NOTES
Preface
1. David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign
Country (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1985), P. 26.
2. Ibid., p. 328.
3. Michael Kammen, A Season of Youth: The
American Revolution and the Historical Imagination (New York: Alfred
A Knopf, 1978), p. 7
4. Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country,
p. 353.
5. Ada Louise Huxtable, "Inventing American
Reality," New York Review of Books, December 3, 1992, p. 24.
6. Michael Wallace, "Visiting the Past: History
Museums in the United States," Radical History Review 25 (1981),
80.
7. Patricia Mooney-Melvin, "Harnessing the Romance
of the Past: Preservation, Tourism, and History," The Public
Historian 13 (Spring 1991), 46.
Chapter 1: The First Hundred Years at Valley
Forge
1. John Fanning Watson, "Trip to Valley Forge and
the Camp Hills," July 1828, Historical Society of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The
Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1991), pp. 42, 49, 51, 53.
6. Watson, "Trip to Valley Forge."
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Anne F Rhoads, Douglas Ryan, and Ella W. Aderman,
Land Use Study of Valley Forge National Historical Park (Valley
Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge National Historical Park, 1989 [internally
distributed]), pp. i, 185186.
10. James Kurtz Archaeological Inventory and
Assessment: The Westeen Portion (Washington, D.C.: U S Department of
the Interior, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office,
1990), pp. 1723. In describing the industrial village of Valley
Forge in the late nineteenth century, I paraphrase the 19871988
draft that drew on historical records, interviews, surface
reconnaissance, and subsurface testing.
11. Henry Woodman, The History of Valley
Forge (reprint ed., Oaks, Pa.: John Francis Sr., 1921), pp.
8788, 96.
12. Jacqueline Thibaut, In the True Rustic
Order: Historic Resource Study and Historical Base Maps of the Valley
Forge Encampment, 17771779, vol. 3 of Valley Forge
Report, ed. Wayne K. Bodle and Jacqueline Thibaut (Valley Forge,
Pa.: Valley Forge National Historical Park, 198082), p. 67.
13 Theodore W Bean, The History of Montgomery
County (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1884), pp.
11231124.
14. Rhoads, Ryan, and Aderman, Land Use
Study, pp. 187188.
15. Enos Reeves, "Extracts from the Letter-Books of
Lieutenant Enos Reeves," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and
Biography 21(1897), 235.
16. Kurtz Archaeological Inventory, pp.
2629, 168, 172.
17. Ibid., pp. 3031, 49, 232.
18. Harlan D. Unrau, Administrative History of
Valley Forge National Historical Park (Denver, Colo.: Denver Service
Center, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1984
[internally distributed]), p. 20.
19. Kurtz Archaeological Inventory, p.
31.
20. Caleb Jones to Hannah Ogden, March 2, 1837,
John Reed Collection, Record Group 10, Valley Forge National Historical
Park (hereafter referred to as VFNHP), Valley Forge, Pa.
21. John F. Reed, "Vision at Valley Forge,"
Bulletin of the Montgomery County Historical Society 15 (Fall
1966), 28.
22. "Preamble and Constitution of the Friendly
Association for Mutual Interests," Philadelphia, 1826, Reed Collection,
VFNHP.
23. William Maclure to Mary D. Fretogeot, July 31,
1826, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
24. Arthur Eugene Bettor Jr., Backwoods Utopias:
The Sectarian and Owenite Phases of Communitarian Socialism in America,
16631 828 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,
1950), p. 203.
25. Watson, "Trip to Valley Forge."
26. "Harvest Home Meeting of Chester and Montgomery
Counties at the Valley Forge Encampment Ground," July 26, 1828, Valley
Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society, West
Chester, Pa.
27. Ibid.
28. Daniel Webster, The Works of Daniel
Webster, vol. 2 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851),
p. 277.
29. "Harvest Home Meeting."
30. Webster, Works, pp. 278279.
31. Isaac A. Pennypacker to John Fanning Watson,
April 2, 1844, Supplement to Watson's Annals, AM3011, Historical Society
of Pennsylvania.
32. Woodman, History of Valley Forge, pp.
4951, 67, 163165. Woodman gives George Weedon's name as
Joseph Wheedon.
33. Ibid., pp. 126127.
34. George Washington, The Diaries of George
Washington, ed. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, vol. 5
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979), p. 179.
35 Woodman, History of Valley Forge, pp.
5456, 63, 100101, 145.
36. Ibid., p. 91.
37. Ibid., pp. 2728, 103104.
38. Ibid., p. 104
39. Ibid., p. 153.
40. Benson J. Lossing, Washington: A
Biography (New York: Virtue Emmens & Co., 1860), p. 571.
41. Daily Local News (West Chester, Pa.,
here and hereafter), April 3, 1873.
42. Daily Local News, June 4, 1873.
43. Daily Local News, August 6, 1873.
44. Karal Ann Marling, George Washington Slept
Here: Colonial Revivals and American Culture, 18761986
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 25.
45. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, pp.
217225, Wallace, "Visiting the Past," pp. 6667.
46. Daily Local News, July 26, 1873.
47. Theodore W. Bean, Washington at Valley Forge
One Hundred Years Ago, or, The Foot-Prints of the Revolution
(Norristown, Pa., 1876), p. 1.
48. Ibid., pp. 5461.
49. Daily Local News, November 13, 1873.
50. George Washington to John Banister, April 21,
1778, in The Writings of George Washington from the Original
Manuscript Sources, 17451799, vol. 11, ed. John C. Fitzpatrick
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934), pp.
284293.
51. George Washington Parke Custis,
Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington by His Adopted
Son (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860), pp. 208209.
52. Daniel Webster, Works, p. 279.
53. Watson, "Trip to Valley Forge.
54. Woodman, History of Valley Forge, p.
62.
55. Watson, "Trip to Valley Forge."
56. The Casket, April 1830.
57. William Perrine, "Washington's Christmas at
Valley Forge,"' Ladies' Home Journal, December 1898, p. 7.
58. Marling, George Washington Slept Here,
pp 48
59. Woodman, History of Valley Forge, p.
65.
60. Parke Custis, Memoirs of Washington, p.
275n, Lossing, Washington, p. 602n.
61. Bean, Washington at Valley Forge, p.
3.
62. Mrs. (Isabella) Thomas Potts James, Memorial
of Thomas Potts (Cambridge, Mass., 1874), pp. 222223.
63. William Cox Ewing, "Valley Forge Revisited"
(1904), in George Ewing: Gentleman and Soldier of Valley Forge,
ed. Thomas Ewing (Yonkers, N.Y. , 1928), p. 58, W. H. Richardson,
"Valley Forge," New England Magazine 23 (February 1901), 607.
64. Daily Local News, July 26, 1875.
65. Woodman, History of Valley Forge, p.
101.
66. Unrau, Administrative History, pp.
6061.
67. "Inexpensive Trips Within Easy Reach,"
Philadelphia Bulletin, June 13, 1904.
68. Nathan Jones to "Dear Nephew," August 8, 1890,
Reed Collection, VFNHP.
69. Howard DeHaven Ross, History of the DeHaven
Family (New York: Pandick Press, 1929), pp. 9-13. This is the fourth
edition of this work, the publication date of the first edition is
unknown, but the second edition was published in 1895.
70. New York Times, May 27, 1990.
71. Daily Local News, June 27, 1878.
Chapter 2: The Centennial and Memorial Association of
Valley Forge
1. Daily Local News, December 22, 1877.
2. Daily Local News, January 9, 1878.
3. Daily Local News, February 9, 1878.
4. H. J. Stager, History of the Centennial and
Memorial Association of Valley Forge (n.p., 1911), p. 98.
5. Marling, George Washington Slept Here, p.
73.
6. Wallace, "Visiting the Past," pp. 6465.
7. Marling, George Washington Slept Here, p.
74.
8. Judith Mitchell, "Ann Pamela Cunningham and Mount
Vernon: A Southern Matron's Legacy" (Paper presented at the Fifteenth
Annual Conference of the National Council of Public History, Valley
Forge, Pa., April 29-May 2, 1993).
9. John Bruce Dodd and Cherry Dodd, Historic
Structure Report: Washington's Headquarters (Valley Forge, Pa.:
Valley Forge National Historical Park, 1981), pp. 1, 5, 1720.
(Hereafter cited as Washington's Headquarters.)
10. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 82.
11. Mitchell, "Ann Pamela Cunningham and Mount
Vernon."
12. Marling, George Washington Slept Here, p.
44.
13. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 1820.
14. Marling, George Washington Slept Here, pp.
7879.
15. Barbara McDonald Powell, "The Most Celebrated
Encampment: Valley Forge in American Culture, 17771983" (Ph.D.
dissertation, Cornell University, 1983), p. 61.
16. Daily Local News, March 18, 1878.
17. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 82.
18. Daily Local News, May 24, 1878.
19. Daily Local News, June 5, 1878.
20. Daily Local News, May 31, 1878.
21. Daily Local News, June 8, 1878.
22. Daily Local News, June 4,1878.
23. "Final Arrangements for the Valley Forge
Centennial," Philadelphia Times, June 18, 1878
24. "Program for the First Centenary," in file marked
"Valley Forge Centennial and Memorial Association Proceedings, 1879" at
Chester County Historical Society.
25. Proceedings on the Occasion of the Centennial
Celebration of the Occupation of Valley Forge by the Continental Army
Under George Washington, June 1878 (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott
& Co., 1879), pp. 34, in ibid.
26. Ibid., pp 78.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., pp 3839.
29. Ibid., pp. 5761.
30. Valley Forge Oration of Henry Armitt Brown
(Philadelphia: Loughead & Co , 1895), in Valley Forge Miscellaneous
File, Chester County Historical Society.
31. Ibid.
32. Anna Morrs Holstein to Francis M. Brooke, June
26, 1878, Francis M. Brooke Collection, Record Group 12, VFNHP.
33. "Woman's Work at Valley Forge," Daily Local
News, June 24, 1878.
34. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 11.
35. Ibid., p. 84.
37. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 16, 218.
38. Daily Local News, May 22, 1879.
39. Daily Local News, June 4, 1879.
40. Daily Local News, June 19, 1879.
41. Daily Local News, June 20, 1879.
42. Ibid.
43. Daily Local News, June 21, 1879.
44. Daily Local News, June 25, 1879.
45. Daily Local News, December 9, 1878.
46. Daily Local News, October 30, 1885.
47. Village Record, July 11, 1882.
48. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 99-100.
49. Pamphlet printed by Patriotic Order Sons of
America, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
50. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 227.
51. Ibid.
52. Daily Local News, May 22, 1886, and May
31, 1886.
53. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 107108.
