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ENDNOTES

Chapter 1

1Robert F. Lantz, Altoona (Altoona, Pa.: The Altoona Chamber of Commerce, n.d.), p. 2.

2Karl B. Raitz, Thomas R. Leinback, and Richard Ulack, Appalachia: A Regional Geography Land, People, and Development (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1984), p. 23.

3Charles B. Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania (Altoona, Pa.: Charles B. Clark, 1896), p. 76.

4James A. Ward, J. Edgar Thomson: Master of the Pennsylvania (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 70.

5Ibid.; and Sylvester K. Stevens, Pennsylvania: Titan of Industry (3 Vols.; New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc., 1948), III: 562.

6Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Third Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Rail-Road Company to the Stockholders, October 31, 1849 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1850), p. 35; Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial (n.p.: n.p., 1968), p. 15; Howard Ward Schotter, The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company: A Review of the Charter and Annual Reports of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company 1846 to 1926 Inclusive (Philadelphia: Allen, Zane, and Scott, 1927), pp. 14-15; and William Bender Wilson, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company with Plan of Organization, Portraits of officials and Biographical Sketches (Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates & Company, 1889), p. 8.

7Stevens, Pennsylvania: Titan of Industry, III: 562.

8Richard E. Beeler, "Altoona, Pennsylvania: Keystone City of the Keystone State," Altoona Centennial Booklet (Altoona: Altoona Centennial Incorporated, 1949), pp. 7-8; and James H. Ewing and Harry Slap, History of the City of Altoona and Blair County, Including Sketches of the Shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. (Altoona, Pa.: Harry Slep's Mirror Printing House, 1880), p. 62; and Charles B. Clark, Clark's Altoona City Directory, April, 1886 (Altoona, Pa.: Barclay Brothers, Steam Power Press Printers, 1886, p. 81.

9Tarring S. Davis, ed., A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania (Harrisburg: National Historical Association, Inc., 1931) I: 255-256; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fifth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1852 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, Printers, 1852), pp. 60-65.

10Schotter, The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, p. 432; Davis, ed., A History of Bar County, Pennsylvania, p. 256; Harry E. Emerick, Official Program Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922 (Altoona: n.p., 1922), p. 20; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fifth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., to the Stockholders, February 2, 1852, p. 64.

11Slason Thompson, A Short History of American Railways Covering Ten Decades (Chicago: Bureau of Railway News & Statistics, 1925), pp. 114-115; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., to the Stockholders, February 7, 1853 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1853), p. 64.

12Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 7, 1853, pp. 53-55; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Seventh Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 6, 1854 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, Printers, 1854), p. 53; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Ninth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 4, 1855 Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1856), p. 50.

13Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Eighth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company to the Stockholders, February 5th, 1855 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, Printers, 1855), p. 51.

14Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Ninth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 4, 1856, p. 50.

15Clark, Clark's Altoona City Directory, April, 1886, p. 82.

16Guide for the Pennsylvania Railroad, with an Extensive Map; Including the Route, with All Its Windings, Objects of Interest, and Information Useful to the Traveller (Philadelphia: T. K. and P.G. Collins, Printers, 1855), p. 23.

17Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Tenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1857 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1857), p. 44.

18Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Eleventh Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 1, 1858 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1858), p. 50.

19Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Tenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1857, p. 44; Wilson, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company with Plan of Organization, Portraits of Officials and Biographical Sketches, I: 152; George H. Burgess and Miles C. Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1846-1946 (New York: Arno Press, 1976), p. 291; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Corporate, Financial and Construction History of Lines Owned, Operated and Controlled to December 31, 1945 (New York: Allen, Lane and Scott, ca. 1945), p. 71; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twelfth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 7, 1859 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1859), p. 54.

20Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 6, 1860 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1860), pp. 28, 41; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 4, 1861 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1861), pp. 39, 47.

21Robert L. Emerson, Allegheny Passage: An Illustrated History of Blair County (Woodley, California: Winsor Publishing, 1984), p. 40; and Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 71.

22Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 3, 1862 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley Printers, 1862), pp. 20, 31-32; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1863 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1863), pp. 23, 34, and 45.

23Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Seventeenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 16, 1864 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1864), pp. 39 and 47.

24Michael R. Gannett, ed., "Twelve Letters from Altoona, June-July 1863," Pennsylvania History, XLVI (January, 1980), p. 52.

