NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography

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Contents
Introduction
- Contents and Expectations
- Format
- Navigation
- Disclosure
- Editorial Method
- Internet Link Policy
- Credits
- Copyright/Usage Policy
Key Concepts
- Who are African Americans?
- What is ethnography?
- What is “culture?”
- What are cultural resources?
- What are “ethnographic” cultural resources?
- What is “heritage preservation?”
- What is stewardship?
- What is the NPS Thematic Framework?
Ethnographic Research Center
- What is Ethnographic Research?
- Why is Ethnographic Research conducted?
- Who conducts Ethnographic Research?
- How is it different from other Social Science Research?
- What are Ethnographic Research methodologies?
- How does the NPS use Ethnographic Research?
- Who uses Ethnographic Research?
- How does Ethnographic Research help with the preservation of Ethnographic Resources?
- Ethics in Ethnographic Research
Module I-African Nation Founders 1500–1799
- Overview
- Historic Contexts
  - Africans Before Captivity
  - Exchanging People for Trade Goods
  - Why was African Heritage Lost?
  - Who were the First Africans in America?
  - The Transatlantic Slave Trade
  - Which Europeans Trafficked in Slaves?
  - Laws that Bound
  - Laws that Freed
  - Wars
  - Conclusion
- Cultural Heritage
  - Africans in Spanish America
    - Spanish and African Arrivals
    - African/Afro-Hispanic Space
    - African Explorers of Spanish America
    - Conquistadors and Miltiamen
    - Sistema de Las Castas
    - Development and Settlement
    - Social Class and Economics
    - Counter Cultural Resistance
    - Conclusion
  - Africans in the Chesapeake
    - Time, Space & People
    - Cultural Patterns
  - Africans in the Low Country
    - Time, Space & People
    - Cultural Patterns
  - Africans in French America
    - Louisiana and the African Arrivals
    - Louisiane or Louisland
    - M. Le Page du Pratz
    - Le Gens de Couleur (Libre)
    - Cultural Resistance
    - Conclusion
  - African Systems of Meaning
    - Language
    - Performing Culture in Music & Dance
    - Acculturation & Cultural Resistance
    - Counter-Cultural Resistance
    - Freedom For a People
  - Africans in the Northern Colonies
    - Dutch, Swedish, German & English Africans?
    - African Cultural Patterns & life Styles
    - Work, Health, Death & Burial
    - Venture Smith: Self-Liberated African
    - Enslaved African Women & the Court
    - Ceremonies: Public & Secret, Sacred & Secular
    - Acculturation: Africans and Institutions
    - Pathways to Freedom
    - African Militiamen, War and Freedom
    - African Americans After the Revolution
    - Free African Networks
    - Dinah Whipple: Free African Woman
- Credits
Module II-African American Nation Builders 1800–1865
Module III-“Lifting as We Climb” 1865–1965
Heritage Preservation Notes (HPN)
- Who Preserves Heritage?
  - HP in Local Domains
- Heritage Preservation Law
  - Antiquities Act 1906
  - Organic Act of 1916
  - Historic Act of 1935
  - National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (amended)
  - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
- Protecting Indigenous Peoples’ Patrimony
  - American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978
  - Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)
  - Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act of 1994 (ANILCA)
- Other Laws, Policies and Executive Orders
  - National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998, Public Law 105-203
  - American Battlefield Protection Act of 1996
  - Executive Order 13287 Preserve America signed by President George Bush, 2004
  - The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Federal Agency Historic Preservation Programs Pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act. (Published in Final Federal Register 24 April 1998)
- Ethnography and Heritage Preservation
  - Technical Assistance in Planning
  - Planning and Resource Studies
  - Training and Education
  - Researched-Based Interpretation
- Whose Heritage Is It?
Learning Resources Center
- References
  - Africans in Spanish America
  - Africans in the Chesapeake
  - Africans in the Low Country
  - Africans Systems of Meaning
- Glossary
- Further Reading
  - Introduction
  - Key Concepts
  - Ethnographic Research Basics
  - Historic Contexts
  - Africans in Spanish America
  - Africans in Southern Colonies
  - Africans in French America
  - Africans in the Northern Colonies
  - Heritage Preservation Implications
- Links
- Image Gallery