54. Ibid., p. 227.
55. Ibid., p. 228.
56. Daily Local News, April 8, 1887.
57. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 219.
58. Daily Local News, August 27, 1887.
59. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
pp. 3233, 64, 79.
60. Daily Local News, May 29, 1888.
61. "Washington's Headquarters," June 1891, in Valley
Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society.
62. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
p. 100.
63. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 136, 146.
64. Daily Local News, June 24, 1907. The
Washington Elm was identified by a marker now in the collections of
Valley Forge National Historical Park.
65. Anna Morrs Holstein to Mrs. James, July 12, 1887,
Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
66. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 147.
67. "The Valley Forge Reservation," in Historical
Sketches, A Collection of Papers Prepared for the Historical Society of
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, vol. 5. (Norristown, Pa., 1925), p.
378, Unrau, Administrative History, p. 59.
68. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 113114, 218.
69. Anna Morrs Holstein to Mrs. James, July 12,
1887.
70. Daily Local News, April 24, 1888.
71. Anna Morris Holstein to F. D. Stone, June 18,
1892, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
72. Mary T. McInnes, History of the Valley Forge
Chapter, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution
(1944).
73. Ibid.
74. Minutes of the Valley Forge Chapter of the
Daughters of the American Revolution, October 1, 1900, Valley Forge
Chapter, DAR, Norristown, Pa.
75. Ibid., April 5, 1901.
76. Ibid., October 1, 1901
77. Ibid., April 2, 1900, and October 1, 1900.
78. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 154.
79. Daily Local News, June 19, 1908.
80. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 155.
81. "Catalog of Historic Articles and Relics in the
Room Furnished by the Merion Chapter, DAR, p. 7, in Valley Forge
Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society.
82. William Cox Ewing, "Valley Forge Revisited," p.
64.
83. Kurtz Archaeological Inventory, pp. 46,
274.
84. William H. Sayer, "Valley Forge Park,"
Bulletin of the Montgomery County Historical Society 21 (Fall
1978), 222223.
85. "A Deserted Village," Philadelphia Press,
September 8,1895.
86. Clifton Johnson, "Midwinter at Valley Forge,"
Women's Home Companion, January 1902, p. 9.
87. Ibid.
88. Daily Local News, June 20, 1887.
89. Daily Local News, June 20, 1890.
90. American Republican, January 2, 1903.
91. Daily Local News, September 29, 1881
92. Daily Local News, October 18, 1890.
93. Daily Local News, June 22, 1900.
94. William M. Stephens, "Burial Places of the
Soldiers at Valley Forge," Bulletin of the Montgomery County
Historical Society 3 (April 1942), 155.
95. Norristown Times Herald, June 1, 1896. No
modern evidence substantiates the presence of a vast number of graves in
this area.
96. Daily Local News, April 30, 1902.
97. Norristown Times Herald, May 25,
1896.
98. Ado. Latch to Francis M. Brooke, January 14,
1898, Brooke Collection, VFNHP. No modem evidence substantiates the
presence of a vast number of graves in this area either.
99. "A Deserted Village,'" Philadelphia Press,
September 8, 1895.
100. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 16.
101. Anna Morris Holstein to F. D. Stone, December
29, 1891, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
102. Anna Morris Holstein to F. D. Stone, June 12,
1892, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
103. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 16.
104. Daily Local News, March 21, 1890.
105. "To Form a National Park," Daily Local
News, December 5, 1889.
106. J. F. Seiders, Thirty Ancestors of Richard
Henry Koch (Pottsville, Pa., 1939), p. 297.
107. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 135, 143144.
108. Ibid., p. 135.
109. Anna Morris Holstein to F. D. Stone, June 21,
1892, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
110. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 139.
111. Ibid., p. 160.
Chapter 3: A Rocky Beginning for the Valley Forge Park
Commission
1. Phoenixville Messenger, July 15, 1882.
2. Phoenixville Messenger, July 22, 1882.
3. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, pp. 33,
66, 115166.
4. Phoenixville Messenger, December 23,
1882.
5. Daily Local News, June 22, 1883. Other
newspapers sometimes refer to the "Valley Forge Monument
Association."
6. W. Herbert Burk, Historical and Topographical
Guide to Valley Forge (Norristown, Pa., 1906), p. 84.
7. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 123.
8. Daily Local News, August 12, 1891.
9. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
October 1, 1899, Record Group 46 (micro film), VFNHP.
10. Ibid., June 17, 1893.
11. Sayer, "Valley Forge Park," p. 216.
12. Francis M. Brooke to Frederick D. Stone, October
26, 1893, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, Pa.
13. Sayer, "Valley Forge Park," p. 206.
14. Editor, "Notes and Queries," Pennsylvania
Magazine of History and Biography 18 (1894), 384.
15. "Address of Samuel W. Pennypacker to the
Patriotic Order Sons of America, 18 June 1898," Valley Forge
Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society.
16. Thibaut, In the True Rustic Order, vol. 3
of Valley Forge Report, pp. 1417
17. Records of the Valley Forge Pack Commission, July
6, 1893, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
18. Daily Local News, August 12, 1891.
19. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 7, 1893, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
20. "Valley Forge Land Values," Daily Local
News, January 30, 1894.
21. "President's Report of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, 1 February 1894," Record Group 2, VFNHP.
22. Daily Local News, April 21, 1894.
23. Daily Local News, May 5,1894
24. Daily Local News, May 23, 1894.
25. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
October 18, 1894, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
26. "Valley Forge Land Values," Daily Local
News, October 23, 1894.
27. "President's Report of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, 1 November 1894," Record Group 2, VFNHP.
28. "President's Report of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, 22 March 1895," Record Group 2, VFNHP.
29. "Valley Forge Park," Daily Local News,
June 6, 1895.
30. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 17, 1896, p. 16.
31. Francis M. Brooke, To the Senators and
Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, February 22,
1897 (Valley Forge, Pa., 1897), p. 8, Brooke Collection, VFNHP.
32. Secretary of the Park Commission to "Dear
Senator," March 6, 1899, Record Group 46, Carson #1, General
Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives.
33. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 27, 1900, pp 2122
34. Daily Local News, October 18, 1901.
35. Woodman, History of Valley Forge, p.
72.
36. Thibaut, In the True Rustic Order, p.
118.
37. "Sullivan's Bridge Monument," in Historical
Sketches, 4:31, 4142.
38. Daily Local News, April 21, 1894.
39. "For Valley Forge," Daily Local News, May
25, 1895.
40. Daniel Hastings to Francis M. Brooke, November
18, 1895, Brooke Collection, VFNHP.
41. "Report on the Waterman Monument," Record Group
2, VFNHP.
42. Brooke, To the Senators and
Representatives, pp. 78.
43. John Faber Miller, counsel for W. M. Stephens, to
Francis M. Brooke, December 29, 1897, Brooke Collection, VFNHP.
44. William F. Solly to Francis M. Brooke, April 2,
1898, and April 5, 1898, Record Group 2, VFNHP
45. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
2, 1902, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
46. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 16, 1902, p. 4.
47. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 20, 1904, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
48. Ibid., April 16, 1908, and December 14, 1910.
49. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1912, p. 11.
50. W. H. Richardson, "Valley Forge," New England
Magazine 23 (February 1901), 605.
51. Norristown Times Herald, June 1, 1896.
52. Edward W. Hocker, "Valley Forge at a National
Park," Outlook, April 6,1901, p. 788.
53. Daily Local News, October 3, 1901. Todd
got his wish, the daughters held title to this lard until 1983, when it
was transferred to the national park at Valley Forge. The state of
Pennsylvania never did hold title.
54. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 16, 1902, p. 5.
55. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
24, 1939, and September 27, 1939, Record Group 46, VFNHP. The Waterman
headstone is not normally on view to visitors, and since its removal
there has been confusion over the exact location of Waterman's grave A
1901 newspaper account reported that the shaft had been constructed
"right alongside" the grave, bus its exact location today is
unknown.
56. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
October 2, 1901, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
57. Ellis Hampton to Francis M. Brooke, December 6,
1897, Brooke Collection, VFNHP.
58. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, July
6, 1904, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
59. Owen Wister, Lady Baltimore (New York.
Macmillan, 1906), pp. 6773.
Chapter 4: The Park Commission Triumphs
1. Hampton L. Carson, "The Life and Services of
Samuel W. Pennypacker Pennsylvania Magazine of History and
Biography 41(1917), 4142.
2. "State Commission Visits Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Public Lodger, October 30, 1904.
3. Daily Local News, August 10, 1906.
4. Daily Local News, January 9, 1908.
5. Daily Local News, October 12, 1883.
6. "Save Valley Forge for a National Park,"
Philadelphia Press, December 20, 1900
7. Unrau, Administrative History of Valley
Forge, p. 91.
8. "Save Valley Forge for a National Park."
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Julius Moritzen, "Valley Forge and the Nation,"
Harper's Weekly, June 22, 1901, p. 628.
12. Letter of the Valley Forge National Park
Association, in Valley Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County
Historical Society.
13. Daily Local News, December 2, 1901.
14. Daily Local News, January 30, 1902.
15. Daily Local News, January 31, 1902.
16. "Must Pennsylvania Lose Valley Forge?" North
American, January 27, 1902.
17. Carson, "The Life and Services of Pennypacker pp.
4142.
18. Daily Republican, November 28, 1916.
19. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 86.
20. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
24, 1893, Record Group 46, VFNHP
21. "Valley Forge Campground," Norristown Times
Herald, June 1, 1896.
22. Moritzen, "Valley Forge and the Nation," p.
629.
23. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 136138.
24. Unrau, Administrative History, p. 48.
25. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
p. 150.
26. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1904, p. 4.
27. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide to
Valley Forge, p. 71.
28. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 160161.
29. Ibid., p. 161.
30. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 8, 1905, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
31. "Historic Real Estate," Philadelphia Public
Ledger, July 17, 1905.
32. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 162163.
33. Ibid., pp. 164165.
34. Ibid., pp. 168170.
35. Daily Local News, June 20, 1907.
36. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 231232.
37. Ibid., p. 239.
38. Ibid., pp. 171, 174, 185, 190191.
39. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 24, 1905, Record Group 46, VFNHP
40. Stager, History of the . . . Association,
pp. 175, 181.
41. Ibid., p 183
42. A. H. Bower to William Sayer, March 3, 1909,
Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives. Not normally on view, this plaque is among the holdings of
Valley Forge National Historical Park.
43. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 18, 1906, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
44. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 30, 1916, p 14
45. Unrau, Administrative History, pp. 141,
"Museum Committee Reports, 1 November 1916 and 5 June 1916," Record
Group 2, VFNHP.
46. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 4, 1914, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
47. Ibid., September 5, 1917.
48. F. A. Collins, "Valley Forge Memorial Park,"
Outlook, April 11, 1917, p. 657.
