1. Gibbon,"Report of Colonel Gibbon," 71; Howard, "Report," 610; Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 51; and Charles N. Loynes, "Battle of the 'Big Hole,'" Winners of the West, March 1925. In September a party from Deer Lodge under Lieutenant Van Orsdale returned to the battlefield and reburied the army dead, fourteen of whom had been disinterred in the interim and the officers' remains scalped. Van Orsdale counted the remains of eighty Indians "visible or partially so" in the makeshift graves. Van Orsdale to Adjutant, Post at Missoula, September 29, 1877, in Terry, "Report," 549-50.

2. Howard, "Report," 610; and Regimental Returns . . . Fourth Artillery, August 1877, roll 30.

3. Mason to wife, August 13, 1877, in Davison, "A Century Ago," 9-10. In 1877 the Department of the Platte included "so much of the Territory of Idaho as lies east of a line formed by the extension of the western boundary of Utah to the northeastern boundary of Idaho, embracing Fort Hall [near present Pocatello]." Thian, Notes Illustrating the Military Geography, 89. On August 14, Howard notified McDowell that he was entering the Department of the Platte that day; three days later, McDowell relayed that information to Sheridan at Chicago. Nez Perce War, 1877, Division of the Missouri, Special File, roll 5.

4. Howard, "Report," 610; and Howard to Adjutant General, Military Division of the Pacific, August 14, 1877, quoted in John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 255. In a letter of August 14, Surgeon FitzGerald informed his wife that indications were that the Indians "were moving rapidly toward headwaters of the Yellowstone River via a place on the maps designated Pleasant Valley. General Howard said . . . he would pursue them as far as that point. Then if he did not succeed in overtaking them, he would notify General McDowell and terminate the campaign." FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 304-5.

5. Howard to Miller, August 13, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands; and Portland Daily Standard, August 28, 1877.

6. Despite published references to the contrary in secondary literature about the 1877 war, there is no documentation in the Nez Perce sources to support the contention that the people altered by any great degree their intended route to the Yellowstone country following the Big Hole encounter. See, for example, Mark Brown, "Joseph Myth," 9.

7. For a participant account of the citizens' reaction to the Nez Perces' presence in the area, see Barrett, "A Near Encounter." (Also published in Dillon Examiner, July 25, 1962.) Comprehensive trail studies of the route of the Nez Perces after leaving the Bitterroot Valley through the Battle of the Big Hole and until they reached the Lemhi Valley of southeast Idaho Territory are in Hagelin, Nez Perce . . . Trail; and Gard, Nez Perce . . . Trail.

8. This brief account of the activity on Horse Prairie is based on information contained in Helena Daily Herald, August 13, 15, 1877; Deer Lodge New North-West, August 24, 1877; Cruikshank, "Chasing Hostile Indians"; Alva Noyes, "Story of Andrews [sic] Myers"; Redington, "Scouting in Montana," 57; Vaughn, Then and Now, 220-21; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 162 n. 2; and McWhorter, Hear Me, 407-8. The view that the strikes were motivated by the fury of the people in the wake of the Big Hole is consistent with Nez Perce revelations given Duncan MacDonald and presented in MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 265.

9. Dusenberry, "Chief Joseph's Flight," 48; Roeser, "Territory of Idaho."

10. Quoted in McWhorter, Hear Me, 406.

11. Ibid., 406-7. This probable marching order is based on information in Thomas, "Pi.Lu'.Ye.Kin," 7, quoting Curtis, North American Indian, 8:46; Coale, "Ethnohistorical Sources," pt. 1, 250; "Yellow Bull's Story"; and unclassified envelope 91, 541, Camp Manuscript Field Notes, Camp Papers, LBNM. A settler at Junction, Idaho Territory, described the marching order of the procession as: women "and families leading, next quite a number of drags or litters, carrying the wounded, then . . . 1,500 or more ponies, ending with about 300 warriors." Clough, "Recollections."

12. Rifle pits discovered in 1965 numbered about thirty in an area covering three acres. Missoula Missoulian, December 28, 1965. For the Junction settlers' preparations and response to the Nez Perces' presence, see Clough, "Recollections."

13. Fred Phillips claim, no. 1782, April 13, 1878, entry 700, Claim for Indian Depredations, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. The freight train belonged to Fred Phillips, who was not present during the incident.