25Wilson, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company with Plan of Organization, Portraits of Officials and Biographical Sketches, I: 412-413; and Jesse C. Sell, Twentieth Century History of Altoona and Blair County Pennsylvania and Representative Citizens (Chicago: Richmond-Arnold Publishing Company, 1911), p. 127.

26Gannett, ed., "Twelve Letters from Altoona, June-July 1863," Pennsylvania History, XLVI (January, 1980), p. 52.

27Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Eighteenth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 21, 1865 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1865), pp. 32-33.

28Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Nineteenth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 20, 1866 (Philadelphia: Crissy & Markley, 1866), pp. 45-46.

29Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twentieth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 19, 1867 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son Printers, 1867), pp. 56-57 and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-First Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 18, 1868 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son Printers, 1867), pp. 30, 49.

30Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 15, 1870 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son Printers, 1870), pp. 38-39.

31Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-Second Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 16, 1869 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son Printers, 1870), p. 40; Beeler, "Altoona, Pennsylvania: Keystone City of the Keystone State," Altoona Centennial Booklet, compiled by Altoona Centennial Inc., pp. 27-28; Donald J. Howard, "Cities and Towns of Blair County: A Brief History of Altoona," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946 (Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania; The Blair County Historical Society, 1945), p. 28; Robert L. Emerson, Allegheny Passage: An Illustrated History of Blair County, p. 45; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 20, 1972 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son Printers, 1870), p. 62; and Patricia T. Davis, End of the Line: Alexander J. Cassatt and the Pennsylvania Railroad (New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc., 1978), p. 33.

32Peter H. Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania" (unpublished report for Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1987), p. 2.

33Ibid., p. 6.

34Ibid., pp. 6, 8.

35Ibid., p. 13.

36William B. Sipes, The Pennsylvania Railroad: Its Origin, Construction, Condition, and Connections. Embracing Historical, Descriptive, and Statistical Notices of Cities, Towns, Villages, Stations, Industries, and Objects of Interest on Its Various Lines in Pennsylvania and New Jersey (Philadelphia: The Passenger Department, 1875), p. 27.

37Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, March 9, 1875 (Philadelphia: E. C. Markley and Son, 1875), p. 124.

38Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 25.

39Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 21-22.

40Edwin P. Alexander, The Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History (New York: Bonanza Books, 1947), p. 134.

41"Pennsylvania," Railroad Gazette, XIII (September 16, 1881), p. 504; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 8, 1881 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1881), p. 115; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 14, 1882 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1882), p. 125.

42Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 13, 1883 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1883), p. 98; and "Pennsylvania," Railroad Gazette, XIII (September 30, 1881), p. 544.

43"Historical Development of the Organization of the Pennsylvania Rail," Railroad Gazette, XIV (December 22, 1882), p. 793.

44Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 10, 1885 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1885), p. 97.

45Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Forty-First Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 13, 1888 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1888), p. 102.

46Wilson, History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company with Plan of Organization, Portraits of Officials and Biographical Sketches, p. 209; Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 94; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Altoona Shops and Motive Power Statistics (Altoona, Pennsylvania: Office General Superintendent Motive Power, 1890), n.p.; and Stott, "HAER Survey of the Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 29-36, 39-40.

47Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 89-91.

48Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 92-93.

49 Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 23-24; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Forty-Third Annual Report for the Year 1889 of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders. Presented at the Meeting held March 11th, 1890 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1890), p. 117.

50Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," p. 9.

51Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Forty-Sixth Annual Report for the Year 1889 of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting held March 14th, 1893 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1893), p. 138.

52Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Catalogue of the Exhibit of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago: N.P., 1893), pp. 11, 26, 152-158.

53Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 82.

54Charles B. Clark, Illustrated Altoona (Altoona: N. P., 1895), pp. 31-35.

55Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Forty-Ninth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 10th, 1896 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1896), p. 106.

56Frederick Blount Warren, "A Railroad University: Altoona and Its Methods," Scientific American, June 29, 1907, p. 26324; and Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 37-38.

57Davis, ed., A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 256-257; Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 29; Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 55; and Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922, p. 20.

58Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 53-56.

59Davis, ed. A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, pp. 256-257; Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 55; and Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County. August 13th to 19th 1922, p. 20.

60Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 27-28.

61Ibid, pp. 14-15.

62Ibid, pp. 12, 25-26.

63Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 59.

64Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 45-56.

65Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922, p. 20.

66Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 60; Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 47-52; and Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922, p. 29.