49. Unrau, Administrative History, pp.
101103, 110111.
50. Daily Local News, May 5, 1906, and January
9, 1908.
51. John Bruce Dodd, Classified Structure Field
Inventory Report: School House (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge
National Historical Park, 1979).
52. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1906, p. 4.
53. Priscilla Walker Sheels to A. H. Bower, January
27, 1908, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
54. Daily Local News, January 9, 1908.
55. Daily Local News, November 11, 1907.
56. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1908, p. 4.
57. See Chapter 7
58. Collins, "Valley Forge Memorial Park," p.
657.
59. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, July
2, 1913, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
60. Dodd, Classified Structure Field Inventory
Report: School House.
61. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 17, 1896, p. 17.
62. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1904, p. 3.
63. "Inexpensive Trips Within Easy Reach,"
Philadelphia Bulletin, June 13, 1904.
64. Unidentified writer to "Editor," August 10, 1906,
Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
65. A. H. Bower to W. B. Fletcher, September 14,
1908, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
66. Daily Local News, December 2, 1909.
67. "Report of the Special Electric Railway
Committee, 6 October 1921 and 1 December 1921," Record Group 2,
VFNHP.
68. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1904, p. 6.
69. John Bruce Dodd, Classified Structure Field
Inventory Report: Observation Tower (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge
National Historical Park, 1978).
70. "Sullivan's Bridge Monument," pp. 3132.
71. Portland (Maine) Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution, Maine at Valley Forge (n.p.,1908), p. 1.
72. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 18, 1906, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
73. Sons of the American Revolution, Maine at
Valley Forge, pp. 45.
74. Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Equestrian
Statue of Major-General Anthony Wayne Erected by the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania on the Revolutionary Campground at Valley Forge, June 20,
1908 (Harrisburg, Pa.: Harrisburg Publishing Co., 1909), p. 5, in
Valley Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society.
75. Ibid., p. 6.
76. "Statue of General Anthony Wayne Dedicated at
Valley Forge," Philadelphia Press, June 21, 1908.
77. Samuel W. Pennypacker to Francis Rawle, July 6,
1909, Society Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
78. A. H. Bower to John Nicholson, July 6, 1909,
Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
79. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
1910, p. 11.
80. Superintendent Hartranft to "Valley Forge Park
Committee," January 3, 1911, Nicholson Scrapbooks, Historical Society
of Pennsylvania.
81. Superintendent Hartranft to "Whom Is May
Concern," February 10, 1912, Nicholson Scrapbooks.
82. Scrapbook A-7.2, p. 228, Montgomery County
Historical Society, Norristown, Pa.
83. Daily Local News, June 11, 1913.
84. Ibid.
85. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 13, 1906, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
86. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide,
pp. 69-70, 82.
87. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 3, 1917, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
88. Unrau, Administrative History, p. 156.
89. Superintendent to H. C. Hill, September 27, 1919, Record Group 46,
Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives.
90. Ad placed c. 1919, Record Group 46, Carton #1,
General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives.
91. "Report of the Committee for the Restoration of
Forts, 6 November 1912," Record Group 2, VFNHP.
92. Ibid., November 3, 1915.
93. Ibid., June 5, 1916.
94. Ibid., October 4, 1916.
95. Ibid., June 1, 1917.
96. Spring City Reporter, October 14, 1915
97. "President's Report of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, 1 November 1894," Record Group 2, VFNHP.
98. Unnumbered pages from Congressional
Record, Nicholson Scrapbooks, Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.
99. "The Proper Memorial at Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Record, January 26, 1911.
100. Norristown Times Herald, April 12,
1911.
101. Irving Wanger to A. H. Bower, April 1, 1911,
quoted in Park Commission Records for April 5, 1911, Record Group 46,
VFNHP.
102. Ibid., April 5, 1911.
103. War Department to W. H. Sayer, December 17,
1913, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
104. Valley Forge Park Commission to Lindley
Garrison, January 12, 1914, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General
Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives.
105. "America's Memorial Arch to Valley Forge
Heroes," Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 21, 1914.
106. Valley Forge Park Commission, Twelfth
Biennial Report . . . March 1, 1919.
107. "National Arch Presentation at Valley Forge,
June 19, 1917," Valley Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County
Historical Society.
108. W. H. Sayen to Governor Brumbaugh, May 8, 1917,
Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
109. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
December 30, 1916, p. 6.
110. Unrau, Administrative History, p.
152.
111. Sayer, "Valley Forge," pp. 224230.
112. Ibid., p. 221.
113. Ebenezer Lund to Richmond. L. Jones, October 31,
1917, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
114. Ebenezer Lund to Richmond L. Jones, July 1,
1919, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
115. Undated Memo of Ebenezer Lund, Reed Collection,
VFNHP.
116. Superintendent to Samuel G. Dixon, September 6,
1917, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
117. Superintendent to Dr. Edward Martin,
Pennsylvania Commission of Health, August 23, 1919, Record Group 46,
Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State Archives.
118. E. B. Cassatt to William A. Patton, September
29, 1915, Record Group 46, Carton #1 General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
119. E. B. Cassatt to William A. Patton, May 29,
1919, Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
120. Daily Local News, May 5, 1906.
121. F. W. Echfeldt to Edward W. Beale, May 28, 1917,
Record Group 46, Carton #1, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
Chapter 5: The Churches at Valley Forge
1. W. Herbert Burk, ed , The Valley Forge Address
of Theodore Roosevelt (Norristown, Pa. , 1909), pp. 3032,
4244. Burk's Washington's Birthday sermon appears in this
volume.
2. Ibid., p. 32.
3. Ibid., p. 37.
4. W. Herbert Burk, "The Modern Foes of George
Washington" (Paper delivered at Morristown, N.J., February 23, 1931),
pp. 1012, in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
5. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide
(1906), p. 31.
6. Eleanor H. S. Burk, In the Beginning at Valley
Forge and the Washington Memorial Chapel (North Wales, Pa.: Norman
B. Nuss, 1938), pp. 89.
7. Washington Chapel Chronicle, April 15,
1915. Copies of this parish newsletter can be found at the Horace
Willcox Memorial Library at Valley Forge National Historical Park.
8. Washington Chapel Chronicle, November 15,
1912.
9. "At Valley Forge," Norristown Times Herald,
August 12, 1911.
10. W. Herbert Burk, "Valley Forge: Its Pass,
Present, and Future," in Historical Sketches, 4:242243.
11. W. Herbert Burk, "The American Westminster,"
DAR Magazine 42 (December 1923), 704707.
12. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, p.
33.
13. Ibid., pp. 198, 205.
14. A. Edward Newton, "Change Cars in Paoli in The
Greatest Book in the World and Other Papers (New York: Little, Brown
& Co., 1925), p. 147.
15. Daily Local News, February 14, 1886.
16. "Valley Forge Memorial Church," Village
Record, July 20, 1886.
17. Daily Local News, August 23, 1888.
18. Daily Local News, November 19, 1890.
19. "Reverend James Guthrie Restrained," Daily
Local News, October 10, 1890.
20. Edward W. Hocker, "Valley Forge at a National
Park," Outlook, April 6, 1901, p. 789.
21. Washington Chapel Chronicle, June 15,
1908.
22. Daily Republican, January 13, 1936.
23. "Valley Forge: Successful Celebration of the
125th Anniversary,'" Norristown Herald, June 20, 1903.
24. Washington Chapel Chronicle, November 15,
1912.
25. Burk, "American Westminster," p. 703.
26. Ibid., p. 708.
27. Ibid., p. 704.
28. Eleanor Burk, In the Beginning at Valley
Forge, pp. 1214.
29. Ibid., pp 1011.
30. "The President at Valley Forge," Norristown
Times Herald, June 20, 1904.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. "Valley Forge Memorial," Daily Local News,
February 23, 1909.
35. The Honorable Wilfred Powell, "Address of His
Majesty's British Consul, the Honorable Wilfred Powell at the Dedication
of the Lectern" (Washington Memorial Chapel, June 15, 1909), in Reed
Collection, VFNHP.
36. Burk, In the Beginning at Valley Forge, p.
13.
37. W. Herbert Burk, Making a Museum: The
Confessions of a Curator (n.p., 1926), pp 56, 1220.
38. Ibid., pp. 3034.
39. "The Halls of History" (pamphlet), Reed.
Collection, VFNHP.
40. Burk, Making a Museum, pp. 5769.
41. Washington Chapel Chronicle, August 15,
1909.
42. Miss Lee to W. Herbert Burk, July 25, 1909,
Curator's Archives at Valley Forge Historical Society, Valley Forge,
Pa.
43. Washington Chapel Chronicle, August 15,
1909.
44. Village Record, September 12, 1909.
45. Burk, Making a Museum, p. 42.
46. Washington Chapel Chronicle, May 15,
1911.
47. Miss Leeso W. Herbert Burk, April 6, 1916,
Curator's Archives at Valley Forge Historical Society.
48. W. Herbert Burk to Burke & Herbert, Bankers,
October 13, 1923, and W. Herbert Buck to Mrs. Robert E. Lee, December
13, 1923, Curator's Archives at Valley Forge Historical Society.
49. Washington Chapel Chronicle, July 15,
1910.
50. Burk, Making a Museum, pp. 4849.
51. W. Herbert Buck to Mrs. C. M. Crosby, November 1,
1924, March 3, 1925, and n.d., Curator's Archives at Valley Forge
Historical Society.
52. Burk, Making a Museum, p. 49.
53. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide,
preface.
54. Samuel W. Pennypacker to W. Herbert Burk,
September 9, 1906, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
55. Washington Chapel Chronicle, April 15,
1908.
56. Washington Chapel Chronicle, October 15,
1908.
57. Washington Chapel Chronicle, February 15,
1911.
58. Washington Chapel Chronicle, May 15,
1911.
59. Ibid.
60. W. Herbert Burk to the Wardens and Vestrymen of
All Saints' Parish, as reprinted in Washington Chapel Chronicle,
December 15, 1910.
61. Washington Chapel Chronicle, September 15,
1910.
62. Washington Chapel Chronicle, October 15,
1910.
63. Washington Chapel Chronicle, April 15,
1908.
64. Washington Chapel Chronicle, April 15,
1910.
65. Ibid.
66. W. Herbert Burk to "Dear Friend," November 11,
1905, in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
67. W. Herbert Burk to Stock Certificate Holders of
Centennial and Memorial Association of Valley Forge, September 29, 1905,
in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
68. Stager, History of the Centennial and Memorial
Association, pp. 225, 235.
69. Washington Chapel Chronicle, June 15,
1911.
70. Washington Chapel Chronicle, July 15,
1912.
