NATIONAL PARK SERVICE The National Parks: Index 2009–2011

Grand Canyon National Park

On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established. This “Organic Act” states that “the Service thus established shall promote and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments and reservations...by such means and measures as conform to the fundamental purpose of the said parks, monuments and reservations, which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”

Lincoln Memorial

The National Park Service strives to meet those original goals, while filling other roles as well: guardian of our diverse cultural and recreational resources; environmental advocate; world leader in the parks and preservation community; and pioneer in the drive to protect America’s open space.

The National Park System comprises 391 areas covering over 84 million acres in 49 States, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Saipan, and the Virgin Islands. These areas are of such national significance as to justify special recognition and protection in accordance with various acts of Congress.

By the Act of March 1, 1872, Congress established Yellowstone National Park in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming “as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people” and placed it “under exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior.” The founding of Yellowstone National Park began a worldwide national park movement. Today over 100 nations contain some 100,000 national parks or equivalent preserves.

In the years following the establishment of Yellowstone, the United States authorized additional national parks and monuments, most of them carved from the federal lands of the West. These, also, were administered by the Department of the Interior, while other monuments and natural and historical areas were administered as separate units by the War Department and the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture. No single agency provided unified management of the varied federal parklands.

An Executive Order in 1933 transferred 56 national monuments and military sites from the Forest Service and the War Department to the National Park Service. This action was a major step in the development of today’s truly national system of parks—a system that includes areas of historical, scenic, and scientific importance.

Congress declared in the General Authorities Act of 1970 “that the National Park System, which began with the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in 1872, has since grown to include superlative natural, historic, and recreation areas in every region...and that it is the purpose of this Act to include all such areas in the System....”

Additions to the National Park System are now generally made through acts of Congress, and national parks can be created only through such acts. But the president has authority, under the Antiquities Act of 1906, to proclaim national monuments on lands already under federal jurisdiction. The Secretary of the Interior is usually asked by Congress for recommendations on proposed additions to the System. The Secretary is counseled by the National Park System Advisory Board, composed of private citizens, which advises on possible additions to the System and policies for its management.

Nomenclature of Park System Areas

The diversity of the parks is reflected in the variety of titles given to them. These include such designations as national park, national preserve, national monument, national memorial, national historic site, national seashore, and national battlefield park.

Although some titles are self-explanatory, others have been used in many different ways. For example, the title “national monument” has been given to natural reservations, historic military fortifications, prehistoric ruins, fossil sites, and to the Statue of Liberty.

In recent years, both Congress and the National Park Service have attempted to simplify the nomenclature and to establish basic criteria for use of the different official titles. Brief definitions of the most common titles follow.

Areas added to the National Park System for their natural values are expanses or features of land or water of great scenic and scientific quality and are usually designated as national parks, monuments, preserves, seashores, lakeshores, or riverways. Such areas contain one or more distinctive attributes like forest, grassland, tundra, desert, estuary, or river systems; they may contain windows on the past for a view of geological history; they may contain imposing landforms like mountains, mesas, thermal areas, and caverns; and they may be habitats of abundant or rare wildlife and plantlife.

Generally, a national park contains a variety of resources and encompasses large land or water areas to help provide adequate protection of the resources.

A national monument is intended to preserve at least one nationally significant resource. It is usually smaller than a national park and lacks its diversity of attractions.

In 1974, Big Cypress and Big Thicket were authorized as the first national preserves. This category is established primarily for the protection of certain resources. Activities like hunting and fishing or the extraction of minerals and fuels may be permitted if they do not jeopardize the natural values. National reserves are similar to the preserves. Management may be transferred to local or state authorities. The first reserve, City of Rocks, was established in 1988.

Preserving shoreline areas and off-shore islands, the national lakeshores and national seashores focus on the preservation of natural values while at the same time providing water-oriented recreation. Although national lakeshores can be established on any natural freshwater lake, the existing four are all located on the Great Lakes. The national seashores are on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts.

National rivers and wild and scenic riverways preserve ribbons of land bordering free-flowing streams which have not been dammed, channelized, or otherwise altered. Besides preserving rivers in their natural state, these areas provide opportunities for outdoor activities like hiking, canoeing, and hunting.

National scenic trails are generally long-distance footpaths winding through areas of natural beauty.

Although best known for its great scenic parks, over half the areas of the National Park System preserve places and commemorate persons, events, and activities important in the nation’s history. These range from archeological sites associated with prehistoric Indian civilizations to sites related to the lives of modern Americans. Historical areas are customarily preserved or restored to reflect their appearance during the period of their greatest historical significance.