67Works Manager to Chief of Motive Power, February 17, 1925, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

68Schotter, The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, pp. 432-436.

69"Closures in 1927," Box 121, Superintendent of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Frederick G. Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946 (Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania: The Blair County Historical Society, 1945), pp. 376-377; Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Centennial Booklet, p. 29; and Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 17-18.

70"Closures in 1927," Box 121, Superintendent of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

71Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, p. 377.

72Grimshaw to Fred W. Hankins, Chief of Motive Power, May 18, 1929, Superintendent of Motive Power Files, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1930, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Eighty-Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders for the Year 1930, presented and adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders, 14th April, 1931 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1931), P. 6.

73Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, p. 375; and Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922, p. 29.

74"Statement Showing Departments of the Altoona Works and Nature of Operations As of December 31, 1931," Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

75Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, p. 375.

76Grimshaw to Hankins, November 23, 1932, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

77"Economic Effects at Altoona Works During the Year 1933," Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

78National Board of Fire Underwriters, Report on the City of Altoona, Pa. (Altoona, N.P., 1933), p. 9; and "The Pennsylvania Railroad Co., Altoona, Pa.," Unidentified Newspaper Clipping, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

79Hankins to J.D., Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

80"The Altoona Works of the Pennsylvania Railroad," Box 608, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

81Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1936, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Ninetieth Annual art of the Board of Directors to the Stockholders. Presented and adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders, 13th April, 1937 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1937), p. 5; and Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 68.

82Pennsylvania Railroad New Release, June 20, 1937, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

83"A visit behind the scenes of the Standard Railroad of the World," Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; G.E. Payne to Downes, Box 608, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Walton Wentz to R.C. Morse, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and "2,000 Visit Local P.R.R. Yards, Shops," May 17, 1937, Unidentified newspaper clipping, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

84Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, pp. 375, 379; "Statement Showing Buildings at Altoona Works Actually Removed, Those in the Course of Demolition, and Those Abandoned for Shop Purposes But Not Yet Removed for Year, 1938," n.d., Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; "Letter that Mr. Grimshaw Proposes Sending to the Men," n.d., Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; "Notice of Discontinuation of Altoona Machine Shop Unit," August 31, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Grimshaw to Hankins, January 18, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; J.A. Lockard to Hankins, March 8, 1939, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Grimshaw, "Memorandum Covering Procedure to be Followed in Connection with the Handling of a New Car Order if Received at Altoona Works," January 20, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Hankins to J.F.D., January 20, 1939, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

85"Letter that Mr. Grimshaw Proposes Sending to the Men," n.d., Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Hankins to J.F.D., November 23, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

86Telephone memorandum from Grimshaw to Hankins, June 2, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; "P.R.R. to Provide Additional Work for Employes (sic) at Altoona Shops Building 1,000 Gondolas, 8 Special Freight Cars, 20 Engines," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 9, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Sounding of Shop Whistle Springs (sic) Elation in City," Mirror, Altoona, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1938, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

87H.W. Jones to J.F.D., February 18, 1941, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Grimshaw to Jones, March 27, 1942, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Jones to J.F.D., March 26, 1941, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Jones to J.F.D., March 29, 1941, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, p. 376.

88Jones to Buckner, August 24, 1942, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

89"Performance of War Work in P.R.R. Shops," September 1, 1942, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and "Expenditure for War Work until May 1945," n.d., Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

90Grimshaw to Jones, June 13, 1945, Box 607, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

91"New P.R.R. Shop Now in Service," November 26, 1945, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," pp. 19-20.

92 Jeanne N. Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated-City Altoona, Pennsylvania," (Unpublished Manuscript, Altoona Area Public Library, 1970), p. 25.

93J.M.S. to R.H. Chapman, April 3, 1948, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and H.T. Cover to C.E.M., April 3, 1948, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 29.

94Emerick, Official Program: Old Home Week, Altoona and Blair County, August, 13th to 19th 1922, p. 31.

95Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 31; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company One Hundred and Seventh Annual Report for the Year Ended December 31, 1953 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1954), p. 13.

96"The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Altoona-Heavy Repair Shops, Business-Education Day Program, November 10, 1955," Unpublished manuscript, Altoona Pennsylvania Railroad Eastbound Shops File, Altoona Area Public Library, n.p.; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company One Hundred and Seventh Annual Report for the Year Ended December 31, 1956 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1957), p. 16.