14. Deer Lodge New North-West, August 31, 1877; Clough, "Recollections"; J. D. Wood, Reminiscence; Cruikshank, "Chasing Hostile Indians"; Cruikshank, "Birch Creek"; clipping of newspaper article by Alexander Cruikshank, vertical files, Parmly Billings Library, Billings, Mont.; and Shoup, "Birch Creek Massacre" (originally published in the Salmon City, Idaho, Recorder-Herald, August 22, 1940). The incident, as told through Albert Lyon, appears in DeCost Smith, Indian Experiences, 258-69; and M. I. McCreight, "An Incident in Chief Joseph's War," unidentified periodical, clipping ca. 1952, Yellowstone National Park Research Library, Mammoth, Wyo. Accounts from the Nez Perce perspective, which cite the influence of whiskey on the warriors' actions, are in Curtis, North American Indian, 8:167; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 164-65, 164 n. 4; McWhorter, Hear Me, 409-10; and MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 265-66. "While under the influence of the whiskey captured from the train, one of the bravest and best warriors in the Nez Perce band was killed and another narrowly escaped death at the hands of their comrades." MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 266. McWhorter's informants identified the dead warrior as Stripes Turned Down, who had helped capture the howitzer at the Big Hole. McWhorter, Hear Me, 410. In later years, the site attracted passersby who placed rocks on a cairn at the place the train was attacked. By the 1940s, the cairn had become indistinguishable. DeCost Smith, Indian Experiences, 269. The grave of one of the unidentified victims is one mile from the site. The four other dead were removed in January 1878 for reburial in Salmon City, where a monument was erected to their memory. Clough, "Recollections"; and Falkner, Letter. For the route from Utah, see Madsen and Madsen, "Diamond-R Rolls Out."

15. Granville Stuart in Nez Perce Indian Wars 1, 160, Camp Manuscript Field Notes, Camp Papers, LBNM; Bozeman Times, August 23, 1877; Dusenberry, "Chief Joseph's Flight," 43; and Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1877. Sutherland wrote that the Nez Perces passed through "cutting and carefully coiling the telegraph wire before leaving." Portland Daily Standard, September 6, 1877. For discussion of the construction and maintenance of the telegraph line between Salt Lake City and Virginia City and Helena, see Madsen and Madsen, North to Montana!, 108-9.

16. Quoted in Davison, "A Century Ago," 10. See also Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 32.

17. Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 32. Howard responded to Shoup, telling him, "The more you can do to draw them towards you the better till I get upon the old Mormon Road. I expect to reach a point near the mouth of the [Medicine Lodge Creek?] canyon tomorrow night. If I get word that the Indians have gone up the Mormon Road, that is, eastward, I shall make a wider detour to the left as quick as possible to try & intercept them." Howard to Shoup, August 15, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. See also C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 15, 16, 1877.

18. Howard asked the volunteers to cooperate with his plan, but they insisted on following their own course, which the general feared would "result as a diversion in favor of the enemy." Howard, "Report," 610. Howard's instructions to the volunteers are in Wood to Captain William A. Clark, Montana Volunteers, August 16, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. But see also the lengthy explanation for this dispute in C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 16, 1877. Bozeman Times, August 23, 1877, reported that the volunteers became miffed and returned home when Howard directed them to "march in the rear, or retire altogether." Sutherland wrote of this episode: "Sixty volunteers, under Messrs. Stuart and Clark, from Deer Lodge, joined us, but apparently not wishing to fight the Indians if they had to chase them for it, they returned home after traveling about five miles in the direction of the hostiles." Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 32.

19. Howard to Miller, August 16, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

20. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 55.

21. Howard's orders to Bacon were as follows: "You will proceed with your command to the vicinity of Henry Lake and Reynolds [sicRaynolds] Pass. The object of the expedition is to ascertain whether the hostile Indians are passing into the buffalo country by the above-mentioned route. Should you find the Indians you will take a defensible position and while observing their movements do all you can with your force to harass them. Exercise at the same time prudence and caution. You will send a courier back to these headquarters with information as soon as you discover the Indians and form an opinion of their intended movement. Should you not at the expiration of 48 hours discover any trace of the hostiles, you will return to this camp by easy marches, sending a courier in advance." Quoted in Davison, "A Century Ago," 11-12.

22. Howard, "Report," 610-11; C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 17, 1877; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 32; Lew L. Callaway to L. V. McWhorter, May 1, 1931, folder 158, McWhorter Papers; and Helena Daily Independent, June 13, 1896.

23. Davis, "Incident," 561. (This article, retitled, "The Battle of Camas Meadows," is reprinted in Brady, Northwestern Fights and Fighters, 191-97.)