71. Washington Chapel Chronicle, July
15, 1913.
72. Washington Chapel Chronicle, March 15,
1913.
73. Washington Chapel Chronicle, September 15,
1913.
74. Charles Custis Harrison, "Memoirs" (c.
192527), pp. 105106, University of Pennsylvania Archives,
Philadelphia, Pa.
75. Samuel W. Pennypacker to Charles Custis Harrison,
December 22, 1905, Charles Custis Harrison Papers, University of
Pennsylvania Archives.
76. Harrison, "Memoirs," p. 104.
77. Ibid., p. 108.
78. Ibid., pp. 106107.
79. Ibid., p. 107. The elms have since died of Dutch
elm disease.
80. Ibid., pp. 107108.
81. Ibid., pp. 108110.
82. "Honor for Creating Memorial," Philadelphia
Public Ledger, February 9,1928.
83. W. Herbert Burk, "Valley Forge Miracles: A Sermon
Preached in the Washington Memorial Chapel by Rev. W. Herbert Burk, 13
October 1929," in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
84. Burk, "American Westminster," p. 709.
85. Harrison, "Memoirs," p. 107.
86. Burk, "American Westminster," p. 709.
87. Stephen Elmer Slocum, "The American Westminster,"
The Mentor 13 (October 1925), 46.
88. Burk, "American Westminster," p. 713.
89. Eleanor Burk, In the Beginning at Valley
Forge, p. 31.
90. Washington Chapel Chronicle, May 15,
1915.
91. Burk, "American Westminster," pp.
701703.
92. Eleanor Burk, In the Beginning at Valley
Forge, p. 33.
93. Burk, "Valley Forge Miracles."
94. Handbill for Victory Hall, in Reed Collection,
VFNHP.
95. W. Herbert Burk to Lt. Pat O'Brien, March 13,
1918, in Curator's Archives at Valley Forge Historical Society.
96. Lois B. Cassatt to "Dear ______," January 15, 1919,
Reed. Collection, VFNHP.
97. Burk, Making a Museum, pp. 7071.
98. Washington Chapel Chronicle, March 20,
1909.
99 W. Herbert Burk, "Good News for the Home Lovers of
Valley Forge: A Sermon Preached in the Washington Memorial Chapel by
Rev. W. Herbert Burk, 22 December 1918," in Reed Collection, VFNHP
100. Ibid.
Chapter 6: Historical Accuracy vs. Good Taste: Valley
Forge in the 1920s and 1930s
1. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide,
p. 202.
2. "Valley Forge Campground," Norristown Times
Herald, June 8, 1896.
3. "Land Committee Report," November 4, 1920, Records
of the Valley Forge Park Commission, Record Group 46, VFNHP
4. Charles E. Hires to Governor Gifford Pinchot,
January 28, 1924, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
5. Richmond L. Jones to Sen. T. L. Eyre, March 13,
1920, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
6. Richmond L. Jones to T. L. Eyre, March 13, 1920,
Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
7. "Land Committee Report, "January 2, 1919, in
Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
8. "Land Committee Report," December 2, 1920, Records
of the Valley Forge Park Commission, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
9. Ibid.
10. George Wheeler Stone, "The Mount Joy Forge on
Valley Creek," in The Scope of Historical Archaeology: Essays in
Honor of John L. Cotter, ed. David G. Orr and Daniel G. Crozier
(Philadelphia: Temple University Department of Anthropology, 1984), pp.
87100.
11. Ibid., pp. 94110.
12. Ibid., pp. 110119.
13. Jacob Orie Clark to Valley Forge Park Commission,
October 5, 1921, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
14. John S. Kennedy to John P. Nicholson, November
15, 1921, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives. "Loops" are masses of iron that have gone
partway through the refining process, also spelled "loop" or "loupe" and
also called "blooms."
15. Richmond L. Jones to J. S. Kennedy, November 17,
1921, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
16. Richmond L. Jones to J. S. Kennedy, December 5,
1921, Record Group 46, Carton #2, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
17. "Digging Begins in Two Parts of Park for
Foundations of Shop Burned by British," Philadelphia Inquirer,
December 2, 1928.
18. Helen Schenek, "The Upper Forge at Valley Forge"
(Report for the Museum of Applied Science Center for Archaeology
[MASCA], November 1984), pp. 2731.
19. Jerome Sheas, "The Forges at Valley Forge,"
Picket Post, July 1944, p. 6.
20. Schenek, "The Upper Forge," p. 74.
21. Ibid., p. 77.
22. "1776 Smithy Found," Philadelphia Public
Ledger, March 6, 1932. This story appeared at the time actual
preparations were being made to dismantle the building.
23. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, July
10, 1929, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
24. Albert C. Myers, "Statement Regarding Hay Creek
Forge," Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, inserted after the
minutes of March 28, 1934, VFNHP.
25. Israel R. Pennypacker, The Valley Forge Burned
by the British Troops, September 1777, and an Analysis of the Myers
Report (June 1929), p. 11, in Valley Forge Miscellaneous File,
Chester County Historical Society.
26. Ibid., pp. 67.
27. Israel R. Pennypacker, The Burned Valley
Forge: Judge Koch's Report and the Evidence Contrary to Its
Conclusions (November 1929), p. 13, in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
28. Jacob Orie Clarke to Israel R. Pennypacker, July
25, 1930, Record Group 2, VFNHP.
29. Jacob Orie Clark to Israel R. Pennypacker, August
11, 1930, Record Group 2, VFNHP.
30. George Schultz to Israel R. Pennypacker, May 14,
1930, Record Group 2, VFNHP.
31. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 23, 1930, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
32. Albert C. Myers, "Statement Regarding the Hay
Creek Forge," Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, inserted
after minutes of March 28, 1934, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
33. George Schultz to Gilbert Jones, February 12,
1945, Record Group 2, VFNHP
34. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 12, 1925, VFNHP.
35. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
pp. 3738.
36. Richard A. Koch to Members of the Park
Commission, May 19, 1931, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, 7
May 1931 [sic], Record Group 46, VFNHP.
37. George Edward Brumbaugh and Albert Ruthruaff,
"Report Regarding Architectural Services at Valley Forge National
Historical Park Prior to Its Administration by the U. S. Department of
the Interior," March 31, 1980, Record Group 2, VFNHP
38. Horace Wells Sellers to Albert C. Myers, April 7,
1932, in Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarter, pp. F9-F10.
39. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
p. 41.
40. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 22, 1933, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
41. Ibid., April 26, 1933, and May 24, 1933.
42. Laura Lee, "George Washington's Headquarters at
Valley Forge Gets Old Period Furniture," Philadelphia Bulletin,
February 19, 1934.
43. Horace Wells Sellers to Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
January 11, 1927, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, January
13, 1927, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
44. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
28, 1933, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
45. John Bruce Dodd and Cherry Dodd, Historic
Structure Report: Varnum's Quarters (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge
National Historical Park, 1981), pp. 11, 12. (Hereafter referred to as
Varnum's Quarter.)
46. Ibid., p. 36.
47. "Varnum's Encampment Quarters Is a Fine Work of
Restoration," Picket Post, October 1945, p. 25.
48. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
January 24, 1961, and December 20, 1960, Record Group 46, VFNHP. Staff
as Valley Forge National Historical Park believe that the objects
furnishing Varnum's Quarters today are not the DAR objects. Exactly what
happened to those is unknown. They may have been removed from the park
by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission when Valley Forge
became a national park in 1976.
49. "Israel Pennypacker Reviews the Work of the
Valley Forge Park Commission," Norristown Times Herald, December
7, 1932.
50. Ibid.
51. Emily D. Stephens, The Story of the Eviction
of the Stephens Family; or, Tyrannic Rule at Valley Forge
(Norristown, Pa.: Author, 1937), Valley Forge Miscellaneous File,
Chester County Historical Society.
52. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 24, 1935, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
53. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer to E. C. Smith, May 16,
1934, Record Group 46, Carton #6, General Correspondence, Pennsylvania
State Archives.
54. Daily Republican, October 3, 1935.
55. Daily Republican, November 19, 1935.
56. Letter from Governor to Edward C. Shannon,
January 18, 1936, text reprinted in Daily Republican, February 7,
1936.
57. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, 28
July 1937, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
58. Ibid., November 12, 1935.
59. Ibid., special session held July 3, 1942.
60. Daily Republican, July 7, 1942.
61. Gilbert Jones to Karl F. Scheidt, January 29,
1943, Record Group 46, Carton #3, Commission Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
62. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 29, 1923, VFNHP.
63. Executive Meeting Minutes, January 12, 1923, in
Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
64 Ibid., June 25, 1923.
65. W. Herbert Burk to "The Student Body," February
1, 1921, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
66. W. Herbert Burk to "My Dear Compatriot," January
26, 1923, Valley Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical
Society.
67. Sixth Annual Report of the Valley Forge
Historical Society, June 19, 1924, in Minutes of the Valley Forge
Historical Society.
68. W. Herbert Burk to James B. Bailey, August 31,
1926, Washington Memorial Chapel Files, Defenders' Gate, Valley Forge,
Pa.
69. W. Herbert Burk to G. H. Morgan, Chair of Valley
Forge Park Commission, October 12, 1926, General Files of the Valley
Forge Historical Society.
70. Burk, Historical and Topographical Guide,
p. 38.
71. W. Herbert Burk to the Rt. Rev. Thomas Garland,
July 12, 1926, Washington Memorial Chapel Files.
72. "The National Washington Memorial Church," Valley
Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County Historical Society.
73. "New Valley Forge Church Is Started,"
Philadelphia Public Ledger, February 23, 1928.
74. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . . 30
August 1927 to 1 June 1929, p. 8.
75. Israel R. Pennypacker, "Valley Forge,"
American Mercury, March 7, 1926, p. 344.
76. "Valley Forge a National Problem," Society
Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
77. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 12, 1928, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
78. Ibid., October 10, 1928.
79. "Dr. Burk Charges Animus to Chapel,"
Philadelphia Bulletin, December 18, 1928.
80. "Dr. Burk in Row over Auto Ban at Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Inquirer, December 18, 1928.
81. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
8, 1929, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
82. "Valley Forge Manor at Historical Valley Forge"
(c. 1927 advertisement), Valley Forge Miscellaneous File, Chester County
Historical Society.
83. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . . 30
August 1927 to 1 June 1929, p. 6.
84. Israel R. Pennypacker, Address of Israel R.
Pennypacker Made Before Pennsylvania Society and New York Color Guard
Sons of the Revolution at Valley Forge, June 7, 1930 (Philadelphia:
John T. Palmer Co., 1930), p. 7, in Valley Forge Miscellaneous Files,
Chester County Historical Society.
85. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 12, 1928, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
86. W. Herbert Burk, "What Shall We Do with Valley
Forge?" Reed Collection, VFNHP.
87. W. Herbert Burk, "Valley Forge Miracles: A Sermon
Preached in the Washington Memorial Chapel by W. Herbert Burk, 13
October 1929," Reed Collection, VFNHP.
88. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 25, 1931, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
89. Ibid., October 28, 1931.
90. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
June 19, 1929, Valley Forge Historical Society.
91. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 25, 1931, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
92. Lawrence Ritchey to Israel R. Pennypacker, April
16, 1931, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, April 22, 1931,
Record Group 46, VFNHP.
93. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
27, 1931, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
94. W. Herbert Burk to Mrs. C. H. Hinchman, May 18,
1931, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
95. Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer to W. Herbert Burk, May
25, 1931, Oberholtzer Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
96. "President Hoover's Visit on Memorial Day, 30 May
1931," pp. 1317, Reed Collection, VFNHP
97. "President Hoover at Valley Forge," Norristown
Times Herald, May 30, 1931.
98. William R. Gardner to Officers of the Valley
Forge Historical Society, July 12, 1933, in Minutes of the Valley Forge
Historical Society, inserted after the 1933 annual report.
99. Coatesville Record, April 13, 1931.
100. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 5, 1941, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
101. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . . 26
July 1939 to 1 January 1943, p. 18.
102. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
June 19, 1930, Valley Forge Historical Society.
103. Valley Forge Historical Society Treasurer to _____,
November 17, 1933, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical
Society.
104. "Museum Report," in Minutes of the Valley Forge
Historical Society, June 19, 1938, Valley Forge Historical Society.
105. Daily Republican, August 2,1929.
106. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
July 22, 1931, Record Group 46, VFNHP
107. Ibid., July 27, 1932.
108. Ibid., September 28, 1932.
109. "Israel Pennypacker Reviews Work of the Valley
Forge Park Commission," Norristown Times Herald, December 7,
1932
110. Cornelius Weygandt, The Blue Hills (New
York: Henry Hols & Co., 1936), p. 113.
Chapter 7: The "Complete Restoration" of Valley
Forge
1. Daily Republican, June 21, 1935.
2. Ibid.
3. Gilbert Jones, "Future May Learn from the Past,"
Picket Post, October 1944, p. 2
4. Gilbert Jones, "People's Mandate to Restore the
Valley Forge Encampment Urged by Park Commissioners," Picket
Post, April 1946, p. 6.
5. Ibid., p. 7.
6. Ibid., p. 16.
7. Michael Wallace, "Visiting the Past: History
Museums in the United States," Radical History Review 25 (1981),
7677, Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, pp. 359-362.
8. Charles B. Hosmer Jr. , Preservation Comes of
Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 19261949, 2
vols. (Charlottesville, Va.: Preservation Press, 1981),
1:6567.
9. Wallace, "Visiting the Past," p. 77.
10. Ada Louise Huxtable, "Inventing American
Reality," New York Review of Books, December 3, 1992, p. 24.
11. Wallace, "Visiting the Past," p. 73.
12. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, pp.
504505.
13. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . . 24
October 1935 to 1 January 1939.
14. Daily Local News, January 28, 1936.
15. Ibid.
16. Daily Republican, December 3, 1936.
17. Daily Republican, December 8, 1936.
18. Coatesville Record, November 30, 1936.
19. "Valley Forge Restoration Attacked and Defended,"
Philadelphia Bulletin, December 2, 1936.
20. Ibid.
21. Gilbert Jones, quoted in an interview in the
Daily Republican, August 15, 1938.
22. Daily Republican, December 28, 1938.
23. Daily Republican, June 6, 1939.
24. Harry Emerson Wildes, Valley Forge (New
York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 311.
25. Gilbert Jones, "Commissioners Urge Restoration of
Valley Forge Encampment," Picket Post, July 1944, p. 12. Fort
Mordecai Moore is identified in current park literature as the
unnumbered redoubt just south of Redoubt #2. Stirling Redoubt is now
identified as an unnumbered redan east of Inner Line Drive just north of
Conway's Brigade. Fort George Washington is called Redoubt #3. The rifle
pit is now identified as a redan on Mount Joy below the inner line
earthworks and above Redoubt #3, it is not identified on park
literature. According to Classified Structure Field Inventory reports
done on these structures by John Bruce Dodd in 1979, Fort Mordecai Moore
was incorrect in many details, Stirling Redoubt was located where a
redoubt had perhaps never existed, and the rifle pit might not have been
a rifle pit at all but another field work.
26. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 25, 1942, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
27. Jones, "People's Mandate," p. 11.
28. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, July
26, 1944, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
29. Ibid., July 24, 1946.
30. Ibid., November 27, 1946.
31. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
January 1947 to January 1951, p. 4.
32. George Edwin Brumbaugh to Norris D. Wright,
October 5, 1946, George Edwin Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66, Winterthur
Museum and Gardens, Wilmington, Delaware.
33. "Report Covering Certain Buildings and Areas in
Valley Forge National Park," Brumbaugh Papers, Box 8.
34. George Washington, The Writings of George
Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 17451799, ed.
John C. Fitzpatrick, vol. 10 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing
Office, 1933), p. 171.
35. Typed copy of the poem "Valley Forge" by Dr.
Albigence Waldo from The Historical Magazine, vol. 7, 1863, in
Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
36. Frank E. Schermerhorn, "Roof-Log from a Hut at
Valley Forge," Picket Post, April 1948, p. 23. The same poem also
appeared in the April 1947 issue of Picket Post with the title
"Ode to the Last Log of a Soldiers' Hut." In this version the last line
read: "To Chance of God and faith in Washington."
37. Coatesville Record, July 6, 1905
38. Philadelphia Record, September 26,
1909.
39. Edgar Williams, "That Log Cabin in Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, June 14, 1959
40. All these log structures are still visible at
Valley Forge except for the guard huts, which were no longer needed once
the park guards were furnished with motor vehicles and radio
communication. Because they were also confusing to visitors, who thought
they were replica huts, they were all taken down except for one near the
arch, which houses equipment for the arch lights.
41. Philadelphia Record, September 26,
1909.
42. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
January 21, 1948, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
43. "Camp Huts Again Rising on Historic Winter
Encampment as Restoration Work Goes On," Picket Post, July 1947,
pp. 2829.
44. "Specifications for Log 'Hutts,' " Brumbaugh
Papers, Box 70.
45. "Rigors of Washington's Winter at Valley Forge
Recalled by Restoration Project," New York Herald Tribune, August
24, 1947.
46. Milton G. Baker to Norris D. Wright, August 5,
1947, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
47. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, July
23, 1947, Record Group 46, Valley Forge National Park.
48. Ibid., November 26, 1947.
49. Plans for the first Levittown were announced on
May 7, 1947, and by 1949 some 4,000 units were sold. Within a few more
years, Levittown communities contained literally thousands of nearly
identical houses on regularly spaced parallel streets. It is interesting
so note that William Levitt employed mass production techniques he
himself had learned while erecting military housing during World War
II.
50. Norman Randolph to Thomas W. Sears, July 16,
1948, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
51. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
January 25, 1948, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
52. Ibid., February 25, 1948, and May 26, 1948.
53. "Report Concerning Certain Buildings and Areas in
Valley Forge National Historic Park," Brumbaugh Papers, Box 8.
54. Ibid.
55 Norman Randolph to Members of the Military Works
Committee, August 31, 1948, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
56. "Press Release: Knox Artillery Shop Restoration
as Valley Forge Park," Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
57. Norman Randolph to Norris D. Wright, September
23, 1948, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66
58 George Edwin Brumbaugh, "Report to the Valley
Forge Park Commission on the Colonel William Dewees Mansion, Valley
Forge," Picket Post, January 1950, p. 16.
59. Unpublished book manuscript by George Edwin
Brumbaugh, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 108.
60. Brumbaugh, "Report . . . on Dewees Mansion," pp.
1316.
61. John Bruce Dodd and Cherry Dodd, Historic
Structure Report: The David Potts House (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley
Forge National Historical Park, 198 1), p. 41. (Hereafter referred to as
David Potts House.)
62. George Edwin Brumbaugh to Norman Randolph,
January 17, 1948, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
63. George Edwin Brumbaugh to Norris Wright, December
18,1948, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
64. Dodd and Dodd, David Potts House, p.
69.
65. Brumbaugh, "Report . . . on Dewees Mansion," p.
17.
66. Dodd and Dodd, David Potts House, pp. 20,
3643.
67. Report . . . January 1947January
1951, p. 19.
68. George Edwin Brumbaugh to Norman Randolph, April
22, 1952, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
69. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 19, 1955, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
70. Ibid., May 22, 1956.
71. Ibid., April 22, 1958.
72. George Edwin Brumbaugh to Milton G. Baker, August
22, 1966. Brumbaugh Papers, Box 66.
73. Report titled "Reconstruction of Soldiers' Huts,
Valley Forge State Park Research Documentation," n.d., Record Group 2,
VFNHP.
74. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 19, 1958, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
75. Ibid., February 23, 1960.
76. Ibid., April 26, 1960.
77. Ibid., May 22, 1962.
78. Edward Pinkowsky, Washington's Officers Slept
Here (Philadelphia: Sunshine Press, 1953), p. 19.
79. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
28, 1963, Record Group 46, VFNHP
80. Ibid., April 26, 1965. It is now called the
Steuben Memorial.
81. Ibid., September 27, 1965.
82. Ibid., December 20, 1965.
83. Interview with Tom McGimsey, historic architect
at Valley Forge National Historical Park, August 5, 1992.
84. G. U. Dryanski, "What Happened to the Forge at
Valley Forge?" Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, July 22, 1962, p.
4.
85. Helen Schenek, "The Upper Forge at Valley Forge,"
Journal of the Museum of Applied Science Center for Archaeology,
November 1984, pp. 4041.
86. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
23, 1968, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
Chapter 8: New Uses for an Old Story
1. W. Herbert Burk to E. B. Cassatt, December 4,
1920, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
2. W. Herbert Burk to Jessie Tuttle, October 18,
1921, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
3. W. Herbert Burk to Mrs. William Pierce, October 4,
1923, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
4. Israel R. Pennypacker, "Valley Forge," American
Mercury, March 7, 1926, p. 343.
5. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
13, 1928, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
6. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
August 20, 1928, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
7. Ibid., June 28, 1933.
8. Ibid., October 24, 1934.
9. Theresa L. Wilson to W. Herbert Burk, October 25,
1926, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
10. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
September 25, 1939.
11. Address given by John Robbins Hart at the
Washington Memorial Chapel, April 27, 1941, Valley Forge Miscellaneous
File, Chester County Historical Society.