97Pennsylvania Railroad buff G. Franklin Ackerman in a letter to the author commented that he believed that the Pennsylvania Railroad neither constructed new steam locomotives nor performed any heavy repairs (e.g., refluing) to its existing steam locomotives after 1953. He further asserted that neither the Pennsylvania Railroad nor any other railroad ever constructed a diesel-electric locomotive in its company shops. G. Franklin Ackerman to John Paige, July 11, 1988; and Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 31.

98Michael Gartner ed., Riding the Pennsy to Ruin: A Wall Street Journal Chronicle of the Penn Central Debacle (New Jersey: Dow Jones Books, 1971), pp. 3, 7; "P C to Transfer Jobs to City," Altoona Mirror, March 21, 1972, p. 1; Michael Bezilla, "The Development of Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968," Pennsylvania History, XLVI (July, 1979), p. 210; and "Merger Will Center Work in Local Area," July 20, 1962, Unidentified newspaper clipping, Pennsylvania Railroad Merger File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania, n.p.

99Penn Central Press Release, September 1969, Altoona-Penn Central File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

100"Penn Central Raises Steam," Tribune Democrat, April 8, 1969, Altoona-Penn Central File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

101"Fadale to Succeed White in PC Post," Altoona Mirror, April 28, 1970, Altoona-Penn Central File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

102"P C Shops Face Ball," Altoona Mirror, April 12, 1971, p. 1; "P C Disposal of 12th Street Shops Expected Soon," Altoona Mirror, March 25, 1971, p. 1; "Railroad Asked to Clear Area," Altoona Mirror, March 31, 1971, p. 10; "Landmark Collapses," Altoona Mirror, July 13, 1971, p. 1; and "P C Offers Test Plant to Authority," Altoona Mirror, February 27, 1973, p. 1.

103"Court Okays P C Facilities," Altoona Mirror, September 30, 1971, p. 1.

104"Local Shops to be Included in Preliminary Rail Plan," Altoona Mirror, January 22, 1975, p. 2; "Urgent Need for Federal Funds," Penn Central Post, January, 1975, p. 2; "Congress Votes Railroad Aid," Penn Central Post, February-March, 1975, p. 2; "Plan for New Railroad Network," Penn Central Post, February-March, 1975, p. 2; "USRA Presents Its Final System Plan," Penn Central Post, July-August, 1975, p. 1; "A Look at the New Railroad," ConRail, April 1, 1976, p. 5; and "ConRail to Take Control on April 1," Penn Central Post, March 1976, p. 1.

105"20,000 ConRail People Go Full Throttle on M-of-E," Conrail, August/September 1976, pp. 4-5; and "Altoona Works Manager Named Superintendent of Con Rail Shops," Altoona Mirror, April 2, 1976, p. I.


Chapter 2

1Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fifth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1852, p. 65; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixth Annual art of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, January 7, 1853, pp. 53-55.

2Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 7, 1853, pp. 53-55.

3Ibid., p. 53; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Seventh Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 6, 1855, pp. 53-55; and Sipes, The Pennsylvania Railroad: Its Origin, Construction, and Connections, p. 26.

4Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Seventh Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 6, 1855, pp. 53-55.

5Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Eighth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 5, 1855, pp. 47, 50, and 51; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 755.

6Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Ninth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 4, 1856, pp. 47-49; Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 756; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Tenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1857, pp. 40-42. S

7Louis Dwight Harwell Weld, Private Freight Cars and American Railways (New York: Columbia University, 1908), p. 12.

8Lucy Wolf, "Patent Fight Ended in Stalemate," Altoona Mirror, October 18, 1979, p. 51.

9Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twelfth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 7, 1859, p. 37.

10The class designation for passenger and freight cars is that used by the Pennsylvania Railroad and may differ from car designations on other railroads. Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1863, p. 23; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 756.

11James M. Shafer, "Postal Cars Railroaded Out of Existence Finally," Altoona Mirror, January 16, 1973, p. 16; and "Victim of Progress," Unidentified newspaper clipping, Altoona Railroad File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

12Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 756.

13Ibid., p. 774.

14"Altoona Products," Altoona Mirror, January 16, 1973, p. 16; "Victim of Progress," Unidentified newspaper clipping, Altoona Railroad File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 778.

15Frank H. Spearman, The Strategy of Great Railroads (New York: Cares Scribners Sons, 1904), pp. 26, 30; Paul T. Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924 (Philadelphia: Baldwin Locomotive Company, 1924), p. 33; and Steward H. Holbrook, The Story of American Railroads (New York: Crown Publishers, 1947), p. 290.

