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2020 Weather In Review: Bluestone National Scenic River

Trees silhouetted by a sunset.
Rob Mitchell / Flickr
In order to better understand ecosystem health in national parks, the Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network measures ecosystem "vital signs" in select national parks in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. One of those vital signs is weather and climate. Below is a summary of 2020 weather conditions at Bluestone National Scenic River.

This brief provides county-scale weather data averaged from all of the counties surrounding the park, including data from 1895–2020 (i.e. period of record). These counties include Mercer and Summers counties, West Virginia. Individual weather station data may vary from what is reported here. Data are available from the National Climate Data Center.

Weather vs. Climate

First of all, what is the difference between weather and climate? Weather consists of the short-term (minutes to months) changes in the atmosphere. Weather is what is happening outside at this very moment, be it rain, snow, or just a warm sunny day. Climate is what you expect to see based on long-term patterns of over 30 years or more. An easy way to remember the difference is that climate is what you might expect, like a hot summer, and weather is what you get, like a warm rainy day.

The following information includes a discussion of 2020 weather placed in the context of long-term climate (i.e. how did 2020 compare to a "normal" year?).

2020 Summary

In all, 2020 was warm and extremely wet, and the year ended as the 18th warmest and 3rd wettest on record. Weather data collected from surrounding areas indicate that annual average temperature has increased (+0.03 °F per decade) and annual total precipitation has decreased (-0.08 inches per decade) over the last century.

Temperature

In total, 2020 was the 18th warmest year ever recorded at the park. All of the seasons were warmer than normal except the spring, which was extremely cold (Figure 1). Seven months had higher than normal temperatures with January, February, March, and November all being more than 4.0 °F above long-term averages (Table 1).

Figure 1. Average temperature rankings for Mercer and Summers counties, WV. The figure shows that the winter was "much above normal," the autumn, and summer were "above normal," and the spring was "much below normal." In all, 2020 was "much above normal.
Figure 1. Seasonal and annual temperature rankings for counties surrounding the park. An arrow at the top of the figure would represent the warmest year/season on record (since 1895); at the bottom, the coldest year/season on record.
Month/Year Average temperature (°F) Departure from
long-term average (°F)
January 37.1 +5.2
February 38.7 +4.7
March 48.2 +6.2
April 48.5 -3.2
May 57.4 -3.4
June 66.7 -1.1
July 73.5 +2.3
August 71.4 +1.4
September 62.8 -1.5
October 55.1 +1.6
November 47.2 +4.4
December 33.5 -0.6
2020 53.3 +1.3


Table 1. Monthly and annual average temperature and departure from long-term averages. Departures from average show how different 2020 was compared to relevant averages from 1895-2019.

Precipitation

It was an extremely wet year for Mercer and Summers counties, ranking as the 3rd wettest ever recorded (Figure 2). In total, 55.5 inches of precipitation fell, more than 14 inches above the long-term average (Table 2).

Figure 2. Average precipitation ranking for Mercer and Summers counties, WV. The figure shows that spring was "much above normal," the winter and summer were "much above normal" and "above normal," respectively, and the autumn was "near normal."
Figure 2. Seasonal and annual precipitation rankings for counties surrounding the park. An arrow at the top of the figure would represent the wettest year/season on record (since 1895); at the bottom, the driest year/season on record.
Month/Year Total precipitation (in.) Departure from
long-term average (in.)
January 2.5 -0.7
February 5.9 +2.9
March 4.8 +1.0
April 6.9 +3.4
May 6.9 +3.0
June 5.8 +1.9
July 3.8 -0.7
August 5.7 +2.0
September 4.0 +1.0
October 3.5 +0.7
November 2.5 -0.1
December 3.2 +0.1
2020 55.5 +14.5

Table 2. Monthly and annual total precipitation and departure from long-term averages. Departures from average show how different 2020 was compared to relevant averages from 1895-2019.

Temperature and Precipitation Trends
(1895-2020)


Data for Mercer and Summers counties, WV indicate that annual average temperature has increased approximately +0.03 °F per decade and annual total precipitation has declined approximately -0.08 inches per decade since 1895 (Figure 3).

National Park Service scientists have forecast future changes in climate too. Models estimate that by 2100, annual average temperature at the park will increase by 2.9–8.6 °F (from a best-case to worst-case scenario, respectively). Annual total precipitation is expected to increase by 6–11% (see Gonzalez et al., 2018 for details).
Line graph of annual average temperature (°F) and annual total precipitation (in.) for Mercer and Summers counties, WV from 1895–2020 showing an increase in annual average temperature and a decrease in annual total precipitation.
Figure 3. Annual average temperature (°F) and annual total precipitation (in.) from 1895–2020 for Mercer and Summers counties, WV. Dashed lines represent linear estimates of change.

Climate Change

Today's rapid climate change challenges national parks in ways we've never seen before. Wildlife migrations are altered, increasingly destructive storms threaten cultural resources and park facilities, habitat is disrupted—the list goes on. Go to the NPS Climate Change site to discover how climate change is affecting our nation's treasures, what the National Park Service is doing about it, and how you can help.

For more information, contact Mid-Atlantic Network Biologist, Jeb Wofford or Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network Program Manager, Matt Marshall.

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Bluestone National Scenic River

Last updated: February 17, 2021