In recent years, national historic site has been the title most commonly applied by Congress in authorizing the addition of such areas to the National Park System. A wide variety of titles—national military park, national battlefield park, national battlefield site, and national battlefield—has been used for areas associated with American military history. But other areas like national monuments and national historical parks may include features associated with military history. National historical parks are commonly areas of greater physical extent and complexity than national historic sites. The lone international historic site refers to a site relevant to both U.S. and Canadian history.

The title national memorial is most often used for areas that are primarily commemorative. They need not be sites or structures historically associated with their subjects. For example, the home of Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, Ill., is a national historic site, but the Lincoln Memorial in the District of Columbia is a national memorial.

Several areas whose titles do not include the words “national memorial” are nevertheless classified as memorials. These are Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, Lincoln Memorial, Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove, Theodore Roosevelt Island, Thomas Jefferson Memorial, Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Washington Monument, and World War II Memorial in the District of Columbia; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in Missouri; Perry’s Victory in Ohio; and Arlington House in Virginia.

Originally, national recreation areas in the park system were units surrounding reservoirs impounded by dams built by other federal agencies. The National Park Service manages many of these areas under cooperative agreements. The concept of recreational areas has grown to encompass other lands and waters set aside for recreational use by acts of Congress and now includes major areas in urban centers. There are also national recreation areas outside the National Park System that are administered by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

National parkways encompass ribbons of land flanking roadways and offer an opportunity for driving through areas of scenic interest. They are not designed for high speed travel. Besides the four areas set aside as parkways, other units of the National Park System include parkways within their boundaries.

One area of the National Park System has been set aside primarily as a site for the performing arts. This is Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts, Virginia, America’s first such national park. Two historical areas, Ford’s Theatre National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., and Chamizal National Memorial, Texas, also provide facilities for the performing arts.

Designation of Wilderness Areas

In the Wilderness Act of 1964 Congress directed certain federal agencies, including the National Park Service, to study lands they administer for their suitability for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Congress has now designated wilderness areas in 47 units of the National Park System. Wilderness designation does not remove these lands from the parks but ensures they are managed to retain their “primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habitation.” There are also 38 wilderness study areas under National Park Service management. Of these areas, 19 were formally transmitted for Congressional action over the last 35 years.

The Act provides that “there shall be no commercial enterprise and no permanent road within any wilderness area...and (except for emergency uses) no temporary road, no use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment or motor boats, no landing of aircraft, no other form of mechanical transport, and no structure or installation.” Wilderness areas are open to hiking and, in some cases, horseback riding, primitive camping, and other nonmechanical recreation. The Wilderness Act recognizes that wilderness “may also contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientific, educational, scenic, or historical value.” Wilderness embodies spiritual, artistic, therapeutic, cultural, and other important values.

Wilderness holds exciting prospects for future management of National Park Service lands. Because wilderness exists on lands of the National Park System, National Forest System, National Wildlife Refuge System, and Bureau of Land Management, it offers a common statutory basis for interagency cooperation in ecosystem management. Only the Wilderness Act mandates preservation of natural processes, making wilderness areas ideal protected core areas for ecosystems, just as national parks often provide core protection for biosphere reserves and world heritage sites. As such, wilderness areas provide important benchmark areas for scientific research and monitoring.

Growing demand for wilderness experience makes sophisticated, sensitive wilderness management essential. The National Park Service believes that wilderness management is the highest form of stewardship it can provide for the public lands in its care.

Parks in the Nation’s Capital

Washington, D.C., has a unique park system. Most public parks are administered by the federal government through the National Capital Region of the National Park Service.

National Capital Region has inherited duties originally assigned to three Federal Commissioners appointed by President George Washington in 1790. The city’s parks were administered by a variety of federal agencies until this responsibility was assigned to the National Park Service under the Reorganization Act of 1933. Most city parklands are included in the federal holdings, although the District of Columbia also operates parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities. National Capital Region also administers National Park System units in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Related Areas

Besides the National Park System, four area designations—Affiliated Areas, National Heritage Areas, the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, and National Trails System—are linked in importance and purpose to areas managed by the National Park Service. These areas are not all units of the National Park System, yet they preserve important segments of the nation’s heritage. They are listed in Part 3 of this book.

Regional Offices

For more information call the National Park Service Office of Public Affairs: 202-208-6843. Web pages for parks can be found at the National Park Service home page: www.nps.gov.

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Two national park areas in the lower 48 states have adjoining national preserves that are separate units of the National Park System but are managed jointly. They are: Great Sand Dunes and Craters of the Moon.

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Seven national park areas in Alaska have adjoining national preserves that are separate units of the National Park System but are managed jointly. They are: Aniakchak, Denali, Gates of the Arctic, Glacier Bay, Katmai, Lake Clark, and Wrangell-St. Elias.