Cover to A Nationalized Lakeshore: The Creation and Administration of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
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Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter One,
"National Parks Are Where You Find Them:" The Origins of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore

Chapter Two,
"We're Going For The Right Thing:" The Legislative Struggle to Create Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1971- 1977

Chapter Three,
Changes on the Land: The Early Management of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977-1983

Chapter Four
Plans, Programs and Controversy: The Reassessment of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977-1983

Chapter Five,
"A Local and National Treasure:" Managing the Sleeping Bear Dunes Park, 1984- 1995

Conclusion,
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore At Twenty-Five


Appendix One,
Budgetary Progress of Sleeping Bear Dunes N.L.

Appendix Two,
Selected Past and Present Employees of Sleeping Bear N.L.

Appendix Three,
Selected Visitation Statistics

Appendix Four,
Public Law 91-479

Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 2 Notes

Chapter 3 Notes

Chapter 4 Notes

Chapter 5 Notes

Conclusion Notes

Figures

Images

Bibliography



A Nationalized Lakeshore:
The Creation and Administration of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
Chapter 5 Notes

Chapter 5 Notes

[1]Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap: Trading Public Land for Private Grain in the Sleeping Bear National Lakeshore (n.p.: Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, 1996), 6.

[2]John Holusha, "County Threatens to Cut Timber in National Park," New York Times, n.d., Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Clipping File, 1984, July-December, SLBD Records; Rita Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset, 150-4.

[3]Record-Eagle (Traverse City), December 12, 1983; James C. Gilbo, Personal Communication, May 28, 1999.

[4] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 21, 1979, December 12, 1983, July 24, 1986, February 26, 1987; Grand Rapids Press, September 12, 1984; Cockrell, A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 293-4.

[5] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), October 17, 1985.

[6] Gina Guy, Regional Solicitor, Rocky Mountain Region to F. Henry Habicht, Assistant Attorney General, March 30, 1987, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records.

[7] Richard R. Peterson to Guy Vander Jagt, October 12, 1984, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records. Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 4, 1984.

[8] Detroit News, September 19, 1985; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 5, 1985, September 12, 1985, September 19, 1985.

[9] Mining Journal (Marquette, Michigan), December 12-13, 1986; Grand Rapids Press, December 12, 15, 1986; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 18, 1986.

[10] Ibid; Daily Press (Ashland, Wisconsin), December 27, 1986.

[11] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 13, 1987; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 20, 1986.

[12] Anne M. Woiwode, Conservation Representative, Sierra Club to Governor James Blanchard, April 30, 1986, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 18, 1986; Preview, April 6, 1987. For Leelanau County based environmentalists opposed to the Road Commission's position on North Manitou see: June Janis to "Pete" Peterson, March 19, 1985, Road Commission Suit File, SLBD Records.

[13] Plaintiffs' First Interrogatories to Defendant, County of Leelanau and Leelanau Road Commission v. United States of America, United States District Court, Western District of Michigan, Case No.G87-211CA; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, April 14, 1988.

[14] Grand Rapids Press, March 1, 1987; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 21, 1987, October 15, 1987, May 5, 1988.

[15] James C. Gilbo, Personal Communication, May 28, 1999; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 18, 1989, September 21, 1989. Ironically this solution to the issue was very similar to a plan proposed by Superintendent Peterson to the regional office in September of 1981; Superintendent of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore to Director, Midwest Regional Office, September 23, 1981, County Roads Issue File, SLBD Records.

[16] Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, April 5, 1999; Grand Rapids Press, June 8, 1986.

[17] Detroit News, June 29, 1986; Grand Rapids Press, June 8, 1986; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 18, 1986.

[18] Preview (Traverse City), January 19, 1987.

[19] William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, May 27, 1999.

[20] Ibid.

[21] Richard Peterson, Oral History Interview, May 27, 1998; William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 27, 1986.

[22] Ibid.

[23] Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.

[24] Henry C. Cowles, "The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan," Botanical Gazette, 27, 95-177; 167-202; 281-308; 361-9; W.G. Waterman, Forests and Dunes from Point Betsie to Sleeping Bear (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University, 1922); W.G. Waterman, "Ecology of the Glen Lake and Sleeping Bear Region," Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. 6, 351-75; Robert T. Hatt, Island Life in Lake Michigan (Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1948).