12. John Robbins Hart, Valley Forge During World
War II (New York: American Historical Co., 1944), pp. 21, 22,
29.
13. Walker Haeuster to Valley Forge Park Commission,
June 22, 1939, Record Group 46, Carton #2, Commission Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
14. Edward C. Shannon to Governor Arthur James, June
30, 1939, Record Group 46, Carton #2, Commission Correspondence,
Pennsylvania State Archives.
15. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 27, 1939, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
16. Ibid., January 27, 1943.
17. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
January 1943January 1947, pp. 1213.
18. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
23, 1943, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
19. R. J. Gillis to L. Ralph Phillips, February 2,
1942, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
20. Gilbert Jones to the Hon. Michael Francis Doyle,
September 1, 1942, and Hon. Michael Francis Doyle to L. Ralph Phillips,
August 31, 1942, both in Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State
Archives.
21. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 25, 1945, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
22. Script for Evacuation Day radio program, June 18,
1944, Record Group 2, VFNHP.
23. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 26, 1945, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
24. "U.S. Carrier Valley Forge Goes into Commission
with Mementos of the Historic Winter Encampment," Picket Post,
January 1947, pp. 4749.
25. Daily Republican, November 30, 1945.
26. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, pp.
586587, 657.
27. Wallace, "Visiting the Past," p. 82.
28. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . .
January 1947January 1951, pp. 1819.
29. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
October 26, 1949, Record Group 46, VFNHP
30. "National Jamboree of the Boy Scouts of America,
1950" (pamphlet), Reed Collection, VFNHP
31. McCullough's articles were reprinted in a
souvenir booklet printed in 1950 and titled "Jamboree 1950 as reported
in the Philadelphia Inquirer." The material quoted here comes from the
article originally printed on June 25, 1950. A copy of the booklet is in
the Reed Collection, VFNHP
32. Ibid., article of July 8, 1950.
33. Ibid., article of July 1, 1950.
34. Ibid., article of July 3, 1950.
35. Ibid., article of July 1, 1950.
36. Ibid., article of July 5, 1950.
37. "Official Map of Boy Scout Jamboree 1957," Reed
Collection, VFNHP.
38. Collier Rhoads, "Slip of Tongue Elevates Nixon as
Crowds Cheer," Norristown Times Herald, July 13, 1952.
39. "Spectacular Show, Fireworks Give Jamboree
Brilliant Start," Norristown Times Herald, July 18, 1964.
40. "Question Box," Picket Post, January 1965,
pp. 29-30.
41. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 24, 1965, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
42. Report titled "Patterns of the Past: Geophysical
and Aerial Reconnaissance at Valley Forge," ed. Elizabeth Ralph and
Michael Parrington, Valley Forge National Historical Park Archives.
43. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 28, 1971, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
44. Ibid., September 27, 1971.
45. Address of Dwight D. Eisenhower, reported in
Four Years of Work for Freedom, 19491953 (Valley Forge,
Pa.: Freedoms Foundation, August 31, 1953), Freedoms Foundation
Archives, Valley Forge, Pa.
46. Newsletter of Freedoms Foundation, January 1965,
Freedoms Foundation Archives. Over the years, the title of this
publication has been changed several times, it will consistently be
referred to here as Newsletter of Freedoms Foundation.
47. Chuck Bauerlein, "Teaching America About
Freedom," Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, December 18, 1983, p.
27.
48. The Archive, June 23, 1949.
49. Typed transcript, E. F. Hutton's Remarks on 22
October 1949," Freedoms Foundation Ar chives.
50. President's Report, in Four Years of Work for
Freedom, 19491953.
51. E. F. Hutton to K. D. Wells, May 31, 1949, Wells
Correspondence, Freedoms Foundation Archives.
52. Undated, untitled typed account of the history of
the Freedoms Foundation based on staff recollections, Freedoms
Foundation Archives.
53. Address of E. F. Hutton to Rotary Club in Miami,
February 9, 1949, Wells Correspondence, Freedoms Foundation
Archives.
54. Report of Don Belding, in Four Years of Work
for Freedom, 19491953.
55. Freedoms Foundation, Report from Valley Forge,
40th Anniversary Edition (Valley Forge, Pa. , 1989), p. 2.
56. From the Credo of the Freedoms Foundation as is
appeared on the cover of Atlantic Magazine, April 1949. In full,
the articles were: "Right to worship God in one's own way, Right to Free
speech and press, Right to assemble, Right to petition for grievances,
Right to privacy in our homes, Right to habeas corpusno excessive
bail, Right to trial by juryinnocent till proved guilty, Right to
move about freely at home and abroad, Right to own private property,
Right to work in callings and localities of our choice, Right to bargain
with our employers, Right to go into business, compete, make a profit,
Right to bargain for goods and services in a free market, Right to
contract about our affairs, Right to the service of government as a
protector and referee, Right to freedom from 'arbitrary' government
regulation and control." A current copy of the Credo shows that some
wording has been changed since this appeared in 1949. The Credo now
includes "Right to peaceably assemble, Right to petition for
redress of grievances, Right to trial by juryinnocent
until proved guilty, Right to bargain with our employers and
employees." The "Right o free elections and personal secret ballot"
appears in the current version but not in this 1949 version.
57. "On the Cover," Atlantic Magazine, April
1949, inside cover.
58. Daily Republican, April 18, 1949.
59. Daily Republican, November 19, 1949.
60. Daily Republican, February 22, 1958.
61 "VP Nixon Presents Awards at Freedoms Foundation
Ceremonies," Norristown Times Herald, February 22, 1953.
62. Report of the address of Cecil B. DeMille at
Freedoms Foundation, in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
63. "Two Area Winners of Freedom Awards,"
Norristown Times Herald, November 21, 1949
64. Descriptions of school awards program in Four
Year of Work for Freedom, 19491953.
65. Greg Walter, "Snow Job at Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Magazine, February 1968, p. 71.
66. Ibid., p. 73. This is not to suggest that
McCarthy had any connection with the Freedoms Foundation. Nothing
uncovered in the research for this book indicated that this was the
case.
67. Letter to Editor from Harry Sayre, President of
UPA-CIO, The Archive, April 19, 1951.
68. Radio Reports Inc. Script for Freedoms Foundation
to Air 12:00 Noon, June 3, 1949, Freedoms Foundation Archives.
69. Taped Radio Spot Commercials, Freedoms Foundation
Archives.
70. Freedoms Handbook, Freedoms Foundation
Archives.
71. Bauerlein, "Teaching America About Freedom," p.
27.
72. E. F. Hutton's remarks on October 22, 1949.
73. Ibid.
74. Freedoms Foundation souvenir, Reed Collection,
VFNHP.
75. Quoted in Daily Republican, August 18,
1949.
76. Message of Kenneth D. Wells, in Newsletter of
Freedoms Foundation, June 1957.
77. E. F. Hutton's remarks on October 22, 1949.
78. Fact Sheet on Freedoms Foundation Library,
Freedoms Foundation Archives.
79. "Mementos of Freedom," Philadelphia Inquirer
Magazine, December 8, 1963, p. 7.
80. The Medal of Honor Grove: Its Origins and
History (Valley Forge, Pa.: Freedoms Foundation, n.d.).
81. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
23, 1918, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
82. Interview with Robert Miller, President, Betty
Miller (his wife), and Dr. Charles Hepburn, Vice President, at Freedoms
Foundation, Valley Forge, Pa., September 10, 1992.
83. John F. Reed, "Dedication at Valley Forge,"
Picket Post, January 1968, p. 27.
84. Daily Republican, April 28, 1952.
85. Daily Republican, June 23, 1958.
86. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 20, 1960, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
87. Ibid., May 23, 1961.
88. Ibid., October 26, 1964.
Chapter 9: The Siege of Valley Forge
1. Traffic Regulations for Dogwood Display Sundays,
1936, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
2. "A Threat to the Hallowed Acres," Norristown
Times Herald, August 26, 1949.
3. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, April
28, 1948, and May 26, 1948, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
4. Ibid., March 25, 1930.
5. Ibid., June 25, 1963.
6. Ibid., May 28, 1963.
7. Ibid., September 25, 1967.
8. Kenneth D. Wells to Joseph Neff Ewing, January 27,
1958, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
9 "New Post Office at Valley Forge Dedicated,"
Picket Post, October 1964, pp. 1819, 29.
10. "Two Hundred Attend Hearing for Commercial Plan
in Schuylkill Township," Daily Republican, November 20, 1962.
11. John F. Reed to Schuylkill Township Supervisors,
November 21, 1962, Reed Collection, VFNHP.
12. "Valley Forge Crisis" (Joseph Perron, 1967), Reed
Collection, VFNHP.
13. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
January 15, 1968, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
14. Ibid., April 22, 1968.
15. Ibid., February 26, 1968.
16. Ibid., November 25, 1968.
17. Ibid., March 25, 1968.
18. Ibid., June 14, 1968.
19. Ibid., February 23, 1970.
20. Ibid., February 22, 1971.
21. Phyllis and Charles Martin to Charles E. Mather,
March 14, 1971, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
22. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 22, 1971, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
23. Ibid., July 23, 1973.
24. Ibid., June 23, 1969.
25. Ibid., August 31, 1970.
26. Quoted in "Valley Forge Ok's Vets Antiwar Rally,"
Norristown Times Herald, September 1, 1970.
27. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 28, 1970, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
28. Robert Fowler, "Rabbi, Wife Wounded by Guard,"
Philadelphia Inquirer, October 18, 1970.
29. Robert Fowler, "Guard Suspended in Shooting of
Rabbi in Valley Forge Park," Philadelphia Inquirer, November 7,
1970.
30. Pat Sheehy, "'No Peace on Earth' Say Veterans
Camped at Park," Today's Post, December 27, 1971
31. "Hoodlum Hangout at Valley Forge,"
Philadelphia Inquirer, May 8, 1969.
32. Press Release from Valley Forge State Park, May
21, 1971, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
33. Robert Bridges, "Hoodlums Desecrate Valley Forge,
Commissioner Says," Philadelphia Bulletin, July 14, 1971.
34. Jerome Sheas's Report in Records of the Valley
Forge Park Commission, inserted after December 28, 1970, Record Group
46, VFNHP.
35. Ibid.
36. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
October 24, 1968.
37. Maria Goddard to Joane Fulcoly, March 21, 1968,
Record Group 2, VFNHP.
38. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 4, 1974, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
39. S. K. Stevens to M. M. Ammerman, September 14,
1971, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
40. Gertrude Kimble to Valley Forge Park Commission,
June 1, 1971, Record Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
41. Interview with Meade Jones, President, Valley
Forge Historical Society, August 7, 1992.
42. "Society's Stolen Artifacts Recovered by Police,"
Picket Post, 3rd quarter 1977, pp. 1820.