16Sipes, The Pennsylvania Railroad: Its Origin, Construction, and Connections, pp. 29-30; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirtieth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders As presented at the Meeting, held March 13, 1877, p. 145.

17"Coal Car for the Pennsylvania Railroad, Constructed at the Altoona Shops," Railroad Gazette, VIII (April 7, 1876), p. 149; and Holbrook; The Story of American Railroads, p. 290.

18"Pennsylvania," Railroad Gazette, IX (June 1, 1877), p. 248.

19"The Pennsylvania Observation Cars," Railroad Gazette, XI (May 23, 1879), p. 290.

20Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-Third Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 9, 1880 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son, 1877), p. 120; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, pp. 756, 782.

21"Pennsylvania Railroad Standard Passenger Car," Railroad Gazette, XIII (August 5, 1881), p. 431.

22"Narrowing Passenger Cars," Railroad Gazette, XIV (August 25, 1882), p. 519.

23"Pennsylvania," Railroad Gazette, XVI (January 18, 1884), p. 58; "Car Notes at Altoona," Railroad Gazette, XVI (May 16, 1884), p. 380; and "Bay Window Parlor Car, Pennsylvania Railroad," Railroad Gazette, XVI (August 29, 1894), p. 361.

24Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 756; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Passing of the Wooden Passenger Car from This Railroad (Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania: Harry P. Albrecht, 1928), p. 7; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Fortieth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting held March 8th, 1887, p. 112; and August Menchen, The Railroad Passenger Car (Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins Press, 1957), p. 34.

25Pennsylvania Railroad Company, From The New Capital to the Old, April 29th-May 1st, 1889 (Philadelphia: Allen, Lane & Scott, 1889), pp. 3, 12-14.)

26William Voss, Railway Construction: A Work Describing in Detail and Illustrating with Scale-Drawings the Different Varieties of American Cars as Now Built (New York: R.M. Van Arsdale, 1892), p. 142; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Catalogue of the Exhibit of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the Worlds Columbian Exposition (Chicago: N.P., 1893), p. 11.

27"Hopper Cars Refurbished," Altoona Mirror, October 31, 1968, Penn Central Railroad File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 775.

28"Steel Passenger Cars," Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

29Edwin P. Alexander, The Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History (New York: Bonanza Books, 1947), p. 133; and Grimshaw, "The History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years: 1846-1946, p. 376.

30Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Passing of the Wooden Passenger Car from This Railroad, p. 5; and Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, pp. 760-761.

31Schotter, The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, p. 396; Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release, June 20, 1937, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and C.H. Stein to H.W. Jones, April 17, 1944, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

32Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release, December 11, 1935, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Hankins to G.E. Payne, July 28, 1936, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and "The Altoona Works of the Pennsylvania Railroad," ca. 1936, Box 608, Office of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

33Grimshaw to Hankins, January 18, 1938, Box 3, Office of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

34Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 68.

35"Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release," June 20, 1937, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

36"Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release," February 7, 1937, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

37"Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release," June 29, 1938, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; "P.R.R. to Build 25 New 21,000-Gallon Tenders at Altoona Works," October 24, 1938, Unidentified newspaper clipping, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and "P.R.R. To Provide Additional Work for Employes (sic) at Altoona Shops Building 1,000 Gondolas, 8 Special Freight Cars, 20 Engines," Unidentified newspaper clipping, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

38"Research Report," n.d., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

39"Brotherhood Pageant Slide Show Narrative," ca. 1946, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

40"Meet the 1969 Version of the Little Red Caboose, the Big, Green, Brand, New Cabin Car," Penn Central Post, September 1, 1969, p. I.

41Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 85.

42Spearman, The Strategy of the Great Railroads, p. 26.

43Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1863, p. 23.

44 J.A. Lockard to H.T. Cover, January 31, 1949, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

45Paul T. Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924 (Philadelphia: Baldwin Locomotive Company, 1924), p. 27; Roy V. Wright, com. and ed., Locomotive Dictionary (3rd Ed., New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co., 1912), pp. 150-151; and Frederic Shaw, Casey Jones' Locker: Railroad Historiana (San Francisco: Hesperian House, 1959), pp. 175-177.

46Sipes, The Pennsylvania Railroad: Its Origin, Construction, and Connections, p. 27.