[25] Richard West Sellers, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 205-19.

[26] Charles M. Anderson, Isle of View: A History of South Manitou Island (Frankfurt, Mich.: privately printed, 1979); Benzie County Advisor, June 20, 1989.

[27] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1995, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, July 10, 1986.

[28] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 24, 1984; Benzie County Advisor, July 29, 1985.

[29] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1984, SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 17, 1984.

[30] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1995 SLBD Records; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, March 6, 1986.

[31] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 14, 1991, July 22, 1993.

[32] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 19, 1995; Ivan D. Miller, Oral History Interview, March 8, 1999.

[33] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990, SLBD Records; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 10, 1993; The Blade (Toledo, Ohio), March 10, 1988; Brian Hazlett, et al, The Terrestrial Vegetation and Flora of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1988).

[34] Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), July 31, 1991.

[35] Benzie County Record-Patriot, October 20, 1993.

[36] Detroit News, September 15, 1991; Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.

[37] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, May 2, 1985.

[38] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1993, SLBD Records; Detroit News, May 23, 1993.

[39] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1993, SLBD Records; Rusco, North Manitou Island, 154-5.

[40] Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.

[41] William Herd, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998; LuAnne Gaykowski Kozma, Living at a Lighthouse: Oral Histories from the Great Lakes (Allen Park, Mich.: Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association, 1987).

[42] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), January 12, 1987; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, November 10, 1988.

[43] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1990, SLBD Records.

[44] Charles Parkinson, Oral History Interview, March 2, 1998; Benzie County Advisor, November 11, 1985, July 27, 1992.

[45] Richard Alesch, et al, Development Concept Plan/Interpretive Prospectus/Environmental Assessment, Glen Haven Area, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore/Michigan (Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, 1987), 1-5.

[46] Ibid, 25-9.

[47] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 1, 12, 28, 1987.

[48] Alesch, et al, Development Concept Plan, Glen Haven, 26-8; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 12, 13, 1987; Grand Rapids Press, August 14, 1987.

[49] Richard Alesch, Nancy Baker, Michele D'Arcy, et al, Development Concept Plan/Interpretive Prospectus, Glen Haven Area, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, Denver Service Center, 1992).

[50] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 12, 1987.

[51] Sylvia B. Kruger, Statement on Preserving Historic Importance of South Manitou Island, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission Meeting, June 17, 1977.

[52] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1977, SLBD Records; Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida: A Community Slips Away," Traverse, the Magazine, (March, 1990), 23.

[53] Martha M. Bigelow, Michigan State Historic Preservation Officer to Merrill D. Beal, Director, Midwest Regional Office, January 4, 1978, Minutes of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Advisory Commission, November 10, 1978, SLBD Records.

[54] Sylvia B. Kruger, Statement on South Manitou Island for inclusion into the record of the public meetings, November 1 and 2, 1977 for the revision of the General Management Plan for Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, South Manitou Island Management Subunit File, SLBD Records; National Park Service, Planning Alternatives Workbook: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan, November 1978; Preserve Sleeping Bear, Mission Statement, July 14, 1998.

[55] Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1989, 1992, SLBD Records; Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 13, 1998.

[56] Robert Z. Melnick, Daniel Sponn, and Emma Jane Saxe, Cultural Landscapes: Rural Historic Districts in the National Park System (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1984); Ron Cockrell, A Special History of Port Oneida and the Pyramid Point Agricultural District, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Omaha, Nebraska: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1984); Benzie County Advisor, July 17, 1989.

[57] Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida," Traverse; Elizabeth Edwards, "Old Mission Crusade," Traverse (September, 1997), 40-7; Susan Olsen Haswell and Arnold R. Alanen, A Garden Apart: An Agricultural and Settlement History of Michigan's Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Region (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1994); Marla J. McEnaney, William H. Tishler, and Arnold R. Alanen, Farming at the Water's Edge: An Assessment of Agricultural and Cultural Landscape Resources in the Proposed Port Oneida Rural Historic District at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Omaha: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 1995); Brenda Wheeler Williams, Arnold R. Alanen, William H. Tishler, Coming Through With Rye: An Historic Agricultural Landscape Study of South Manitou Island at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Omaha: Midwest Field Office, National Park Service, 1996).

[58] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 28; December 4, 1995.

[59] Karamanski, The Pictured Rocks: Administrative History of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, 116-7.