24. Major James S. Brisbin to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of Dakota, October 26, 1877, in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, 553; Regimental Returns . . . Second Cavalry, August 1877, roll 166; Mason to wife, August 19, 1877, in Davison, "A Century Ago," 10; Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1877; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 33; C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 18, 1877; and Howard to Mason containing sketch map of the Nez Perces' route crossing stage route possibly headed to a southeastwardly leading trail along the Teton River, with scout's notation: "I think from the cors [sic] the Indians are taking they are trying to go to Wind River." Howard to Mason, August 18, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

25. General Land Office Survey Plat. Geological data is from Embree, McBroome, and Doherty, "Preliminary Stratigraphic Framework," 333-34.

26. Howard, "Report," 611. A man in the ranks stated that the troops pitched camp "on a knoll of lava rocks." New York Herald, September 10, 1877. Howard remembered that the meadow had been cut and that "large stacks of meadow hay" lay scattered across the ground. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 221. Wood stated that the camp was "double picketed." C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 19, 1877.

27. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 224-25.

28. The following citizens were present at Camas Meadows: James E. Callaway (captain), G. W. Peck, George Thexton, Henry Sermon, J. Harkness, C. Chadduck, J. S. McCormick, J. B. Allebaugh, Hugh Kelly, J. Bucklin, Henry Fishback, Thomas Garvey, L. C. Smith, R. O. Hickman, Frank Lelleher, Dr. E. T. Yager, J. Bogin [Rogin?], Thomas T. Baker, Henry Browne, Henry O'Donnell, D. W. Sumner, Walter Wynne, W. H. Patrick, Sargent Hall, A. Shellbarger, J. W. Barley, Frank Daddow, W. W. Stevens, George Odell, J. M. Kyle, W. M. Alward, James Mitchell, J. F. Hart, Thomas Baker, A. Talbott, C. B. Houser, Thomas J. Farrell, Simeon R. Buford, William Morris, and Samuel Word. "Special correspondent" Thomas T. Baker account in Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877. The identity of Baker is confirmed in Helena Daily Independent, June 13, 1896.

29. Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877. Sergeant Davis wrote years later that "at night guards were posted, and a picket post was established some five hundred yards upstream, near the creek and on a rocky knoll, and two at other points." Davis, "Incident," 562.

30. Howard, "Report," 611; and Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 34. However, Sutherland stated that "all the cavalry horses and wagon mules were tied up on the rocky mound where we were encamped." Ibid., 35. See also the sketch map by Edmonds, "Howard's Camp."

31. Davis, "Incident," 562.

32. Powell, Powell's Records, 13, 57, 112, 155, 308, 520. In addition, for Sanford, see Hagemann, Fighting Rebels and Redskins; however, this is largely a Civil War memoir.

33. The complainant continued: "He has leave of absence on Sick account, but judging from the number of women that he states he is 'Intimate' withHe cannot be very sick. . . . The people here think it an outrage." S. B. Underwood to Secretary of War, January 21, 1876, in Norwood, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File. Norwood eventually retired from the army in 1889 on disability; he died May 24, 1901. Powell, Powell's Records, 439; Norwood, Appointment, Commission, and Personal File; and Greene, Yellowstone Command, 206-11.

34. At least two accounts mention the rainy weather and the moon; however, Howard described the night as "starlight, but no moon." Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 225.

35. Accounts vary as to the time of the Nez Perces' attack, with most specifying either 3:00 a.m. or 4:00 a.m. or sometime in between. See, for examples, Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, September 18, 1877; and New York Herald, September 10, 1877. Wood stated that the command was "awakened at 4 a.m. by reveille of musketry." C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 20, 1877.

36. Ibid., September 10, 1877.

37. Norwood to Gibbon, August 24, 1877, item 6154, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers.

38. Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877. "We discovered that a band of screaming Indians were behind our entire mule train, 110 in number, and our loose horses." New York Herald, September 10, 1877.

39. Frank T. Conway reminiscence in Helena Daily Independent, June 13, 1896. Howard was critical of the volunteers' response. "One takes another's gun, some get the wrong belts, others drop their percussion caps; their horses get into a regular stampede, and rush in the darkness toward the herd of mules, and all the animals scamper off together, while the citizens plunge into the water above their knees, and cross to the regular troops at a double-quick." Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 226.