43. Robert Fowler, "Valley Forge Guards Pocket Fees
from Guided Tours of Shrine," Philadelphia Inquirer, January 7,
1971.
44. Robert Fowler, "Valley Forge Park Chief Admits
Taking Kickbacks," Philadelphia Inquirer, February 9,1971.
45. Robert Fowler, "Head of Park Is Ousted at Valley
Forge," Philadelphia Inquirer, March 16, 1971.
46. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May
21, 1973, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
47. Ibid., July 22, 1974.
48. "State of the Union," January 22, 1973, a
handwritten report inserted in Records of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
49. Special Status Committee Report, March 4, 1974,
in Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, Record Group 46,
VFNHP.
50. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
24, 1974, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
51. Ibid., September 23, 1974.
52. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,
and Gilboy, Stauffer & Giombetti, Stibinski & Davies,
Architects, Engineers, and Planners, A Master Plan for Valley Forge
State Park (Harrisburg, Pa., April 20, 1975), p. 2.
53. Ibid., p. 8.
54. Ibid., p. 54.
55. Ibid., pp 8, 14.
56. Ibid., p. 15.
57. Ibid., p. 52.
58. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 23, 1974, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
59. Statement of Jack Schwartz, May 5, 1975, in
Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, inserted after June 23,
1975, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
60. Ibid.
61. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 22, 1974, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
62. "State of the Union," handwritten report in
Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, April 23, 1973, Record
Group 46, VFNHP
63. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 24, 1975, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
64. "Valley Forge Park Fee Suggestion Is Rapped by
Commission," Norristown Times Herald, February 24, 1976.
65. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 28, 1976, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
66. Horace Mather Lippincott "The Problem of a
College in a City," in Brumbaugh Papers, Box 67, Winterthur Museum.
67. "The Valley Forge Ideal and the University of
Pennsylvania," Brumbaugh Papers, Box 89.
68. "Report of the Philadelphia Committee on the
Establishment of a College of Liberal Arts at Cressbrook Farm, Valley
Forge, and Embodying a Plan for Such a College. Submitted at the
Baltimore Conference of the Association of Pennsylvania Alumni, October
2425, 1935," Brumbaugh Papers, Box 67.
69. Ibid.
70. George Edwin Brumbaugh to E. Wallace Chadwick,
June 27, 1935, Brumbaugh Papers, Box 67.
71. "Tredyffrin Board Delays Decision on
Chesterbrook," Today's Post, December 12, 1971.
72. Unrau, Administrative History, p. 533.
73. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 21, 1971, Record Group 46, VFNHP
74. Daily Local News, February 11, 1972.
75. Margaret Giacalone, "We Need Chesterbrook,"
Suburban and Wayne Times, April 27, 1972.
76. Unrau, Administrative History, pp.
534535.
77. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 28, 1975, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
78. Coleman McCarthy, "Valley Forge: A New Struggle
for the Sacred Ground," Philadelphia Inquirer (Washington Post
News Service), June 8, 1975.
79. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
August 26, 1936, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
80. Ibid., December 18, 1962.
81. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 26, 1976, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
82. Unrau, Administrative History, p. 545.
83. Editorial, Philadelphia Bulletin, May 14,
1974.
84. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
December 24, 1975, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
85. Ibid., February 28, 1976.
86 Unrau, Administrative History, pp. 529,
530, 535536.
87. Ibid., pp. 537, 539, 541.
88. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June
24, 1974, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
89. Ibid., September 22, 1975.
90. House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs,
Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation, Hearings on H.R. 2257,
H.R. 5621 and H.R. 7999, 94th Cong., 1st sess., September 29,
1975.
91. Ibid., pp. 1516.
92. Ibid., p 65
93. Ibid., pp. 8081.
94. Ibid., pp. 8283.
95. Ibid., p. 125127.
96. Ibid., pp. 4551.
97. Unrau, Administrative History, pp.
563564, 566567, 569.
98. Ibid., pp. 570571.
99. Ibid., p. 609.
100. "Only Gradual Changes at the Park," Picket
Post, 4th quarter 1976, p. 21
101. "Valley Forge Unit to Be 'Watchdogs,' "
Norristown Times Herald, September 28, 1976.
102. Unrau, Administrative History, pp.
613614.
Chapter 10: A Struggle for Growth and Professionalism
at the Washington Memorial
1. This point is made in much correspondence and
literature originating at the Washington Memorial during Burk's day.
In fact, the parish newsletter, the Washington Chapel
Chronicle, is subtitled "A Record of Religion and Patriotism."
2. Obituary for Dr. John Robbins Hart, Daily
Republican, September 19, 1967.
3. Daily Local News, January 1, 1936.
4. Daily Republican, August 20, 1937.
5. John Robbins Hart to Walter L. Wright, July 3,
1941, Washington Memorial Chapel Files, Defenders' Gate.
6. John Neff Ewing to John Robbins Hart, July 10,
1941, Washington Memorial Chapel Files.
7. "Daughters of American Revolution Go Forward in
Plans to Build Bell Tower for Valley Forge," Picket Post, July
1946, p. 26.
8. Daily Republican, September 24, 1941.
9. Daily Local News, February 24, 1942.
10. "Memorial Tower Fund of DAR over $60,000,"
Picket Post, January 1947, p. 41.
11. "Daughters of the American Revolution Campaign
for Thanksgiving Bell Tower Is Nearing the Goal Fixed at $ 100,000,"
Picket Post, April 1947, p. 31.
12. "National Carillon Soon to Be Housed in Tower
Provided by Funds Obtained by Daughters of American Revolution,"
Picket Post, July 1947, p. 31.
13. Gertrude S. Carraway, "Valley Forge Bell Tower
Cornerstone Relaid," DAR Magazine 84 (August 1950),
652653.
14. "Demolition of Original Chapel and Teddy
Roosevelt Letters Link Memories of Great Memorial," Picket Post,
January 1948, p. 47.
15. Daily Republican, September 21, 1939.
16. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
July 28, 1941.
17. Executive Meeting Minutes of the Valley Forge
Historical Society, October 12, 1942.
18. Ibid., May 10, 1943.
19. Directors' Meeting Minutes of the Valley Forge
Historical Society, November 13, 1944.
20. Annual Meeting of the Valley Forge Historical
Society, January 13, 1947.
21. Daily Local News, February 9, 1957.
22. "Tom Thumb's Family Sees Midget's Piano,"
Picket Post, October 1947, p. 22. The piano is still among the
holdings of the historical society bus not on view to visitors.
23. Gilbert Jones to Mr. Joseph B. Ganser, March 2,
1945, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society. The fate of
this object is unknown today.
24. "Letters by George Washington Found in a
Museum's Dust," Kansas City Star, April 8, 1951. The signet ring
has since been stolen from the museum.
25. John Robbins Hart to Dear Director, in Minutes
of the Valley Forge Historical Society, filed after March 10, 1952.
26. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
December 8, 1958.
27. "Society Museum Must Present Drama, Not Cabinet
of Curios or Castoffs," Picket Post, January 1945, p. 9.
28. Lloyd Eastwood-Siebold, "A New Day Is Dawning,"
Picket Post, October 1950, p. 4.
29. "The Valley Forge Library," Picket Post,
February 1962, p. 40.
30. Henry C. Biddle to Parishioners and Friends of
the Chapel, August 4, 1965, in Reed Collection, VFNHP.
31. Interview with Dr. Sheldon M. Smith, retired
rector of Washington Memorial Chapel, June 24, 1992.
32. Ibid.
33. Frank Law to Mr. Moll, January 30, 1968, Record
Group 46, Pennsylvania State Archives.
34. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 28, 1976, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
35. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
December 9, 1967.
36. W. L. Cremers of the vestry to Francis Forbes,
3rd vice president of Valley Forge Historical Society, in Minutes of the
Valley Forge Historical Society, filed after February 13, 1968.
37. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 24, 1969, Record Group. 46, VFNHP.
38. Interview with Dr. Sheldon M. Smith, June 24,
1992.
39. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
December 15, 1969.
40. Howard Gross to the vestry, May 25, 1972, in
Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society, filed after June 26,
1972.
41. Secretary of the Vestry William Gesner to Howard
Gross, June 19, 1972, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical
Society.
42. Building Inspector, Notes on Inspection, July
11, 1972, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
43. Margaret Roshong to Park Commissioners, March 2,
1970, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, March 23, 1970,
Record Group 46, VFNHP.
44. Margaret Roshong to Charles E. Mather, March 21,
1970, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, March 23, 1970,
Record Group 46, VFNHP.
45. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
September 24, 1973, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
46. Proposed Agreement between Valley Forge
Historical Society and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,
May 14, 1975, Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, May 14, 1975,
Record Group 46, VFNHP
47. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
December 11, 1976.
48. Ibid., April 1, 1978.
49. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
May 23, 1979.
50. Ibid.
51. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
November 10, 1979.
52. Julia Cass, "Valley Forge Pits a Church Against
History," Philadelphia Inquirer, January 6, 1980.
53. Meade Jones to Dear DAR Member, October 1, 1979,
in Litigation Papers of the Valley Forge Historical Society, Valley
Forge, Pa.
54. Frank Law to Friends of the Washington Memorial
Chapel, January 1980, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical
Society.
55. Sheldon Smith to Dear Friends, May 19, 1980,
reprinted in Chapel Dateline, filed in Litigation Papers of the
Valley Forge Historical Society.
56. Meade Jones to the Rt. Rev. Lyman C. Ogilby,
July 6, 1979, General Files of the Valley Forge Historical Society.
57. Interview with Meade Jones, President of the
Valley Forge Historical Society, August 7, 1992.
58. William Scott Margaree III to Meade Jones, March
29, 1978, in Litigation Papers of the Valley Forge Historical
Society.
59. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
December 15, 1984.
60. Interview with Dr. Sheldon M. Smith, June 24,
1992.
61. Collections Policy adopted in 1985, in Minutes
of the Valley Forge Historical Society, January 26, 1985.
62. Press release by the Valley Forge Historical
Society, February 22, 1982, in Litigation Papers of the Valley Forge
Historical Society.
63 "Valley Forge Historical Society Permanent
Exhibit Opened July 4, 1984," Valley Forge Journal, December
1984, p. 146.
64. Message from the President," Valley Forge
Journal, June 1982, p. 5.
65. Michael Kammen to Meade Jones, November 24,
1981, in Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society, January 30,
1982.
66. Toby Raphael, "An American Treasure Preserved,"
Picket Post, 2nd quarter 1979, pp. 1517.
Chapter 11: New Interpretations at Valley Forge
1. "Question Box," Picket Post, July 1971, p.
40.
