson, Sept. 9, 1971, ibid.
16Bulletin, Potomac Valley Conservation and Recreation Council, Oct. 11, 1971, C & O Canal files, NPCA; telegram, Gude to Hartzog, Oct. 7, 1971, ibid.; Berkson et al. v. Morton et al., Civil No. 71-1085B, U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland; Ann Cottrell Free, "The C & O Canal: Disneyland or Muirland?" Washingtonian, December 1971, p. 15.
17Transcript, commission meeting of Dec. 20, 1971, p. 33, C & O Canal NHP.
18The Ferry Hill purchase price was $252,000. The Service appraised the retained right at $9,000. Frederick W. Morrison, the owner, wanted $50,000 for it; the Service would go no higher than $35,000, even though it estimated the cost of the temporary trailer complex at $266,000. Memorandum, Richard L. Stanton to Phillip O. Stewart, Oct. 2, 1974, C & O Canal National Historical Park file, NPS History Division; memorandum, John E. Cook to Manus J. Fish, Jr., Oct. 22, 1974, ibid.
19Telephone interview with Harry A. DeLashmutt III, Feb. 28, 1990.
20Telephone interview with Michael Brown, Feb. 28, 1990; interview with James D. Young, Jan. 25, 1990; interview with William R. Failor, Feb. 1, 1990; telephone interview with Richard G. O'Guin, Feb. 28, 1990.
22Failor interview; interview with Stanton, Feb. 27, 1990; DeLashmutt interview.
23O'Guin interview; Young interview; Frye interview.
24Johnson interview; Frye interview; letter, Linda Toms to Barry Mackintosh, May 29, 1991, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division.
25Stanton interview; Young interview; Frye interview; interview with Gordon Gay, Feb. 15, 1990.
26Stanton interview; Long, "Superintendent Stanton Retires," Along the Towpath (C & O Canal Association newsletter), September 1989, p. 1.
27Telephone interview with Hobbs, Jan. 16, 1991.
28Failor, Young, Frye, Johnson, Stanton interviews; interview with Long, Feb. 26, 1990.
29Public Law 96-555, Dec. 19, 1980, U.S. Statutes at Large 94: 3260.
30Public Law 101-320, July 3, 1990, U.S. Statutes at Large 104: 292.
31Failor, Young, Stanton interviews.
Chapter Nine
1Memorandum, Robert C. Horne to Conrad L. Wirth, July 23, 1956, C & O Administration and Protection file, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
2Memorandum, Thompson to Wirth, June 5, 1957, C & O Canal Parkway file L58, C & O Canal NHP.
3Edwin M. Dale, "Historic Structure Report, Part I, Towpath, C & O Canal," 1961; copy in NPS History Division.
4Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, May 17, 1980; Unrau, "Historic Structure Report, The Canal Prism Including Towpath with Canal Berm and River Revetments," March 1974, C & O Canal NHP.
5Paul Hodge, "Historians Raise the Roof Over Shingles," Washington Post, Aug. 23, 1979, p. Md.5.; letter, Fish to Robert R. Garvey, Jr., Aug. 6, 1979, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division. "The rusticated cedar shake is the invention of 20th century developers and belongs on a steak house on Rte. 1, not an historic building," NPS historical architect Hugh Miller told the Post reporter.
6Letter, Conrad L. Wirth to Douglas, May 13, 1959, Swain, Lockhouse 21, Contract file C38, C & O Canal NHP; Angus Phillips, "Life in a Lockhouse on the C & O Canal," Washington Post, Jan. 10, 1985, p. Md.1.
7Memorandum, Harry T. Thompson to Ben H. Thompson, May 14, 1956, C & O Administration and Protection file, C & O Canal NHP.
8Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, May 13, 1972, p. 37.
9"Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Assessment of Damage as of June 30, 1972," C & O Canal Flood of 1972 file, Office of Land Use Coordination, National Capital Region, NPS.
10Letter, Russell E. Dickenson to Sen. Henry M. Jackson, Apr. 27, 1973, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division; transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Nov. 4, 1972, p. 21.
11The summary is taken from Merrill J. Mattes, Landmarks of Liberty: A Report on the American Revolution Bicentennial Development Program of the National Park Service (Washington: National Park Service, 1989), pp. 16-29.
12Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Nov. 23, 1985; Olmsted Island Bridges file, Superintendent's Office, C & O Canal NHP.
13Public Law 99-192, Dec. 19, 1985, U.S. Statutes at Large 99: 1329.