[60] Randal O'Toole, "The National Pork Service," Forbes, November 20, 1995, 160-70; George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks. (Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Moyer Bell, 1988); Record-Eagle (Traverse City), August 27, 1993.

[61] Neal Bullington, Oral History Interview, August 14, 1998; The Mining Journal (Marquette, Mich.), August 29, 1993; Grand Rapids Press, August 29, 1993.

[62] Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, October 20, 1994.

[63] Ibid; Elizabeth Edwards, "Port Oneida," Traverse, 22-4.

[64] Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, September 1, 1983; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), November 27, 1995.

[65] Benzie-Record Patriot, March 21, 1990; Benzie County Advisor, October 12, 1992; O'Toole, "The National Pork Service," Forbes, 166.

[66] Ivan D. Miller, Oral History Interview, March 8, 1999.

[67] Max Holden, Oral History Interview, August 12, 1998.

[68] Rusco, North Manitou Island: Between Sunrise and Sunset, 153-4; Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1987, 1993, SLBD Records.

[69] Environmental Resources Management, Platte River Management Plan, Boat Launch Facility, Sleeping Bear Dunes (Bloomington, Minn.: Land and Water Management Division, 1985); Environmental Resources Management, Platte River Corridor Study (Bloomington, Minn.: Land and Water Management Division, 1985); Superintendent's Annual Report, Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, 1985-1992, SLBD Records.

[70] Denver Service Center, Platte River Management Plan: Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Michigan (Denver: National Park Service, 1992); Benzie Record-Patriot, June 19, 1991.

[71] Benzie County Record-Patriot, December 26, 1990.

[72] Kathy Stocklen to Dearest File [Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore], January 5, 1991, Stocklen File #12, SLBD Records; Kathy Stocklen to Manuel Lujan, Jr., Secretary of the Interior, January 29, 1991, Stocklen File #12, SLBD Records; Opinion and Orders on Defendants' Motion For Summary Judgement, United States of America v. 0.96 Acres of Land, More or less, Situated in the County of Benzie, State of Michigan, T. M. Stocklen, et al., and Unknown Others, United States District Court, Western District of Michigan, Southern Division; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), September 30, 1992.

[73] Tom and Kathy Stocklen to Director James Ridenour, September 10, 1992, Stocklen File #13, SLBD Records; Receipt of Funds, United States of America v. 0.96 Acres……T.M. Stocklen, et al., U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan, December 19, 1992; Tom and Kathy Stocklen to James Ridenour, December [no day], 1992, Stocklen File #13, SLBD Records; Elizabeth Edwards, "Suit Sunk, Case Closed," Traverse, The Magazine (December, 1992), found in Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore clipping file, 1992, SLBD Records; Detroit Free Press, June 11, 1995. For more on the Stocklens see: William Perry Pendley, It Takes a Hero: The Grassroots Battle Against Environmental Oppression (Bellvue, Wash.: Free Enterprise Press, 1995).

[74] This latter point was effectively made by Jennette Jaross of Sandwich, Illinois in a letter to the editor, Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 23, 1979. For background on the Homestead redevelopment see: Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap: Trading Public Land for Private Gain in the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (Traverse City, Mich.: Northern Michigan Environmental Action Council, 1996), 5-8.

[75] Ibid; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 4, 1986.

[76] Ibid.

[77] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 3, 1987.

[78] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 3, 1987, June 17, 1987, June 21, 1989; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, August 9, 1990.

[79] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, February 5, 1987, October 11, 1990; Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1992.

[80] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 21, 1989; January 5, 1993.

[81] Ibid; Detroit Free Press, June 9, 1992.

[82] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), June 21, 1989, February 1, 1990.

[83] Michigan Land Use Institute, The Homestead Swap, 7-8.

[84] Detroit Free Press, December 12, 1992; Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, June 17, 1993.

[85] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), February 15, 1993, March 20, 1993.

[86] Record-Eagle (Traverse City), March 29, 1993; Detroit Free Press, June 24, 1993.

[87] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 14, 1995; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), December 14, 1995.

[88] Deborah Wyatt Fellows, "Editor's Note," Traverse (May 1993), 1; Record-Eagle (Traverse City), March 16, 1993, March 19, 1994.

[89] Leelanau Enterprise-Tribune, December 21, 1995.

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