47John H. White, Jr., American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880 (Baltimore, Maryland, John Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 26-27.

48Ibid., p. 19.

49Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, February 2, 1872, p. 38.

50Burgess and Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1846-1946, p. 291.

51Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 30-31, 33, 39; and White, Jr., American Locomotives: An Engineering History, 1830-1880, p. 65.

52Ibid., p. 19.

53Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, pp. 173-174, 175; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 36.

54"Locomotive Building," Railroad Gazette, XVIII (March 6, 1885), p. 148; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 38-39.

55"Locomotive Building," Railroad Gazette, XVIII (December 25, 1885), p. 824; and "Consolidated Locomotive, Class R, Pennsylvania Railroad," Railroad Gazette, XVIll (September 17, 1886), pp. 638, 640.

56Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 40; and Alvin F. Staufer ed., Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1900-1957 (N.P.: Alvin F. Staufer, 1962), p 15.

57"Notes at Altoona," Railroad Gazette, XVII (July 25, 1884), p. 555; and Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 47.

58Fred Westing, Pennsy Steam and Semaphores (Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Company, 1974), pp. 8-9.

59Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 42-43, 45.

60Ibid., pp. 42-43, 45, 59.

61Ibid., p 50; and Gustav Redek, The World of Steam Locomotives (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), p. 142.

62Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 173; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 47.

63Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 173; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 47.

64The suffix "s" identified a locomotive class as being superheated. The "s" was dropped as superfluous in 1923. Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, pp. 172-173; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 47.

65Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, pp. 173-174; and Redeck, The World of Steam Locomotives, p. 245.

66Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 174; Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, p. 17; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 72-73.

67Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 175; Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, p. 173; and Brian Reed, "Pennsylvania Pacifics," Locomotives in Profile (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1972), II: 35.

68Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 66.

69Michael Bezilla, Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968 (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980), p. 48.

70 Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 76-77.

71 Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 174; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 67.

72Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 72-73; and Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, p. 15.

73Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, p. 175; Robert Selph Henry, This Fascinating Railroad Business (New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1946), p. 196; Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, p. 70; and Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, p. 19.

74Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 71-72.

75Ibid., p. 73; and Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, pp. 17-18.

76"Pennsylvania Railroad's Exhibit," Unidentified newspaper clipping, June 17, 1924, Box I, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 76-77; and Bezilla, Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968, p. 123.

77Bezilla, Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968, pp. 124-125.

78Ibid., p. 123.

79Michael Bezilla, "The Development of Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968," Pennsylvania History, XLVI, No. 3 (July, 1979), pp. 202-205.

80Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release, March 1, 1938, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Pennsylvania Railroad Press Release, June 29, 1938, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

81Bezilla, Electric Traction on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1895-1968, p. 124.

82Alexander, Pennsylvania Railroad: A Pictorial History, pp. 173-174, 175.

83Ibid., p. 175; "Resume of Locomotive and Equipment Developments on the Pennsylvania Railroad," n.d., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Staufer, Pennsy Power, p. 226.

84"Resume of Locomotive and Equipment Developments on the Pennsylvania Railroad," n.d., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; "Resume of Locomotive and Equipment Developments on the Pennsylvania Railroad," n.d., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Staufer ed., Pennsy Power, p. 90; Redeck, The World of Steam Locomotives, p. 294; G. Freeman Allen, Railways: Past, Present and Future (New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1982), p. 178; and Brian Reed, "Pennsylvania Duplex," Locomotives in Profile, 11:275.

85"P C Men give Diesels New Hustle Muscle," Penn Central Post (November, 1969), p. 20.

86"20,000 Conrail People Go Full Throttle on M-of-E," Conrail, Vol. 1, No. 3 (August/September, 1976), p. 4.

87"Listing of Historical items reproduced or held by Pennsylvania Railroad," n.d., Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

88"The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, Unpublished Manuscript, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

89Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirtieth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders As presented at the Meeting, held March 13, 1877 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son, 1877), pp. 145-146; and "The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, unpublished manuscript, Chief of Motive Power File, Box 3, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

90"The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, Unpublished Manuscript, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

91"The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, Unpublished Manuscript, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and "Notes at Altoona," Railroad Gazette, July 25, 1884, p. 555.

92Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-second Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders, Presented at the Meeting, held March 11, 1879 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1879), pp. 123-124.

93"The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, Unpublished Manuscript, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Beeler, Altoona's Centennial Booklet, p. 27; Clark, A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 90; and Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," p. 22.

