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Chapter 5
References
Final Report on the Physical Examination and Taphonomic Assessment of the Kennewick Human Remains (CENWW.97.Kennewick)
Phillip L. Walker, Clark Spencer Larsen, and Joseph F. Powell

Table 1 - Corps of Engineers identifications of Kennewick skeletal elements with associated taphonomic observations
[Long description]


Time of Fracture Codes:
C= Complete,
PO= Postmortem,
PE= Perimortem,
R= Recent,
PR= Antemortem.
Degradation Codes:
1= no cracking visible,
2= some cracking of cortical surface visible.
Adherent Material Codes:
1= adherent material on less that 10% of surface,
2= adherent material on more than 10% of surface,
3= gaps in cortical surface more than 10%,
4= gaps in cortical surface more than 10% and cracking.
Color Codes:
A= green form algae,
B= bleached white from sun exposure,
R= reddish stain,
D= more than 10% stained dark brown,
T= tan.

Year Specimen Description Time of Fracture Degradation Adherent Material Color
97 I.12c(8) One left seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T,B
97 I.12a(8) One rib fragment PE, PO 1 1 T,A
97 R.13b One right humerus fragment (distal) PO 1 1 T,A
97 L.15a One left ulna fragment (proximal) PO 1 2 T,A
97 R.18a One right femur fragment (distal) PO 4 2 T,A
97 U.1a Cranium PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.1b One left cranial fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.1c One left cranial fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 R.2b One right maxillary fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 R.50a One loose maxillary left third molar C 1 1 T
97 U.3b One right mandibular fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.3c One right mandibular ramus PO,R 1 1 T
97 R.75a One loose mandibular right third molar C 1 1 T
97 U.4(C1 a) One complete atlas C 1 1 T
97 U.4(C3a) One complete third cervical vertebra PO 1 1 T
97 U.4(C4a) One complete fourth cervical vertebra PO 3 2 T
97 U.4(C6a) One complete sixth cervical vertebra PO 1 2 T
97 U.4(C7a) One complete seventh cervical vertebra PO 1 2 T
97 U.5(T1a) One first thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T2a) One second thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T3a) One nearly complete third thoracic vertebra PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T3b) One third thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T4a) One fourth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T4b) One sixth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T5a) One fifth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5 (T5b) One fifth thoracic vertebra fragment (spinous process) PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T6a) One sixth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T7a) One seventh thoracic vertebra fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.5(T7b) One seventh thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T8a) One eighth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T9a) One ninth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T10a) One tenth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T11a) One eleventh thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5(T12a) One twelfth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5a One fourth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5b One second thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5c One seventh thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5d One ninth thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5e One thoracic vertebra fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.5f One thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5g One seventh thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.5h One thoracic vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L1a) One first lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L1b) One first lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L2a) One second lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L2b) One second lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L2c) One second lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L3a) One third lumbar vertebra fragment PO 3 1 T
97 U.6(L4a) One probable fourth lumbar spinous process PO 1 2 T
97 U.6(L4b) One possible fourth lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L5a) One fifth lumbar vertebra fragment (centrum) PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.6(L5b) One fifth lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L5c) One fifth lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6(L5d) One fifth lumbar vertebra fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 U.6a One fifth lumbar vertebra fragment PO,R 1 2 T
97 U.6b One lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6c One lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6d One sacral fragment PO 1 2 T
97 U.6e One lumbar vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.6f Sternum body fragment PO 1 1 T
97 U.7a One sacral fragment (including promontory) PO 3 2 T
97 U.7b One sacral fragment PO 1 2 T
97 U.7c One sacral fragment PO 1 1 T
97 R.10a One right scapula fragment (acromian process) PO 1 1 T
97 R.10b One right scapula fragment (glenoid) PO 1 1 T
97 R.10c One right scapula fragment PO 1 1 T
97 R.10d One right scapula fragment PO 1 1 T
97 L.10a One left scapula fragment (acromian process) PO,R 1 1 T
97 L.10b One left scapula fragment (glenoid) PO 1 1 T
97 L.10c One left scapula fragment (coracoid) PO 1 1 T
97 I.10a One scapula fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.10b One iliac crest fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.10c One scapula fragment PO 1 1 T
97 R.11a One right clavicle fragment (medial) PO,R 1 1 T
97 R.11b One right clavicle fragment (lateral) PO,R 1 1 T
97 L.11a One left clavicle fragment (medial) PO,R 3 1 T
97 L.11b One left clavicle fragment (midshaft) PO 1 1 T
97 L.11c One left clavicle fragment (lateral) PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(1) One rib fragment PE, PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(2) One left third rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(3) One rib fragment PE, PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(4) One left seventh rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12a(5) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(6) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12a(7) One rib fragment PE 1 1 T
