1. Ronald Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, DC: Resources For The Future, 1984), 19-21, 30-32.

2. Ibid., 32.

3. Ibid., 32.

4. Frank Tuthill to Director, 29 October 1928; and Arthur E. Demaray to Frank Tuthill, 6 November 1928, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Cabrillo National Monument, file 12-5.

5. Walter Hugins, Statue of Liberty National Monument: Its Origin, Development and Administration (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, 1958), 32-34.

6. Ibid., 38.

7. Ibid., 38.

8. P. E. Cox to Arno B. Cammerer, 23 March 1924; and Arno B. Cammerer to P. E. Cox, 23 March 1934, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Meriwether Lewis National Monument, file 12-5.

9. P. E. Cox to Stephen T. Mather, 24 October 1924, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Meriwether Lewis National Monument, file 12-5.

10. Horace Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers Press, 1985), 234-47.

11. Executive Proclamation No. 1547, 12 December 1919, established the Scotts Bluff National Monument.

12. Horace Albright, The Origins of National Park Service Administration of Historic Sites (Philadelphia: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1971), 13.

13. Report of the Director of the National Park Service for the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1930 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1930), 6; see also Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, 246-47.

14. Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, 246-70.

15. Unrau and Williss, Administrative History, 163-65. An excellent leader blessed with clarity of insight, Toll's death deprived the agency of the one person who could have given it leadership during Cammerer's tenure.

16. Unrau and Williss, Administrative History, 167; Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, 2: 534-36.

17. Hosmer, Preservation Comes of Age, 2: 564-65.

18. Ibid.

19. Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the Park Service, 71.

20. Frank Pinkley to Frank R. Oastler, 7 November 1929, NA, RG 79, Series 6, Casa Grande, file 12-5.

21. Herbert Evison interview with Herbert Kahler, 1964. Manuscript on file, National Park Service Records Center, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.

22. Herbert Kahler to Verne E. Chatelain, 30 December 1933, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo de San Marcos, file 201.

23. Ibid.

24. Arthur E. Demaray to U.S. Rep. W. J. Sears, 25 January 1935, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo de San Marcos, file 201.

25. Herbert Kahler to Verne E. Chatelain, 16 February 1935; and Verne E. Chatelain handwritten memo attached to Kahler's letter; NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo de San Marcos, file 201.

26. St. Augustine Evening Record, 19 February 1935; Herbert Kahler to Arthur E. Demaray, 21 February 1935, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo de San Marcos, file 201.

27. David Dunham to A. E. Demaray, 20 February 1935; and Herbert Kahler to Arthur E. Demaray, 21 February 1935; NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo De San Marcos, file 201. Demaray deflected the fears of Sen. Duncan U. Fletcher in a 27 March 1935 letter in which he showed the senator that the needs of his constituency would be better filled by the NPS than by the St. Augustine Historical Society.

28. Herbert Kahler memo to Verne E. Chatelain, 4 June 1935, NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo de San Marcos, file 201.

29. Arno B. Cammerer to Herbert Kahler, 6 December 1935; and Verne E. Chatelain memo to Hillary Tolson, 25 June 1936; NA, RG 79, Series 7, Castillo De San Marcos, file 201.

30. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1934-35 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1935), 117.