Historic Roads in the National Park System

Cover

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Early Roads

The Development of Park Roads

Teamwork/Cooperative Efforts

Evolution of Parkways

World War II and Beyond

Understanding and Managing Historic Park Roads

Bibliography

Historic Roads in the National Park System

BOOKS

Albright, Horace M. as told to Robert Cahn. The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933. Chicago: Howe Brothers/Institute of the American West Book, 1985.

American Association of State Highway Officials, Operating Committee on Roadside Development. A Guide for Highway Landscape and Environmental Design. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway Officials, 1970.

Appleyard, Donald, Kevin Lynch, and John R. Myer. The View from the Road. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press, 1964.

Committee on Geometrics and Esthetics of Highway Location and Design, Highway Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Practical Highway Esthetics. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1977.

Dilsaver, Lary, and William C. Tweed. Challenge of the Big Trees: A Resource History of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Three Rivers, Ca.: Sequoia Natural History Association, 1990.

Ditton, Richard P. and Donald E. McHenry. Yosemite Road Guide. El Portal, Ca.: Yosemite Association, 1989.

Ernst, Joseph, ed. Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Horace M. Albright. Tarrytown, New York: Rockefeller Archive Center, Published by Fordham University Press, 1991.

Everhart, William C. The National Park Service. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983.

Fein, Albert, Frederick Law Olmsted and the American Environmental Tradition. New York: George Braziller, 1972.

Foresta, Ronald A. America's National Parks and Their Keepers. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984.

Good, Albert. Park & Recreation Structures. Boulder, Co.: Graybooks (reprint of 1938 edition), 1990.

Houk, Rose. Going-To-The-Sun: The Story the Highway Across Glacier National Park. Del Mar, Ca.: Woodlands Press, 1984.

Ise, John. Our National Park Policy: A Critical History. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1961.

Nash, Roderick, ed. The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1968.

Newton, Norman T. Design on the Land: The Development of Landscape Architecture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1971.

Runte, Alfred. National Parks: The American Experience. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.

Tweed, William C. Exploring Mountain Highways: A Road Guide to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Three Rivers, Ca.: Sequoia Natural History Association, 1984.

Tweed, William C., and Lazy M. Dilsaver. Sequoia Yesterdays: Centennial Photo History. Three Rivers, Ca.: Sequoia Natural History Association, 1990.

Wirth, Conrad L. Parks, Politics, and the People.

ARTICLES/PAMPHLETS

Birnbaum, Charles. "A Reality Check for Our Nation's Parks." Cultural Resources Management, 16:4 (1993):13.

Carr, Ethan. "Landscape Architecture in the National Parks 1916-1942." Cultural Resources Management, 16:4(1993): 7-9.

Davis, Chester. "Motoring Through Wonderland: A Tour with the Montana A.A.." American Motorist, VII, 10(1 October 1915): 593-596.

"Driving Safely." Yosemite Guide, XXII, 3 (7 September through 14 November, 1993): 16.

International Federation of Landscape Architects, Roads Committee, John W. Bright, FASLA, Chairman. Roads in the Landscape: Environmentally Sensitive Location and Design - A Bibliography. International Federation of Landscape Architects, 1987.

Marriott, Paul Daniel. "Historic Highway Design: A Look at the AASHTO Green Book." Cultural Resources Management Bulletin, 17, 1: 20-24.

"Merced River Closure." Yosemite Guide, XXII, 3 (7 September through 14 November, 1993): 13.

"Nighttime Traffic Delays." Sequoia Bark (Fall 1993): B2.

"Riding Park Roads." Sequoia Bark (Fall 1993): B1.

"Road Work Near Ash Mountain." Sequoia Bark (Fall 1993): B2.

Runte, Alfred. "Trains for Parks: A Second Chance." National Parks: The Magazine of the National Parks and Conservation Association, 68:3/4 (March/April 1994): 30-34.

Shaffer, Ron. "Slow But Dependable." Washington Post, (2 December 1993): DC1, DC 7.

"Traffic Delays on Tioga Road." Yosemite Guide, XXII, 3 (7 September through 14 November, 1933): 16.

FEDERAL DOCUMENTS

Bright, Jay. "Visual Quality in Parkways and Park Roads," in Second Annual Design Workshop: Visual Quality of the Built Environment (Proceedings of the Second Annual Design Workshop), Denver, Colorado, September 27-30, 1988.

Crater Lake National Park, "Lands, Buildings, Roads and Trails, Public Works, September 1, 1934 to April 26, 1939." On file at Crater Lake National Park.