97 I.12a(9) One rib fragment PE, PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(1) One right first rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12b(2) One right third rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(3) One right fourth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(4) One right fourth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(5) One right sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(6) One right first rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12b(7) One right second rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12b(8) One right fifth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(9) One right ninth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(10) One right eleventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(11) One right sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(12) One right seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(13) One right eighth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12b(14) One right ninth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12b(15) One right third rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(1) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(2) One left seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(3) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(4) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(6) One rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12c(7) One left ninth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12c(9) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12c(10) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(1) One right ninth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(2) One right ninth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(3) One rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12d(4) One right tenth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(5) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(6) One right tenth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(7) One right ninth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(8) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(9) One left second rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(10) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(11) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(12) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(13) One right eighth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(14) One right eighth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(15) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(16) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12d(17) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(1) One left tenth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(2) One left eighth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(3) One left first rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(4) One left eighth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(5) One left third rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(6) One left fourth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(7) One right twelfth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(9) One left fourth rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(10) One left fifth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(11) One left twelfth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(12) One left seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(13) One left fifth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(14) One left third rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97 I.12e(15) One left fourth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(16) One left sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(17) One left sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12e(18) One left sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(1) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(2) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(3) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(4) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(5) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(7) One right tenth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(8) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(9) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(10) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(11) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(12) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(13) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(14) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(15) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(16) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(17) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(18) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.12f(19) One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 R.13a One right humerus fragment (proximal) PO 1 2 T
97 L.13a One left humerus fragment (proximal) PO 1 1 T
97 R.14a One right radius fragment (proximal) PO 1 2 T
97 R.14b One right radius fragment (distal) PO 1 2 T
97 L.14a One left radius fragment (proximal) PO,R 1 1 T
97 L.14b One left radius fragment (distal) PO 1 2 T
97 R.15b One right ulna fragment (shaft) PO 1 1 T
97 L.15b One left ulna fragment (shaft) PO 1 2 T
97 L.15c One left ulna fragment (distal) PO,R 1 2 T
97 R.16(CRa) One complete right hamate C 3 1 T
97 R.16(CRb) One complete right lunate C 1 1 T
97 R.16(MCb) One complete right fifth metacarpal C 1 1 T
97 R.16(MCe) One complete right fourth metacarpal C 1 1 T
97 R.16(P a) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 T
97 R.16(P b) One complete right hand phalange C 3 1 T
97 R.16(P c) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 T
97 R.16(P d) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 T
97 R.16(P h) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 T
97 R.16(P i) One complete right hand phalange PO 1 1 T
97 L.16(CR a) Complete left lunate C 1 1 T
97 L.16(CR b) Complete left navicular C 3 1 T
97 L.16(CR c) Complete left capitate C 1 1 T
97 L.16(MC b) Left second metacarpal C 1 1 T
97 L.16(MC c) Left fourth metacarpal fragment (proximal) C 1 1 T
97 L.16(MC d) Left fourth metacarpal fragment (distal) PR 1 1 T
97 L.16(P e) One complete left hand phalange C 1 1 T
97 R.17b One right ilium fragment PO 4 2 T
97 L.17a Left pubis PO 1 2 T
97 L.17b Left os coxae (minus pubis) PO,R 4 2 T
97 I.17a One os coxae fragment PO 1 2 T
97 I.17b One right ischium fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.17c One os coxae fragment PO 1 2 T
97 I.17d One iliac crest fragment PO 1 2 T
97 I.17e One left glenoid fragment PO 1 1 T
97 L.18a One left femur fragment (proximal) PO 4 2 T
97 R.19a One right patella C 1 2 T
97 L.19a One left patella C 1 1 T
97 R.20a One right tibia fragment (proximal) PO 4 2 T
97 R.20b One right tibia fragment (proximal) PO 4 2 T
97 R.20c One right tibia fragment (shaft) PO,R 2 2 T
97 R.20d One right tibia fragment (distal shaft) PO,R 2 2 T
97 L.20a One left tibia fragment (proximal) PO 1 2 T