94"The Place of Chemistry in Railroad Developments," October 15, 1947, Unpublished Manuscript, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

95Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Catalogue of the Exhibit of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the World's Columbia Exposition, pp. 152-158.

96Frederick Westing, Apex of the Atlantics (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Publishing Co., 1963), p. 60; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Pennsylvania Railroad System at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Locomotive Tests and Exhibits, Saint Louis, Missouri, 1904 (Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1905), p. 1.

97Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Locomotive Testing Plant at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., 1904 (Philadelphia: The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1905), p. 4.

98Westing, Apex of the Atlantics, pp. 59-60; and James H. Lambert, The Story of Pennsylvania at the World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904 (2 vols.; Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Commission, 1905), 11:290.

99"Locomotive Testing Plant of the Pennsylvania Railroad at Altoona," The Railway Age, May 10, 1907, p. 734; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Locomotive Testing Plant at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. 1904, pp. 8-9; Lambert, The Story of Pennsylvania at the World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904, 11:291-292; and Warner, Motive Power Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad System, 1831-1924, pp. 56-57.

100Stott, "HAER Survey of Southwestern Pennsylvania," p. 22; Schotter, The Growth and Development of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, p. 435; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Sixty-Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Directors to the Stockholders, for the Year 1914, Presented and adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders, 9th March, 1915 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1915), p. 10.

101Chief of Motive Power to Regional Vice-President, April 13, 1929, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

102"Questionnaire on Industrial Research," July 11, 1947, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

103"The Pennsylvania Railroad Company Test Department and Chemical Laboratory," August 17, 1936, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; L.B. Jones to Cover, February 16, 1948, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and F. W. Hankins to M.W. Clement, n.d., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

104C.K. Steins to H.W. Jones, April 17, 1944, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

105"Research the Key to Railroads Progress," Train Talks, June, 1944, n.p., Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

106Cover to C.I. Clugh, October 27, 1948, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

107"Famed Railroad Test Site Soon to be Memory," August 30, 1973, Unidentified newspaper clipping, Pennsylvania Railroad File, Altoona Area Public Library, p. 10; and "Test Plant of Former PRR To Cease Here," Altoona Mirror, August 6, 1968, p. 2.


Chapter 3

1The Pennsylvania Railroad, Eighth Annual Report of the Directors of the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company to the Stockholders, February 5th, 1855, p. 51.

2Beeler, Altoona's Centennial Booklet, p. 21.

3Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 47.

4"Altoona Shops, Organization Dates, Pennsylvania Railroad Unions," Pennsylvania Railroad-Unions File, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania.

5Ward, J. Edgar Thomson: Master of the Pennsylvania, pp. 221-222; and Stewart H. Holbrook, The Story of American Railroads (New York: Crown Publishers, 1947), pp. 244-245.

6Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1936), pp. 9, 15; "Pennsylvania," The Railroad Gazette, June 1, 1877, p. 248; Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirty-First Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to the Stockholders as Presented at the Meeting, held March 12, 1878; Also Proceedings of the Adjourned Annual Meeting of the Stockholders of March 25, 1878 (Philadelphia: E.C. Markley & Son, 1878), pp. 70-74; "Pennsylvania," The Railroad Gazette, June 8, 1877; and Sell, Twentieth Century History of Altoona and Blair County Pennsylvania and Representative Citizens, p. 336.

7Davis, ed., A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 257; "The Railroad Strikes," The Railroad Gazette, July 27, 1877, p. 342; Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1959), pp. 185-186; and Sell, Twentieth Century History of Altoona and Blair County Pennsylvania and Representative Citizens, p. 337.

8Yellen, American Labor Struggles, p. 18; "Pennsylvania," The Railroad Gazette, March 3, 1878, p. 132; Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence, p. 180; and Sell, Twentieth Century History of Altoona and Blair County Pennsylvania and Representative Citizens, p. 337.

9Davis, ed., A History of Blair County, Pennsylvania, p. 258; and Sell, Twentieth Century History of Altoona and Blair County Pennsylvania and Representative Citizens, pp. 337-339.

10Yellen, American Labor Struggles, p. 18; "Pennsylvania," The Railroad Gazette, March 3, 1878, p. 132; Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence p. 180; and "Pennsylvania," The Railroad Gazette, April 2, 1880, p. 187.

11"Old Pennsy Shop Bell in Service," Altoona Mirror, January 21, 1931, p. 3; and Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 56.

