Vanguard of Expansion Army Engineers in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1819-1879

1. Niles' Weekly Register, 16 (July 24, 1819), 368.

2. Richard G. Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, 1784-1864: Army Engineer, Explorer, Inventor (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1966), pp. 27, 30, 37, 46, 52.

3. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 39-40; Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 61, 73; J. Franklin Jameson, ed., "The Correspondence of John C. Calhoun," Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 2 (1899), p. 159; E. W. Gilbert, The Exploration of Western America, 1800-1850, An Historical Geography (New York: Cooper Square, 1966), p. 159; Roger L. Nichols, ed., The Missouri Expedition 1818-1820: The Journal of Surgeon John Gale with Related Documents (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), p. 3.

4. Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 79-84; Stanley Vestal, The Missouri (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), pp. 53-55; Niles' Weekly Register, 17 (October 8, 1819), 96; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, p. 41; John T. Starr, "Long's Expedition to the West," The Military Engineer, 53 (March-April 1961), 116.

5. Edwin James, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, I (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1966), pp. 153-63, 180-93; Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, pp. 18, 57.

6. Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 77-91.

7. Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 105, 107, 109; James, Expedition to the Rockies, II, pp. 63, 167, 234-35.

8. Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 112, 118-19; Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Transmississippi West, 1540-1861 (San Francisco: Institute of Historical Cartography, 1958), p. 80; James, Expedition to the Rockies, II, p. 361.

9. For a discussion of the Great American Desert myth see Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1957), pp. 147, 152-60.

10. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 13-14; Forest G. Hill, Roads, Rails, & Waterways, pp. 20-21, 143, 212, 214; Francis Paul Prucha, Broadax and Bayonet: The Role of the United States Army in the Development of the North-West 1815-1860 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), p. 189.

11. Carter Goodrich, "National Planning For Internal Improvements," Political Science Quarterly, 63 (March 1948), 36, 39; George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution 1815-1860 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), pp. 20-21.

12. Sydney W. Jackman and John F. Freeman, eds., American Voyageur: The Journal of David Bates Douglass (Marquette: Northern Michigan University Press, 1969), pp. 114-17.

13. George P. Merrill, The First One Hundred Years of American Geology (New York: Hafner, 1964), p. 68; Mentor L. Williams, ed., Narrative Journal of Travels Through the Northwestern Regions of the United States Extending from Detroit through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the Sources of the Mississippi River in the Year 1820 by Henry R. Schoolcraft (East Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1953), p. 15; Charles B. Stuart, Lives and Works of Civil and Military Engineers of America (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1871), pp. 199-200; Jackman and Freeman, eds., American Voyageur, p. 9.

14. Jackman and Freeman, eds., American Voyageur, pp. 58-59,67; Henry R. Schoolcraft, Narrative Journal of Travels from Detroit Northwest through the Great Chain of American Lakes to the Sources of the Mississippi River in the Year 1820 (Albany: E. & F. Hosford, 1821), pp. 175-76.

15. Jackman and Freeman, eds., American Voyageur, pp. xviii, 21, 79; Williams, ed., Narrative of Schoolcraft, p. 21, Schoolcraft, Narrative Journal, pp. 186-87; 199, 292-93.

16. Williams, ed., Narrative of Schoolcraft, pp., 321-22.

17. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to Major S. H. Long, 25 April 1823, Letters to Officers of Engineers, Vol. I, National Archives, Record Group 77; Major Long to Chief of Engineers, Major General Alexander Macomb, Letters Received, Engineer Department, National Archives, Record Group 77; Williams, ed., Narrative of Schoolcraft, p. 322.

18. Stephen H. Long, "Journal," Long Papers, Minnesota Historical Society; Evan Jones, The Minnesota, Forgotten River (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1962), p. 70; Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, p. 126; Augusto P. Miceli, The Man with the Red Umbrella; Giacomo Costantino Beltrami in America (Baton Rouge: Claitor's Publishing Division, 1974), pp. 35, 46.