97 L.20b One left tibia fragment (proximal shaft) PO,R 4 2 T
97 L.20c One left tibia fragment (distal shaft) PO,R 2 2 T
97 R.21a One right fibula fragment (proximal) PO,R 1 2 T
97 R.21b One right fibula fragment (distal shaft) PO,R 1 2 T
97 R.21c One right fibula fragment (midshaft) PO 1 2 T
97 R.21d One right fibula fragment (proximal shaft) PO,R 1 2 T
97 R.21e One right fibula fragment (distal) PO 1 2 T
97 L.21a One left fibula fragment (proximal) PO 4 1 T
97 L.21b One left fibula fragment (proximal shaft) PO,R 1 2 T
97 L.21c One left fibula fragment (midshaft) PO,R 1 2 T
97 L.21d One left fibula fragment (distal shaft) PO,R 1 2 T
97 L.21e One left fibula fragment (distal) PO 2 2 T
97 R.22a One complete right calcaneus C 4 2 T
97 L.22a One complete left calcaneus PO 4 2 T
97 L.23a One left talus fragment PO 1 2 T
97 R.24(TR a) One complete right navicular C 1 1 T
97 R.24(MT a) One right first metatarsal 0 0 1 T
97 R.24(MT c) One right metatarsal fragment PO 4 2 T
97 R.24(P a) One complete right foot phalange C 1 1 T
97 L.24(TR a) Left complete cuboid C 1 2 T
97 L.24(TR b) Left complete navicular C 1 2 T
97 L.24(TR c) Left complete first cuneiform C 1 2 T
97 L.24(TR d) Left complete third cuneiform C 1 2 T
97 L.24(TR e) Left complete second cuneiform C 1 2 T
97 L.24(MT a) Left complete first metatarsal C 2 2 T
97 L.24(MT b) Left complete second metatarsal C 1 1 T
97 L.24(MT c) Left complete third metatarsal C 4 1 T
97 L.24(MT d) Left complete fourth metatarsal C 2 1 T
97 L.24(P a) One complete left foot phalange C 1 1 T
97 L.24(P b) One complete left foot phalange C 1 1 T
97 L.24(P c) One complete left foot phalange C 1 1 T
97 L.24(P d) One complete left foot phalange C 1 1 T
97 L.24(P e) One complete left foot phalange PO 3 1 T
97 I.25a One manubrium fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25b One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25c One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25d One os coxae fragment PO,R 1 2 T
97 I.25e One small unidentified PO 1 1 T
97 I.25f One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25g One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25h One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25i One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25j One small unidentified PO 1 1 T
97 I.25k One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25l One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25m One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25n One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25o One small unidentified PO 1 1 T
97 I.25p One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25q One small unidentified PO 1 1 T
97 I.25r Scapula body fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25t One small unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25u One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25v One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25w One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25x One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25y One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25z Unidentified vertebra fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25aa One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25bb One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25cc One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25dd One unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25ee One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25ff One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25gg One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25hh One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25ii One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25jj Scapula fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25kk One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25ll One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25mm One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25nn One rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25oo One small unidentified PO 1 1 T
97 I.25pp One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25qq One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25rr One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97 I.25ss One small unidentified fragment PO 1 1 T
97A U.4(C5a) Complete fifth cervical vertebra PO 1 2 T
97A U.5a One first thoracic vertebra fragment spinous process PO 1 1 T
97A I.12a One right seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97A I.12c One right second rib fragment PO,R 1 1 T
97A I.12d One right twelfth rib fragment PO 1 1 T
97A I.17a Left ischium fragment PO 1 1 T
97A I.24(P a) One complete foot phalange C 3 1 T
97A I.24(P b) One complete foot phalange C 3 1 T
97A I.25a One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97A I.25b Iliac crest fragment (unsided) PO,R 1 1 T
97A I.25c Right second metatarsal fragment PO 1 1 T
97A I.25d One unidentified bone PO 1 1 T
97A I.25e One unidentified bone PO 1 1 T
97A I.25f One unidentified bone PO 1 1 T
97A I.25g One unidentified bone PO 1 1 T
97A I.25h One unidentified bone PO 1 1 T
97B L.16(Mca) Complete left first metacarpal C 1 1 T
97B I.25a One unidentified bone fragment PO 1 1 T
97 R.16(MCd) One complete right first metacarpal C 2 1 R
97 R.16(P e) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 R
97 R.16(P f) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 R
97 R.17a Right pubis PO,R 1 1 R
97 R.17c One right ilium fragment with embedded point PO,R 4 2 R
97 R.1a One right malar PO 1 1 D
97 U.2a Maxilla PO,R 1 1 D
97 U.3a One left mandibular fragment PO 1 1 D
97 L.16(MC a) Left third metacarpal C 1 1 D
97 L.13b One left humerus fragment (shaft) PO,R 1 1 B,A
97 L.13c One left humerus fragment (distal) PO,R 1 1 B,A
97 R.15a One right ulna fragment (proximal) PO 1 2 B,A
97 R.15c One right ulna fragment (distal) PO 1 2 B,A
97 R.23a One complete right talus C 4 1 B,A
97A I.12b One left seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 B,A
97A I.16(Pa) One complete hand phalange PO 3 1 B
97 I.12c(5) One left seventh rib fragment PO 1 1 B
97 I.12e(8) One left sixth rib fragment PO 1 1 B
97 I.12f(6) One left twelfth rib fragment PO 1 1 B
97 R.16(MCa) One complete right third metacarpal C 1 1 B
97 R.16(MCc) One complete right second metacarpal C 1 1 B
97 R.16(P g) One complete right hand phalange C 1 1 B
97 L.16(P a) One complete left hand phalange C 1 1 B
97 L.16(P b) One complete left hand phalange C 1 1 B
97 L.16(P c) One complete left hand phalange C 1 1 B
97 L.16(P d) One complete left hand phalange C 1 1 B
97 L.16(P f) One left hand phalange fragment PR 1 1 B
97 R.17d One right acetabulum PO,R 4 2 B
97 R.24(MT b) One third right metatarsal fragment PR 4 2 B
97 R.24(P b) One complete right foot phalange C 4 1 B
97 U.4(C2 a) One complete axis C 1 1 B,A

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