Bear spray has been shown to be extremely effective in deterring bear attacks (T. Smith, et al. 2008). Bear spray is a non-toxic and non-lethal means of deterring aggressive bears. It temporarily affects the respiratory system and mucus membranes in bears.

• Use bear spray. Personal self-defense pepper spray is not effective.
• The canister must be immediately available, not in your pack.
• Leave the safety clip on the trigger unless you are ready to spray an aggressive bear. The spray may accidentally discharge otherwise.
• Bear spray can be adversely affected by wind, rain, cold temperatures, and age.
• Follow the manufacturer's instructions, know how to use the spray, and be aware of its limitations, including the expiration date.
• If you use the spray to stop a bear, leave the area immediately.
• It is not a repellant! Do not spray it on people, tents, or backpacks.
• Do not store your bear spray in a vehicle. It may explode.
• Under no circumstances should bear spray create a false sense of security or serve as a substitute for standard safety precautions in bear country.

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Never approach a bear.
Never feed a bear.
Stay 100 yards (1 football field) from bears at all times.