2. W. Herbert Burk, Washington at Valley Forge: A
Drama, act 1, scene 4.
3. "General's Wife Played Dominant Role in Camp,"
Daily Republican, June 30, 1950.
4. Edward Pinkowsky, Washington's Officers Slept
Here (Philadelphia: Sunshine Press, 1953), p. 6.
5. Virginia L. Atkinson, "Campfollowers of the
American Revolution," Picket Post, Summer 1976, pp. 1317.
To this day, little is known about women at Valley Forge, mainly because
there is no primary source material. We do know that certain officers'
wives were present and did gather together to socialize, but whether
they made any contribution to the welfare of the common soldiers is
unknown. It is also known that campfollowers were present, and their
roles as nurses and laundresses are mentioned. Exactly how these women
lived and where they were housed is unknown.
6. Dodd and Dodd, Varnum's Quarters, p.
14.
7. Interview with Tom McGimsey, August 5, 1992.
8. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
pp. 4345, 54.
9. Ibid., p 46
10. Ibid., p. 125.
11. Interview with Tom McGimsey, August 5, 1992
12. Anne Woodward, A Furnishing Plan for the
Headquarters of General George Washington at Valley Forge, Pa.
(Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge State Park, 1974), pp. 1, 1011,
19, 37, 43, 65.
13. Valley Forge National Historical Park,
Interpretive Prospectus (Valley Forge, Pa. , February 15, p.
9.
14. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
November 26, 1963, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
15. Dodd and Dodd, Washington's Headquarters,
p. 53. Since then, many changes have been made in the interests of
historical accuracy.
16. Joan Perkolup, " 'Soldier' Puts Life into
Revolutionary Tales at Valley Forge," Philadelphia Bulletin,
August 23, 1970.
17. Betty Sampson, "History of the Valley Forge
Living History Volunteers, 19741976," in Record Group 2,
VFNHP.
18. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
April 26, 1971, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
19. "Park Panel Sets Strict 'Bicen' Policy,"
Norristown Times Herald, May 1, 1971.
20. Alfred Stern, "A Preliminary Report on Operation
Valley Forge," June 1949, in Record Group 2, VFNHP.
21. Barry Spyker, "Ballad of Valley Forge: Hills
Come Alive with Music," Norristown Times Herald, May 10,
1976.
22. "The Great Cow Chase" (handbill), Reed
Collection, VFNHP.
23. Press Kit for Bicentennial Wagon Train
Pilgrimage, in Record Group. 2, VFNHP.
24. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
March 24, 1975, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
25. George H. Ebner to Creed C. Black, n.d., in
Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, June 28, 1976, Record Group
46, VFNHP.
26. Editorial, Picket Post, 4th quarter 1976,
p. 4.
27. Unrau, Administrative History, p.
608.
28. Interview with Richard Wells, April 22, 1993. At
the time the GMP was written, Wells was team captain of the Planning
Team, Mid-Atlantic/North Atlantic Team, Denver Service Center.
29. Wallace B. Elms to Regional Director, December
7, 1984, Alfred H. Link to Joseph W. Westner, December 18, 1984, Wallace
B. Elms to Regional Director, February 8, 1985. The papers in notes 29
through 33 were privately obtained through public information officer,
National Park Service, Mid.Atlantic Regional Office, Philadelphia.
30. Wallace B. Elms to Regional Director, February
8, 1985, Mary C. Carroll to Edwin G. Holl, March 15, 1985.
31. James W. Coleman Jr. to Regional Director,
September 23, 1985.
32. Supplementary Case/Incident Report, October 5,
1985, no. 850839, VFNHP.
33. Wayne Bodle to Dr. Larry E. Tise, March 14,
1986, William Penn Most Jr. to John Fowler, July 29, 1986.
34. Helen Schenek, "Archaeological Prospecting at
Valley Forge," Journal of the Museum of Applied Sciences Center for
Archaeology, December 1978, p. 16.
35. Valley Forge Park Commission, Report . . . 1
June 1958 to 31 May 1960, Records of the Valley Forge Park
Commission, September 27, 1960, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
36. Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission,
February 24, 1964, VFNHP.
37. Michael Parrington, Helen Schenek, and
Jacqueline Thibaut, "The Material World of the Revolutionary War Soldier
at Valley Forge, " in The Scope of Historical Archaeology: Essays in
Honor of John L. Cotter, ed. David G. Orr and Daniel G. Crozier
(Philadelphia: Temple University, Department of Anthropology, 1984), pp.
132133, Douglas C. George, Archaeological Collection Management
at Valley Forge (Philadelphia: U.S. Department of the Interior,
National Park Service, February 1986), p. 32.
38. Parrington, Schenek, and Thibaut, "Material
World of the Revolutionary Soldier," p. 130.
39. John L. Cotter, "Preliminary Report on
Archaeological Investigations at the Pennsylvania Encampment at Valley
Forge, JulyOctober, 1966," pp. 18, Record Group 2,
VFNHP.
40. Parrington, Schenek, and Thibault, "Material
World of the Revolutionary Soldier," pp. 134138.
41. George, Archaeological Collection
Management, pp. 4851.
42. "State of the Union, " handwritten report
inserted in Records of the Valley Forge Park Commission, January 22,
1973, Record Group 46, VFNHP.
43. George, Archaeological Collection
Management, p. 6.
44. Patterns of the Past: Geophysical and Aerial
Reconnaissance at Valley Forge, " report edited by Elizabeth Ralph and
Michael Parrington, Valley Forge National Historical Park Archives.
45. Louis J. Venuto to Chief of Interpretation,
August 31, 1983, Valley Forge National Historical Park Archives.
46. Interview with Joseph Lee Boyle, historian at
Valley Forge National Historical Park, April 14, 1993.
47. Wayne K. Bodle The Vortex of Small Fortunes:
The Continental Army at Valley Forge, 17771778, vol. 1 of
Valley Forge Report (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge National
Historical Park, 198082), p. 76.
48. Ibid., pp. 77, 81.
49. Ibid., p. 97.
50. Ibid., p. 123.
51. Ibid., p. 351.
52. Jacqueline Thibaut, The Fatal Crisis:
Logistics and the Continental Army at Valley Forge, 17771778,
vol. 2 of Valley Forge Report, ed. Wayne K. Bodle and Jacqueline
Thibaut (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley Forge National Historical Park,
198082), pp. 227, 237.
53. Ibid., p 267.
54. Ibid., p 339.
55. Ibid., p 371.
56. Ibid., p 392.
57. Ibid., pp. 664665.
58. Ibid., p. 666.
59. John F. Reed, Valley Forge: Crucible of
Victory (Monmouth Beach, N.J.: Philip Freneau Press, 1969), p.
5
60. Ibid., p. 41.
61. Ibid., p. 68.
62. John B B Trussell Jr , Birthplace of an Army:
A Story of the Valley Forge Encampment (1976, reprint, Harrisburg:
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1983), p. iii.
63 Ibid., pp. 510, 111.
64. Ibid., p. 116.
65. John Shy to Gil Lusk, August 20, 1979, Valley
Forge National Historical Park Archives.
66. Charles W. Snell to Chief Historian, November
17, 1980, Valley Forge National Historical Park Archives.
67. Charles W. Snell to Chief Historian, November
18, 1980, Valley Forge National Historical Park Archives.
68. John Luzader to Chief Historian, n.d., Valley
Forge National Historical Park Archives.
69. Memorandum to Associate Director of Cultural
Resources from Regional Director of Mid. Atlantic Region, March 2, 1984,
Files of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Office, National Park Service,
Philadelphia. The additional studies included a demographic analysis of
the Continental Army at Valley Forge, a study on the life of the common
soldier at Valley Forge, a study of revisionist interpretations of the
Valley Forge encampment, a study of the impact of regional geography
economics and demography on the Valley Forge encampment, and a study of
the organization and effective strength of the main Continental Army. So
far, only the first additional study has been done.
70. Richard. L. Blanco, The War of the American
Revolution: A Selected Bibliography of Published Sources (New York:
Garland, 1984), entry no. 737.
71. Valley Forge National Historical Park,
Interpretive Prospectus (Valley Forge, Pa., February 15, 1982),
pp. 2, 3, 6.
72. Interview with Bob Dodson, Chief of
Interpretation at Valley Forge National Historical Park, August 3,
1992.
73. David M. Lockwood, "The Symbolism of Valley
Forge Restored," Suburban and Wayne Times, July 20,1989.
74. David M. Lockwood, "Suffering of Washington's
Army Was Very Real," Suburban and Wayne Times, July 27,
1989.
75. Minutes of the Valley Forge Historical Society,
November 18, 1989.
76. Ibid., January 18, 1990.
77. Ibid., March 18, 1990.
78. John Bruce Dodd and. Cherry Dodd, Historic
Structure Report: The Philander Knox Estate (Valley Forge, Pa.:
Valley Forge National Historical Park, 1981), p. 116.
79. Interview with Tom McGimsey, historic architect
as Valley Forge National Historical Park, August 5, 1992.
80. The Kennedy-Supplee Mansion (Wayne, Pa.:
Middle States Preservation, December 1986), p. 2.
81. John Bruce Dodd, Classified Structure Field
Inventory Report, Kennedy-Supplee Mansion (Valley Forge, Pa.: Valley
Forge National Historical Park, 1979).
82. James Kurtz, Archaeological Inventory and
Assessment: The Western Portion (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department
of the Interior, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office,
1990), introduction.
83. Ibid., p. 297.
Epilogue: Valley ForgePast, Present,
Future
1. Interview with Dr. Richard Stinson, Director of
Washington Memorial Chapel, August 13, 1992.
2. Chuck Bauerlein, "Teaching America About Freedom,"
Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, December 18, 1983, p. 28.
3. Interview with Robert W. Miller, President, Betty
Miller (his wife), and Charles Hepburn, Vice President, Freedoms
Foundation, September 11, 1992.
4. 1990: The Year in Review (Valley Forge,
Pa.: Freedoms Foundation, n.d.).
5. Charles Hepburn, "An Examination of Certain
Passages from Barbara MacDonald Powell, 'The Most Celebrated Encampment:
Valley Forge in American Culture, 17771983,' " p. 7, in Vertical
Files at Horace Willcox Library, VFNHP.
6. Interview with Denny Beach, August 3, 1992.
7. Al Kerr to Editor, Philadelphia Inquirer,
March 29, 1992
8. Interview with Denny Beach, August 3, 1992.
9. Thomas Clinton McGimsey, "Untangling the History
of the Pawling Wetherill House at Walnut Hill Estate" (M.S. thesis,
University of Pennsylvania, 1992), pp. 7071, available at Horace
Willcox Memorial Library, VFNHP.
10. Interview with Denny Beach, August 3, 1992.
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