40. Frank T. Conway, a twelve-year-old helper with a freight train from Corrine that had attached itself to the command until the Nez Perce threat passed, recalled the following incident during the attack: "A well known [Virginia City] stockman, it is said, for some reason best known to himself, climbed into the forks of a big cottonwood tree and was halloing for some one to do something, when a famous criminal lawyer, who had made a dive through the creek, and was wet up to his neck, took shelter beneath the same tree, and called through his chattering teeth: 'For God's sake, dry up, Tom, it is a general attack.'" The remark inspired the following doggerel, entitled, "Our Volunteers": "Lay low boys, it is a general attack/Down in the creek or you'll get shot in the back,/I pledge you my word I wish I hadn't come,/And I'll bet you ten to one we'll have to foot it home./Oh, I am one of the volunteers, who marched right home on the tramp, the tramp,/When Joseph set the boys afoot, At the battle of Callaway's camp." Helena Daily Independent, June 13, 1896.

41. Davis, "Incident," 562. Another account stated that "everybody sprung out of their blankets, cartridge belt and rifle in hand." Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, September 18, 1877.

42. Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877.

43. Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 34. See also Sutherland's account in Portland Daily Standard, September 6, 1877.

44. Davis, "Incident," 562.

45. Howard, "Report," 611. Citizen John Davis received a slight wound in the head, and Dr. E. T. Yager was hit in the knee by a spent bullet. Helena Daily Herald, August 30, 1877. (This account also appears in Army and Navy Journal, October 6, 1877.) A rough drawing of the area of the Camas Meadows attack, however, suggests that the warriors headed northwest, toward the Centennial Range, a seemingly implausible direction considering the subsequent chase by the cavalry companies. See "Fight at Camas Meadows," inset drawing in Fletcher, "Department of Columbia Map." For a sketch showing the layout of the army camp at the outset of the Nez Perces' attack, see the New York Daily Graphic, September 8, 1877.

46. See MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 266-67; and McWhorter, Hear Me, 417.

47. Yellow Bull stated that Looking Glass had counseled against attacking the soldiers, but was overruled. Yellow Bull, Interview, LBNM, 165.

48. McWhorter, Hear Me, 421 n. 45; Yellow Bull account in Curtis, North American Indian, 8:167; and MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 267.

49. See "Story of Kawownonilpilp."

50. To which the verbal response among the Nez Perces was something like "Ise tanin kenek kun nawas kunya tim onina padkuta?""Who in hell fire that gun?" McWhorter, Hear Me, 167 n. 5; see also account of Wottolen in McWhorter, Hear Me, 419.

51. See the following Nez Perce sources, upon which this synopsis of their testimony is based: MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 266-68; McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 165-68; and McWhorter, Hear Me, 414-23, which includes the accounts of Peopeo Tholekt and Wottolen. Yellow Wolf succinctly stated that "Joseph was not along." McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 166; and Alcorn and Alcorn, "Old Nez Perce Recalls," 69. For synthesized accounts drawing heavily on Nez Perce testimony, see Francis Haines, "Chief Joseph," 6-7; Francis Haines, Nez Perces, 260-61; and Josephy, Nez Perce Indians, 595-96. In his own account, Joseph [Heinmot Tooyalakekt], "An Indian's Views," 427, Joseph barely acknowledged the action. In an alternative explanation for the fight at Camas Meadows, Yellow Bull explained that: "We decided to attack the soldiers in their camp at night as they had done to us at Big Hole. We tried to do this but blundered in some way . . . and the noise of the firing stampeded the pack mules. Having failed to jump the camp of the soldiers, we took the stampeded mules, which was the only advantage gained, and they fell to us more by accident than by design, or as a stroke of good luck." Yellow Bull, Interview, LBNM, 165.

52. Davis, "Incident," 562.

53. Ibid.

54. Davis claimed that the recovered animals had been "dropped" by the tribesmen. Ibid. Another account stated that Norwood "ordered a citizen and a soldier to get ahead of and drive back about 40 or 50 animals that had been cut off from the herd." Account by "Participant" in Helena Daily Herald, August 30, 1877. Yet another account declared that it was Captain Carr's company that retook the mounts. New York Herald, September 10, 1877.

55. See New York Herald, September 10, 1877. Howard indicated years later that he "was surprised and somewhat vexed" at the retirement of the cavalry. Howard to then-Major James Jackson, October 3, 1895, copy provided by Eileen Bennett, Kilgore, Idaho.