Isaacson, Larry, and Barry Peterson. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Environmental Policy, Environmental Development Division.

Park and Recreational Facilities: Their Consideration as an Environmental Factor Influencing the Location and Design of a Highway. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971.

Kieley, James F., compiler and editor. A Brief History of the National Park Service. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, 1940.

Mather, Stephen T. Progress in the Development of the National Parks. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916.

National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 79, Entry 6: Acadia National Park; Automobiles and Roads; Crater Lake National Park; Glacier National Park; Grand Canyon National Park; Hot Springs Reservation; Rocky Mountain National Park; Wind Cave National Park; Yellowstone National Park; Yosemite National Park.

Record Group 79, Entry 7, Central Classified Files, General Correspondence Files.

Record Group 79, Entry 17, Records of Key Officials, Records of Horace M. Albright.

Record Group 79, Entry 18, Records of Key Officials, Records of Arno B. Cammerer.

Record Group 79, Entry 19, Records of Key Officials, Records of Newton B. Drury.

Record Group 79, Entry 20, Records of Key Officials, Records of Roger Toll.

Record Group 79, Entry 22, Records of Engineering.

Record Group 79, Entry 26, Road Survey Report, 1925-1939.

Record Group 79, Entry 28, Records of the Branch of Engineering, Monthly Narrative Reports of the Bureau of Public Roads Engineers.

Record Group 79, Entry 30, Records of the Branch of Plans and Design.

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Acadia National Park: General Management Plan. Denver, 1992. On file at the Denver Service Center.

Culpin, Mary Shivers. The History of the Construction of the Road System in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1966: Historic Resource Study Volume I. Denver, 1994. On file at Rocky Mountain Region.

Disque, Earl A. Selective Cutting of Roadside Vegetation for Improved Highway Safety Appearance and Use. Prepared as a special assignment for the Roadside Development Committee of the Highway Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, D.C., 1957.

Greene, Linda. Crater Lake: Historic Resource Study. Denver, 1982. On file at the Denver Service Center.

Krakow, Jere. Historic Resource Study: Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway; George Washington Memorial Parkway: Suitland Parkway: Baltimore-Washington Parkway. Denver, 1990.

McClelland, Linda Flint. Presenting Nature: The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, 1916.1942. Washington, D.C., 1993.

Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933-1942: An Administrative History. Denver, 1985.

Park Road Standards, 1984.

National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Circular 389, "Transportation Research Circular: Environment Research Needs in Transportation," Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 1992.

Netherton, Ross D. and Marion Markham. Roadside Development and Beautification: Legal Authority and Methods Part 1. Washington D.C.: Highway Research Board of the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1965.

Quin, Richard H. Roads and Bridges of Mount Rainier National Park, Parts I and IV (draft).

Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, 1992.

Strunk, Mike, "Unity and Cohesiveness of the Developed Area," in Visual Quality of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Annual Design Workshop, Denver Colorado, September 27-30, 1988.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1893, including Roy Stone's "Report of the Special Agent and Engineer for Road Inquiry for 1893." Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1894.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service. The American Outdoors: Management for Beauty and Use. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1965.

U.S. Department of Commerce. A Proposed Program for Scenic Roads & Parkways, prepared for the President's Council on Recreation and Natural Beauty. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966.

Annual Report of the Superintendent of National Parks to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1916. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1916.

Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1918. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918.

Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ignited June 30, 1924 and the Travel Season, 1924. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1924.

Yosemite Roads and Bridges, I and II. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, 1992.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. America's Highways 1776-1976. A History of the Federal-Aid Program. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

National Scenic Byways Study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1991.

Parkways: A Manual of Requirements, Instructions, and Information for Use in the National Park Service. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1936.

Scenic Byways. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1988.

Visual Impact Assessment for Highway Projects. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1981.

Utley, Robert M. and Barry Mackintosh. The Department of Everything Else: Highlights of Interior History. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1988.

Wheaton, Rodd L., "Park Roads and Highway Standards: Going-to-the-Sun Road," Cultural Resources Management, 15:6,1992.

Wright, Russell. Techniques for Incorporating Historic Preservation Objectives into the Highway Planning Process. Washington, D.C.: The National Trust for Historic Preservation and the U.S. Department of Transportation, 1972.

Yard, Robert Sterling. National Parks Portfolio. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1925.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

Crater Lake National Park, Special Collections, "Army Engineers Scrapbook."

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