Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. On Engineer involvement in the Indian wars, see: George M. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, pp. 629-31, 641, 648-49; Military Division of the Missouri, Record of Engagements with Hostile Indians Within the Military Division of the Missouri, From 1868 to 1882, Lieutenant General P. H. Sheridan, Commanding (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1882), pp. 33, 36; Robert M. Utley, Frontier Regulars, The United States Army and the Indian, 1866-1891 (New York: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 242-43; Donald D. Jackson, Custer's Gold: The United States Cavalry Expedition of 1874 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 2, 51-52; William S. Stanton, "Reconnaissance with Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition," Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers, 1876, Appendix PP (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1876), pp. 706-07, 710-14; Anson Mills, "The Battle of the Rosebud," The Papers of the Order of Indian Wars, John M. Carroll, ed. (Fort Collins: The Old Army Press, 1975), p. 7.

2. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 13-14; Lenore Fine, "West Point: A National College of Engineering 1802-1866," unpublished manuscript on file with the Historical Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, pp. 29-32.

3. Thurman Wilkins, Clarence King, A Biography (New York: Macmillan, 1958), pp. 39, 56, 94-95, 97-98; Merrill, First One Hundred Years of American Geology, p. 531.

4. Clarence King, Report of the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. I, Systematic Geology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878), pp. 1-2, 13-14; James D. Hague with Clarence King, Report of the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. III, Mining Industry (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877), p. 4; Wilkins, Clarence King, pp. 103-04.

5. King, Systematic Geology, p. 3; Hague with King, Mining Industry, pp. 5, 7

6. Wilkins, Clarence King, pp. 158-72; Richard A. Bartlett, Great Surveys of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), pp. 187-90.

7. Georgetown (Colorado) Mining Review, December 1872, quoted in Bartlett, Great Surveys, pp. 203-04.

8. Wilkins, Clarence King, pp. 154, 215; Fielding B. Meek and Robert Ridgway, Report of the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. IV, Paleontology and Ornithology (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1877), pp. 3, 308; Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, II (New York: Time Incorporated, 1964), p. 84.

9. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 356.

10. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, pp. 399, 467; Peter L. Guth, "George Montague Wheeler, Last Army Explorer of the American West," unpublished manuscript on file with the Historical Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, pp. 3, 6; Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, p. 22; Bartlett, Great Surveys, pp. 334, 337-38.

11. "Table-Talk," Appleton's Journal of Science, Literature, and Art, 6 (December 9,1871), 666.

12. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, pp. 435, 470.

13. Carl I. Wheat, "Trailing the Forty-Niners Through Death Valley," Sierra Club Bulletin, 24 (June 1939), 75, 108; Frederick W. Loring, "Into The Valley of Death," Appleton's Journal, 6 (November 18, 1871), 574-75.

14. Loring, "Into the Valley of Death," p. 575.

15. Bartlett, Great Surveys, pp. 344-45; Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, p. 476.

16. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 348.

17. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 348; Wheeler, Preliminary Report Concerning Exploration and Surveys Principally in Nevada and Arizona (Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), pp. 27-28.

18. Bartlett, Great Surveys, pp. 343-44.

19. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, p. 102.

20. Wheeler, Explorations and Surveys in Nevada and Arizona, p. 60.

21. George M. Wheeler, Annual Report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, Upon Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, In Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 20, 1873, 42d Cong., 2d sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 1, Pt. 2, Vol. II, p. 125.

22. Guth, "George Montague Wheeler," p. 20; Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 353. The other thirteen officers were Stanhope E. Blunt, Eugene Griffin, Richard L. Hoxie, Daniel W. Lockwood, Henry H. Ludlow, David A. Lyle, Montgomery M. Macomb, Phillip M. Price, Benjamin H. Randolph, Andrew H. Russell, Samuel E. Tillman, Charles W. Whipple, and Willard Young. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 353.

23. Henry C. Yarrow, Memorandum, 1 March 1887, Yarrow Papers, Smithsonian Institution Archives; Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, pp. 57, 84; Wheeler, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1875, 44th Cong., 1st sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 1, pt. 2, Vol. II, p. 923; Bartlett; Great Surveys, p. 315.

24. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, p. 58; Wheeler, Annual Report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1874, 43d Cong., 2d sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 1, pt. 2, Vol. II, pp. 480-82.

25. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, p. 468; Wilkins, Clarence King, p. 232; Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 310,

26. Quoted in Wilkins, Clarence King, p. 234.

27. Wilkins, Clarence King, p. 234; Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, p. 479.

28. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, pp. 479-81; Bartlett, Great Surveys, pp. 310, 354-55; Guth, "George Montague Wheeler," pp. 13-15.

29. Wheeler, Annual Report, 1875, pp. 935-36; Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, p. 103.

30. Wheeler, Annual Report of Lieutenant George M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1878, 45th Cong., 3d sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 1, pt. 2, Vol. II, p. 1423.

31. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 356.

32. William H. Rideing, A-Saddle in the Wild West (London: J. C. Nimmo and Bain, 1879), pp. 95-98; Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 362.

33. Rideing, A-Saddle in the Wild West, p. 115.

34. Guth, "George Montague Wheeler," p. 49; Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, p. 479; Howard D. Kramer, "The Scientist in the West," Pacific Historical Review, 12 (September 1943), 239.

35. Wilkins, Clarence King, pp. 230-31; Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, p. 205; Guth, "George Montague Wheeler," p. 49.

36. Dupree, Science in the Federal Government, pp. 207, 209; Wilkins, Clarence King, pp. 232-33; Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, p. 488.

37. Bartlett, Great Surveys, p. 367; Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys, I, p. 146.