56. The twenty-one-year-old Brooks had enlisted in October 1875, at age nineteen, having received his parents' permission. A contemporary account reported that Brooks was killed while delivering a message. "He was a very promising youth, and his loss was mourned by all who knew him." Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, September 18, 1877. A literary account of the death of Brooks appears in Redington, "Bugler Brooks." This article is reprinted, with additions, in Redington, "Story of Bugler Brooks." (Technically, Brooks was a trumpeter of the Second Cavalry; the bugle was the instrument of the infantry.) The latter piece states that Charles Gibbons purportedly shot the warrior who had killed Brooks. Redington, "Story of Bugler Brooks," 200 n. Five days earlier, Brooks had written his last letter home from a drugstore in Bannack City, where he had gone with officers from Howard's command to purchase horses. "Good by [sic] for the present. You will hear from me soon again," he penned his sister, who, through some bureaucratic oversight, learned nothing of Brooks's death from the War Department until the following summer. Bennett, "History and Legend of . . . Brooks," 41-42.

57. Howard, "Report," 611-12; and Helena Daily Herald, August 30, 1877.

58. Davis, "Incident," 562.

59. Notation by Norwood accompanying clipping in Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877, item 5816, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers.

60. Norwood to Gibbon, August 24, 1877, item 6154, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers.

61. Davis, "Incident," 563.

62. There is disagreement among the accounts over the distance of the withdrawal to where Norwood made his stand. Whereas the captain stated that he withdrew twelve hundred yards, the account of "Participant" made the distance "about 1,000 yards." Helena Daily Herald, August 30, 1877. Sergeant Davis, writing more than twenty-five years after the events, thought that the distance was "more than five hundred yards." Davis, "Incident," 563. Yet another source stated that Norwood withdrew "half a mile," which would have been some five hundred yards farther than the figure given by the captain. Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877. Because Norwood's and "Participant's" statements are immediate to the event, the distance of one thousand to twelve hundred yards is probably close to correct.

63. Norwood to Gibbon, August 24, 1877, item 6154, roll 338, Nez Perce War Papers. (Norwood's report was also published in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, 572-73). A source told the Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877, that Norwood's fight lasted a rather specific "two hours and forty-five minutes," while Sergeant Davis thought that it took "two hours." Davis, "Incident," 563. Four hours is likely the total time of Norwood's engagement, from the inception of the fighting through Norwood's withdrawal and fight at the "frying pan." Helena Daily Herald, August 30, 1877.

64. Davis, "Incident," 563.

65. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, September 18, 1877. The other casualties were: First Sergeant Henry Wilkins, scalp wound; Farrier William Jones, right knee, slightly; and Private Wilfred Clark, left shoulder, slightly. Field Return, Battalion Second Cavalry, August 1877, Regimental Returns . . . Second Cavalry, roll 166. One man of Company I, Farrier James King, was also wounded. "List of Wounded in Skirmish on Camas Meadow." Another listing of casualties stated that "during the same action many slight flesh wounds [were] received by men of Companies 'B' & 'I' 1st Cavalry." Sanford to Assistant Adjutant General, Department of the Columbia, December 6, 1877, box 1, entry 624, Office of the Adjutant General. See also Davis, "Incident," 563. A complete account of army casualties at Camas Meadows is in appendix A. Scout Willie L. Curry, who was with Norwood, was the son of the governor of Oregon. Boise, Idaho Tri-Weekly Statesman, September 20, 1877.

66. "Story of Kawownonilpilp"; and Deer Lodge New North-West, September 14, 1877.

67. McWhorter ascribed this call to Trumpeter Brooks, who was with Company B, First Cavalry. McWhorter, Hear Me, 425 n. 54. But it almost precisely conforms to the account of Sergeant Davis, "Incident," 563, who was with Norwood's Company L. Moreover, the movement described by Peopeo Tholekt aligns with that known to have occurred during Norwood's withdrawal from his advanced skirmish position.

68. McWhorter, Hear Me, 424-25. See also McWhorter, Yellow Wolf, 168-69. MacDonald's informants told him that Looking Glass tried to trap Norwood's company by positioning two lines on either side, but Norwood failed to advance between the lines and instead "retreated to a point of timber." MacDonald, "Nez Perces," 268.

69. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 227.

70. Penciled, undated note, "Headquarters, Department of Columbia," part 3, 1877, box 2, entry 107, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

71. Ibid.

72. Howard, "Report," 612. The exchange between Howard and Sanford is in Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 228.