19. Long, "Journal"; Theodore Christianson, "The Long and Beltrami Explorations in Minnesota One Hundred Years Ago," Minnesota History Bulletin, 5 (November 1923), 263; Miceli, The Man with the Red Umbrella, p. 80.

20.Joseph N. Nicollet, Report Intended to Illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin in the Upper Mississippi River, 26th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Document 237, p. 59; Long, "Journal"; Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, p. 129; Miceli, The Man with the Red Umbrella, pp. 13, 71, 80-81, 83.

21.Wood, Stephen Harriman Long, pp. 130, 134, 136; Christianson, "The Long and Beltrami Explorations," 264; Merrill, First One Hundred Years of American Geology, pp. 104-05.

22. Philip P. Mason, ed., Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca: The Discovery of the Source of the Mississippi (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958), pp. xii, xiv-xvi, xix, 139-40.

23. James Allen, Report of Lieut. Allen and H.R. Schoolcraft's Visit to the Northwest Indians in 1832, 23d Cong., 1st sess., House of Representatives Document 323, pp. 3, 7, 30, 32-33, 35-37, 44, 54, 57, 62; Mason, ed., Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca, p. xx.

24. Mason, ed., Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake Itasca, pp. xxi-xxiii; Allen, Visit to the Northwest Indians, p. 5.

25. Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors from August 11, 1790 to March 4, 1913, 62d Cong., 3d sess., House of Representatives Document 149, Vol. I, pp. 67-68, 76.

26. Leonard D. White, The Jacksonians, A Study in Administrative History 1829-1861 (New York: Macmillan Company, 1956), p. 499; Merrill, First One Hundred Years of American Geology, pp. 136-38.

27. George W. Featherstonhaugh, Report of a Geological Reconnaissance Made in 1835, From the Seat of Government, By the Way of Green Bay and the Wisconsin Territory, to the Coteau de Prairie, an Elevated Ridge Dividing the Missouri from the St. Peter's River, 24th Cong., 1st sess., Senate Document 33, p. 95; Nicollet, Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, p. 11-12, 71.

28. Allan Nevins, Frémont, Pathmarker of the West (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1961), pp. 29-31; Mason, ed., Schoolcraft's Expedition to Lake ltasca, p. xxv; Nicollet, Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, pp. 56-59.

29. Nicollet, Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, p. 15; Allan Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure by John Charles Frémont (New York: Longmans, Green, 1956), pp. 39, 41-44, 46; Jones, The Minnesota, p. 98; June Drenning Holmquist and Jean A. Brookins, Minnesota's Major Historic Sites, A Guide (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1972), p. 109.

30. Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 46-47; Nicollet, Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, p. 33; Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence, eds., The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont, I (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), p. 50.

31. Nicollet, Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River, pp. 43, 45, 52; Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 58-60; Jackson and Spence, eds., Expeditions of John Charles Frémont, p. 52.

32. Martha Coleman Bray, "Joseph Nicolas Nicollet, Geographer," in John F. McDermott, ed., French Men and French Ways in the Mississippi Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1969), pp. 32, 34, 38, 40; Nevins, ed., Narratives of Exploration and Adventure, pp. 70-71.

33. John J. Abert, Annual Report of the Topographic Bureau, 1839, 26th Cong., 1st sess., House of Representatives Executive Document 2, p. 637.

34. Spencer F. Baird to Colonel Abert, 15 February 1850, Baird Papers, Smithsonian Institution; Gouverneur K. Warren, Memoir to Accompany the Map of the Territory of the United States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 33d Cong., 2d sess., Senate Executive Document 78, Vol. XI, p. 42.

35. Donald Jackson, Commentary Accompanying Map Folio, Jackson and Spence, eds., Expeditions of John Charles Frémont, p. 7; Hiram M. Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West (Stanford, Calif.: Academic Reprints, 1954), II, p. 639; Goetzmann, Army Exploration, pp. 73-74.