1. Shankland, Steve Mather, 170-71; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 222-24.

2. Shankland, Steve Mather, 66, 134; Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years 1916-1933 (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers, 1985), 46-48, 77-80; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 196-99.

3. Runte, National Parks, 46-75; see also Alfred Runte, Trains of Discovery: Western Railroads and the National Parks (Flagstaff, AZ: Northland Press, 1984).

4. Bond, "Administration of National Monuments," 98.

5. W. J. Lewis, "Report on the Navajo National Monuments," circa 1916, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Navajo National Monument, file 12-5.

6. Lane's directive, which many say was authored by Horace Albright, went a long way towards firming up policy regarding the national parks. It laid out both qualifications for park status and an implicit set of rules and regulations for the Park Service to follow. Mather closely adhered to these guidelines throughout his tenure and they became established as the most important statement of ideals concerning the national parks. The letter is printed in the Report of the Director of the National Park Service Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1920 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), 361-64.

7. T. S. Palmer, "National Monuments as Wild-Life Sanctuaries," Proceedings of the Fourth National Parks Conference, 1917 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1917), 208, 210-223.

8. Report of the Director of the National Park Service for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1921 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921), 6.

9. I would like to thank Charles S. Peterson of Utah State University for his idea that the NPS developed a comprehensive southwestern strategy.

10. G. E. Hair, report to the Department of Interior, 9 May 1914; T. E. Hunt, report to the General Land Office, 12 July 1916; NA, RG 79, Series 6, Zion National Monument, file 12-1.

11. Report of the Director of the National Park Service for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918), 86.

12. Executive Proclamation 1435, 18 March 1918, L. 40 Stat. 1760. The issue of pronounceable names also arose at Bandelier National Monument in northern New Mexico. The proposed park often became impaled upon the choices—"Pajarito Spanish for "little bird," and Cliff Cities—with commercial interests usually favoring "Cliff Cities," and anthropologists and archaeologists favoring the more traditional "Pajarito."

13. Report of the Director of the National Park Service 1918, 86-87.

14. Ibid., 117; see also Shankland, Steve Mather, 136-39.

15. Shankland, Steve Mather, 136-37; Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, 188-89. Excepting the fact it was never enlarged, the story of the creation and transformation of Bryce Canyon closely parallels that of Zion. For more information, see Nicolas Scrattish, "The Modern Discovery, Popularization and Early Development of Bryce Canyons, Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 49 (Fall 1981): 348-62.

16. Stephen T. Mather to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Charles Burke, 21 June 1921, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Pipe Spring National Monument, file 12-5. See also Horace M. Albright, "The Origins of National Park Service Administration of Historic Sites" (Philadelphia Eastern National, 1971), 13.

17. Stephen T. Mather to GLO commissioner William Spry, 21 June 1921, NA RG 79, Series 6, Pipe Spring National Monument, file 12-5.

18. Heber J. Grant to Stephen T. Mather, 12 May 1923, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Pipe Spring National Monument, file 12-5.

19. Stephen T. Mather to Heber J. Grant, 21 May 1923, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Pipe Spring National Monument, file 12-5.

20. Chief Forester Henry Graves, quoted in Proceedings of the National Parks Conference held at Berkeley, California March 11, 12, and 13, 1915 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1915), 144.

21. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, 91, 190; Report of the Director of the National Park Service for Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1919 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919), 102.

22. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1918, 190.

23. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1919, 105.

24. Details of the financial relationship between Kent and Lind are found in the National Archives, RG 79, Series 6, Muir Woods, file 12-5.

25. The situation at Navajo National Monument is chronicled in the National Archives, RG 79, Series 1, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks and Monuments 1872-1916, Letters Received, Tray 166.

26. The reports filed by Isaac Whittemore, Frank Pinkley, and other caretakers of Casa Grande prior to 1915 are contained in the National Archives, RG 79, Series 1, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks and Monuments 1872-1916, Letters Received, Tray 166.

27. Ibid.

28. Frank Bond to Robert B. Marshall, 13 November 1916, NA, RG 79, Series 1, Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior Relating to National Parks and Monuments 1872-1916, Letters Received, Tray 166.

29. Frank Pinkley to Stephen T. Mather, 8 March 1918, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Casa Grande, file 12-5. Quotations in the next four paragraphs can be found in the same file.

30. Frank Pinkley to Stephen T. Mather, 8 April 1918; and Horace Albright to Frank Pinkley, April 13, 1918; NA, RG 79, Series 6, Casa Grande, file 12-5.

31. Horace Albright to Frank Pinkley, 7 June 1918, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Casa Grande, file, 12-5.

32. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1920, 249.

33. Ibid.

34. R. R. Duncan Report to the commissioner of the General Land Office, 8 September 1916, NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro, file 12-5. Duncan apparently did not yet know of the passage of the National Park Service Act on 25 August 1916.

35. Telegram from Doug White of the Salt Lake Railroad Route to Joseph J. Cotter, Acting Superintendent of National Parks, 25 April 1917, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Zion National Monument, file 12-5.

36. Report of the Director of the National Park Service, 1920, 252.

37. Ibid.

38. Associate Director Arno B. Cammerer to Commissioner of Indian Affairs Cato B. Sells, 8 October 1920; and Arno B. Cammerer to Howard Eaton, 11 October 1920; NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro National Monument, file 12-5.

39. E. Z. Vogt to Arno B. Cammerer, 18 April 1921, NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro National Monument, file 12-5.

40. E. A. Errickson to Stephen T. Mather, 20 March 1921; and Dr. Albert Spears to Stephen T. Mather, 23 May 1921; NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro National Monument, file 12-5.

41. E. Z. Vogt to Arno B. Cammerer, 4 September 1920, NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro National Monument, file 12-5.

42. E. Z. Vogt to Mather, 19 September 1921, NA, RG 79, Series 6, El Morro National Monument, file 12-5.