12Vauclain went on to a distinguished career at the Baldwin Locomotive Works. "Notes at Altoona," The Railroad Gazette, July 25, 1884, p. 555.

13Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 47.

14Frederic Blount, "A Railroad University: Altoona and Its Methods," Scientific American Supplement No. 1643, June 29, 1907, p. 26324.

15 Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Rules of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for the Government of for the Transportation Department (Philadelphia: Stephen Greene, 1889), pp. 57-58.

16Spearman, The Strategy of Great Railroads, pp. 28-29.

17Louise Lee Outlaw, History of the Mutual Beneficial Association of Penn Central Employees, Inc. 1913-1970 (n.p.: n.p., 1970), p. 3.

18Ibid., p. 3.

19Ibid., pp. 4-6, 40-41.

20Oscar Theodore Barck, Jr., and Nelson Manfred Blake, Since 1900: A History of the United States in Our Times (New York: The Macmillan company, 1969), pp. 165, 205; Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated City Altoona, Pennsylvania," (Unpublished manuscript, Altoona Area Public Library, 1970), pp. 3-4; Daniel Aaron, Richard Hofstader, and William Miller, The United States: The History of a Republic (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967), p. 664; and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Seventieth Annual Report of the Board of Directors to the Stockholders, For the Year 1916, Presented and Adopted at the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders, 13th March, 1917 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1917), p. 7.

21Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated City Altoona, Pennsylvania," pp. 4-5; and "P.R.R. Shopmen Select Brotherhood of Shop Crafts to Represent Them," Philadelphia Record, October 15, 1938, n.p., newspaper clippings, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

22"Altoona: One-Company Town in Search of Industry," Business Week, May 10, 1952, pp. 78, 80.

23Frederick W. Grimshaw to All Crafts Employees at the Altoona Machine Shop, July 20, 1938, Box 3, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

24Works Manager to H.W. Jones, March 27, 1942, Box 121, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and S. Kip Farrington, Jr., Railroads at War (New York: Samuel Curl, Inc., 1949), p. 129.

"Altoona: One-Company Town in Search of Industry," Business Week, May 10, 1952, p. 76.

26Pennsylvania Railroad Company, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company One Hundred and Seventh Annual Report for the Year ended December 31, 1953 (Philadelphia: N.P., 1954), p. 20.

27Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated City Altoona, Pennsylvania," pp. 19, 25-26.

28"Penn Central Raises Steam," Tribune Democrat, April 8, 1969, n.p., Newspaper clipping, Altoona-Penn Central file, Altoona Area Public Library, Altoona, Pennsylvania; and Richard Saunders, The Railroad Mergers and the Coming of Conrail (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), pp. 276-277.

29Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated City Altoona, Pennsylvania," p. 6.

30"PC Violated Agreement in Layoff," Altoona Mirror, March 10, 1972, p. 1; and "Plan for New Railroad Network," Penn Central Post, February-March 1975, p. 2.

31Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 48.

32K. Virginia Krick, "Culture in Blair County," Blair County's First Hundred Years, 1846-1946, ed. by George A. Wolf (Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania: The Blair County Society, 1945), pp. 279-280.

33Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Rail Road Company to the Stockholders, February 6, 1860, p. 45; and Sipes, The Pennsylvania Railroad, p. 139.

34Altoona Charter Centennial Committee, Altoona Charter Centennial, p. 23; and Richard E. Beeler, Altoona's Centennial Booklet: Noteworthy Personages and Events, Altoona History, 1849-1949 (n. p. : Altoona Centennial Incorporated, 1949), p. 23.

35Emerson, Allegheny Passage, p. 23.

36"Memorandum of Community Activities Partially Funded by the Pennsylvania Railroad," March 19, 1931, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; Lindaman, "The-Up-Down-Up of a Railroad-Founded-and-Dominated City Altoona, Pennsylvania," p. 6; and Works Manager to Assistant Chief of Motive Power, March 5, 1946, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

37Works Manager to Cover, August 17, 1949, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware; and Jones to J.F. Deasy, January 28, 1946, Box 1, Chief of Motive Power File, Pennsylvania Railroad Collection, Acc. No. 1810, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.

38Blount, "A Railroad University: Altoona and Its Methods," Scientific American Supplement No. 1643, June 29, 1907, p. 26325.

39"Altoona: One-Company Town in Search of Industry," Business Week, May 10, 1952, p. 76.



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