1. Harold K. Steen, The United States Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 153-59.

2. Frank Pinkley to Horace Albright, 27 July 1932, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Tonto National Monument, file 12-5.

3. T. T. Swift, Forest Supervisor, to Mr. Lee DeCalles, Miami, Arizona, 35 February 1930, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Tonto National Monument, file 12-5; Frank Pinkley, Circular No. 5, attached to Park Service letter to Arno Cammerer, 27 December 1927, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Casa Grande, file 12-5.

4. Jesse L. Nusbaum confidential letter to Stephen T. Mather, 10 September 1925, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

5. Ibid.

6. During World War I, Franklin K. Lane's feelings of patriotism inspired him to grant grazing leases in Yosemite. The Sierra Club got wind of the project, and it was promptly terminated (see Shankland, Steve Mather, 203). Grazing was permitted in remote national parks like Lassen, and the precedent for grazing leases in national monuments was established at Mount Olympus National Monument in 1909 (see Shankland, Steve Mather, 170-71, for information about Lassen, and Ise, Our National Park Policy, 383-84, for Mount Olympus). Collecting dead timber first came up at Mukuntuweap in 1914. The GLO initially forbade collection of timber, but quickly reversed itself. It also allowed collecting at other remote monuments, particularly if there was a chance that the establishment of the monument inhibited the ability of locals to earn a living (see NA, RG 79, Series 6, Zion and Natural Bridges, files 12-5.

7. Nusbaum to Mather, 10 September 1925.

8. Jesse L. Nusbaum to John L. Morrow, 12 September 1925, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

9. Nusbaum to Mather, 10 September 1925.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Jesse L. Nusbaum to Horace Albright, 20 March 1928, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Bandelier National Monument, file 201. The announcement appeared in the 3 March 1928, Santa Fe New Mexican; Nusbaum attached a copy of the clipping to his bitter and despondent note.

13. A. B. Cammerer memo for the files, 3 December 1925; Minutes of the Eighth Meeting of the Coordinating Commission on National Parks and Forests, 8 December 1925; NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

14. Arthur Ringland to Edgar L. Hewett, 25 March 1927, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

15. Frank Pinkley to Arthur E. Demaray, "Report on the Proposed Cliff Cities National Park," 23 May 1927, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

16. Ibid.

17. Horace Albright to Stephen T. Mather, 8 June 1927, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file 12-5, Cliff Cities.

18. Edgar L. Hewett to A. B. Cammerer, 17 January 1928; and Stephen T. Mather to Edgar L. Hewett, 17 January 1928, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

19. Jesse L. Nusbaum, Roger W. Toll, and M. R. Tillotson, "The Bandelier National Monument and the Proposed Cliff Cities National Park," 26 November 1930; Arno B. Cammerer to Horace Albright, 3 December 1930; and Horace Albright memo, 2 January 1931; NA, RG 79, Series 6, Proposed National Parks, file O-32, Cliff Cities.

20. Clark Wissler to Horace Albright, 12 February 1931, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Bandelier National Monument file 201.

21. Arno B. Cammerer memo for the files, 12 February 1931, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Bandelier National Monument, file 201.

22. Roger W. Toll to Horace Albright, 3 December 1930; Horace Albright memo, 2 January 1932; and Harold C. Bryant memo, 26 February 1931; NA, RG 79, Series 7, Bandelier National Monument, file 201.

23. U.S. Forester Maj. Robert Y. Stuart to Horace Albright, 10 November 1931, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Bandelier National Monument, file 201. Albright and Stuart corresponded about the Bandelier transfer for nearly two years.

24. Executive Proclamation 1991, United States Statutes at Large, L. 47 Stat. 2503 (1932).