73. Norwood to Gibbon, August 24, 1877, roll 338, item 6154, Nez Perce War Papers.

74. Helena Daily Independent, June 13, 1896.

75. This is a liberal estimate based on knowledge of the approximate start of the Nez Perce raid, say 3:30 a.m., to probably 4:15 a.m., when the troops went in chase of the pack animals and horses, to perhaps 5:30 a.m. when they fell into line facing the warriors, to about 9:30 a.m., when the warriors retired before Norwood's final position, to 11:30 a.m. or even mid-afternoon, when the troops likely arrived back in camp with the dead and wounded. However, Howard's aide, Lieutenant Wood, wrote eleven years later that the fighting ended at 2:00 p.m. C. E. S. Wood, "Chief Joseph, the Nez Perce," 140.

76. Virginia City Madisonian, August 25, 1877. Davis wrote: "I could never understand how those two companies of the 1st Cavalry could have missed the Indians [sicthey did not] and gotten entirely out of touch with us, when we started together and we were fighting within half an hour and kept it up for nearly three hours." Davis, "Incident," 564.

77. New York Herald, September 10, 1877.

78. C. E. S. Wood, "Journal," August 20, 1877.

79. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 229.

80. Howard, "Report," 612; and Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 60-61. Other sources, besides those cited above, that have contributed to this record of the Camas Meadows fight are: McDowell to Adjutant General, Washington, D.C. (containing Howard's initial report of the event), August 22, 1877, roll 337, item 5282, Nez Perce War Papers; Portland Daily Standard, September 6, 1877; FitzGerald, Army Doctor's Wife, 307; Lew L. Callaway account in Great Falls Rocky Mountain Husbandman, September 4, 1941; C. E. S. Wood, "Indian Epic is Re-Told"; Charles Rhodes, "Chief Joseph," 224; and Baily, "Nez Perces in Yellowstone," 5-7.

81. Medal of Honor, Special File; The Medal of Honor, 229-31; copies of Jackson Medal of Honor documents provided by Eileen Bennett, Kilgore, Idaho; Beyer and Keydel, Deeds of Valor, 2:248; and U.S. Army Gallantry and Meritorious Conduct, 80-81.

82. Glass's grave, complete with U.S. Quartermaster Department-provided marker, overlooks Pleasant Valley west of Interstate 15. It can be reached via the exit at the community of Humphreys, then south on an old two-lane highway for nearly three miles, then under the interstate and north on a gravel road for about one mile to the solitary grave above the valley.

83. Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 63.

84. Howard, "Report," 612; Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1877; and Army and Navy Journal, September 1, 1877.

85. New York Herald, September 10, 1877.

86. Howard to Bainbridge, August 21, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands. The Bannocks proved to be effective scouts for the army, despite the stated desire of their leader, Buffalo Horn, to kill the Nez Perce herders with the command, a request that Howard quickly refused. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 175. Howard also expected to receive forty Lemhi Shoshones under Chief Tendoy who he wanted also to go after the stolen animals. "If Ten-Doy comes up," he wrote Bainbridge, "he can join you as I believe his people and yours are friendly." Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, 175. See also Howard to Shoup, August 20, 1877, entry 897, box 1, part 3, 1877, U.S. Army Continental Commands.

87. Years later, Howard complained that "Lieutenant Bacon let him [Joseph] go by and pass through the narrow gateway [Targhee Pass] without firing a shot." Howard, My Life and Experiences, 293. Yet it is obvious in his orders that Bacon was to scout Raynolds Pass, not Targhee. Davison, "A Century Ago," 12.

88. For extracts of medical reports testifying to the poor condition of the men, see Howard, "Report," 617.

89. Ibid., 612; Sutherland, Howard's Campaign, 36-37; Chicago Tribune, August 24, 1877; and Henry Buck, "Nez Perce Indian Campaign," 64-70.

90. Howard, "Report," 613.

91. Mason to wife, August 24, 1877, quoted in Davison, "A Century Ago," 12.

92. Captain Robert Pollock to wife, August 25, 1877, in Pollock, Grandfather, Chief Joseph and Psychodynamics, 83.

93. New York Herald, September 10, 1877.

94. Howard to Assistant Adjutant General, Military Division of the Pacific, August 24, 1877, quoted in John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 257.

95. "Report of the General of the Army," November 7, 1877, in Secretary of War, Report . . . 1877, 12-13.

96. Ibid., 13.

97. Ibid. See the in-depth discussion of the Howard-McDowell-Sherman telegraphic round robin in John Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch, 254-57.