14Interview with John Frye, Feb. 1, 1990; interview with James D. Young, Jan. 25, 1990; interview with Carrie Johnson, Jan. 31, 1990; interview with George H. Hicks, Feb. 15, 1990.
15Abner Cloud House file in C & O Canal NHP files, History Division.
16Transcript, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 13, 1975; C & O Canal—Abner Cloud House file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
17Letter, Long to Failor, Sept. 11, 1976, C & O Canal—Abner Cloud House file, Office of Land Use Coordination; Paul Hodge, "Restoration on the Canal: Dispute Among the Ruins," Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1976.
18Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park General Plan (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1976), p. 63; C & O Canal NHP file, History Division.
19Letter, McMahon to Watt, Jan. 10, 1983, C & O Canal NHP file, History Division; letter, Stanley T. Albright to McMahon, Aug. 22, 1985, ibid.
20Section 111, National Historic Preservation Act Amendments of 1980, Public Law 96-515, Dec. 12, 1980, U.S. Statutes at Large 94: 3000.
21Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 20, 1986.
22Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, June 10, 1989; telephone conversation with John Blair, Feb. 4, 1991.
23General Authorities Act of Aug. 18, 1970, Public Law 91-383, U.S. Statutes at Large 84: 825.
24U.S. Congress, House, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 86th Congress, 1st Session, on H.R. 953, H.R. 2331, H.R. 5194, and H.R. 5344, Mar. 23, 24, 25, 26, Apr. 20, 21, 1959 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1959), p. 30.
25Memorandum, Wirth to T. Earle Bourne, Nov. 25, 1957, Adjacent Property file 1460/C & O Canal, C & O Canal NHP; letter, Gabrielson to Fred A. Seaton, Feb. 24, 1958, ibid.; letter, Ernst to Gabrielson, Mar. 25, 1958, ibid.; letter, Harry T. Thompson to John T. Bonifant, May 21, 1958, ibid.
26Memorandum, Ben H. Thompson to Conrad L. Wirth, Jan. 31, 1956, C & O Canal—Dickerson Power Plant file, Office of Land Use Coordination; memorandum, Harry T. Thompson and Ben H. Thompson to Wirth, June 11, 1957, ibid.
27Letter, Stanton to Peter H. Benzinger, Sept. 19, 1974, C & O Canal—Dickerson Power Plant file, Office of Land Use Coordination; letter, Reed to Chairman, Montgomery County Board of Appeals, Feb. 5, 1974, ibid.; Board of Appeals Opinion, Case No. S-235, Petition of the Potomac Electric Power Company, June 20, 1974, ibid.
28U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Government Operations, The Potomac Edison Company's High Voltage Transmission Line and Its Esthetic Impact on the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Monument, H. Rept. 91-1083, May 13, 1970, pp. 4-5.
31Public Law 95-11, U.S. Statutes at Large 91: 21.
32Letter, Nash Castro to Canal Square Associates, Apr. 7, 1969, C & O Canal 1968-69 file L1425, C & O Canal NHP; minutes, C & O Canal Commission meetings, Feb. 28, 1987, and Dec. 3, 1988.
33Memorandum, John Parsons to Jack Fish, Oct. 16, 1984, Washington Harbour Associates file, Office of Land Use Coordination.
34Letter, Nolen to Jack Fish, Mar. 9, 1984, Washington Harbour Associates file, Office of Land Use Coordination; memorandum, Fish to Thomas Regan, Oct. 16, 1984, ibid.
35Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meetings, Sept. 10, 1988, and June 10, 1989.
36Minutes, C & O Canal Commission meeting, Sept. 9, 1989; letters, Stanton to Kassoff, Oct. 5, 1989, and Jan. 9, 1990, Cumberland Canal Parkway file, Office of Land Use Coordination; Eugene L. Meyer, "Preservationists Balk at Plan for C & O Parkway," Washington Post, Jan. 15, 1990, p. B1; interview with James D. Young, Jan. 18, 1990; telephone conversation with Thomas Hobbs, Jan. 16, 1991.
Chapter Ten
1U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia, The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902), p. 96; Edna M. Colman, "The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal," 1934, 4-page paper in file 1460/C & O Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park.
2Jerry Doolittle, "Craze for 50-Mile Hikes Started By President's Fitness Challenge," Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1963, p. Al; telephone conversation with John W. Magaw, U.S. Secret Service, Apr. 25, 1991.
3Along the Towpath (C & O Canal Association newsletter) 21, no. 3 (June 1989): 1.
4Interview with Gude, Nov. 20, 1989.
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Last Updated: 11-Oct-2004