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Mormon Pioneer
Historic Resource Study |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter 1
1 T. Edgar Lyon, "Some Uncommon Aspects of the Mormon Migration," Improvement Era, (September 1969): 33-40.
2 Wallace Stegner, The Gathering of Zion (New York: McGraw Hill, 1971), and Bernard Devoto, The Year of Decision: 1846 (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1943).
3 See for example the chapter "The Overlanders in Historical Perspective," John D. Unruh, Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970).
4 For the best single-volume history of the Mormons, see James B. Allen and Glen M. Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1976). That book's bibliography is the most useful in print to its date of publication. The book may well serve as the standard reference on Mormon history and beliefs to all users of this Historic Resource Study.
5 For a survey of Mormon history in Ohio, see Milton V. Backman, Jr., "The Quest for a Restoration: The Birth of Mormonism in Ohio," Brigham Young University Studies, 12, (Summer 1972), 346-64.
6 Warren A. Jennings, "The Expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County, Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 64, (October 1969), 41-63.
7 The best recent study of this is Stephen C. LeSuer, The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987).
8 The best study of Zion's Camp is Roger D. Launius, Zion's Camp (Independence, Mo.: Herald Publishing House, 1984.) See also Milton V. Backman's The Heavens Resound (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1983).
9 An excellent study of the Nauvoo period in Mormon history is Robert B. Flanders' Kingdom on the Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965). See also David Miller and Della Miller, Nauvoo: The City of Joseph (Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1974).
10 A good study of Mormon theology is Bruce McConkie, Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1958).
12 For a full discussion of the Mormon priesthood, see McConkie.
13 Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York: 1800-1850 (New York: Cornell University Press, 1950).
14 The belief is based on the fact that so many Mormons used the trail for such a long time. The fact they used trails already in existence was somehow forgotten.
15 For a thorough discussion of the name problem, see Merrill J. Mattes, The Great Platte River Road (Lincoln: Nebraska State Historical Society, 1969).
16 Lyon, "Some Uncommon Aspects of the Mormon Migration."
17 Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), 381-382; Stanley B. Kimball, Heber C. Kimball: Mormon Patriarch and Pioneer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981), 191; and Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 281-287.
18 Stegner, The Gathering of Zion, 1.
Chapter 2
1 Readers are referred to Stanley B. Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers Along the Mormon and Other Great Western Trails, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988) for a discussion of these trails. This book may well be used as a basic reference work for all trail matters and trail markers referred to in this Historic Resource Study.
2 The author heard this expression as a child in Utah from his grandparents...a bit of oral tradition.
3 LeRoy Hafen, Western America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970), 350. For comparison, stagecoaches with frequent changes of horses averaged 16 miles an hour.
4 Thomas Bullock journal, June 8,1847, archives, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, hereafter Mormon Church archives.
5 This information comes from the 1849 trail journal of David Moore and the 1856 trail journal of Langley A. Bailey, Mormon Church archives.
6 Based on the author's study of Mormon Trail journals and trail travel.
7 See, for example, the diary of Patty Sessions, Mormon Church archives.
8 Gleaned from author's study of trail journals at Mormon Church archives.
9 Stanley B. Kimball, "The Unusual and the Outre on Mormon Trails," Paper presented at the Mormon History Conference, Utah State University, 1988.
10 John Q. Cannon, ed. Autobiography of Christopher Layton, (Salt Lake City, 1911), 3.
11 This information was gleaned by the author from hundreds of trail journals.
12 See Stanley B. Kimball, "The Dark Side of Heroism on Mormon Trails: A New Look at the Mythic Pioneers," paper presented before the Mormon History Association, Kansas City, Mo., May 1985.
13 "Journal History of the Church," 28 October 1854, 2, Mormon Church archives.
14 Gleaned from author's study of trail journals.
15 Lyon, "Some Uncommon Aspects of the Mormon Migration," 36.
16 This study of female Mormon Pioneers is based on these and scores of other female trail accounts in the Mormon Church archives, the Utah Historical Society, and Brigham Young University. See also Vicky Burgess-Olson, Sister Saints (Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978); Kenneth Godfrey, Audrey Godfrey, and Jill Derr, Women's Voices... (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1982); and the old, but still useful, Edward W. Tullidge, The Women of Mormondom (New York: Tullidge and Crandall, 1877, 1975 reprint).
17 Nobody knows how many died. This estimate is based on Andrew Jenson's "Emigration Crossing the Plains," see Appendix B, Document 5, and from this author's study of trail journals.
20 See, for example, Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Schocken Books, 1982); Sandra L. Myers, Westering Women and the Frontier Experience, 1800-1915 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982); and the multi-volume series Covered Wagon Women, being published by Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendale, California.
21 See Kimball, "Women, Children and Family Life on Pioneer Trails."
22 For a summary study of Mormons and Indians, see Leonard Arrington, "The Mormons and the Indians, Review and Evaluation," The Record, (Friends of the Library, Washington State University, Pullman, (1970): 5-29. It is also true, contrary to what Hollywood would have us believe, that until the 1860s, Indians rarely attacked emigrant trains. See Unruh, The Plains Across.
23 See Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 30, 105-106, and B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, vol. II, 1930), 88-89.
24 See Stanley B. Kimball, "Red Men and White Women on Mormon Trails, 1847-1868: The Captivity Narrative in Mormondom," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought I (Winter 1985), 81-88.
28 Jack Beller, "Negro Slaves in Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 2 (1979): 122-26, and Ronald G. Coleman, "Blacks in Utah," in The Peoples of Utah 24, ed. Helen Z. Papanikolas (Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1976), 115-140; the same author's "Blacks in Pioneer Utah, 1847-69," UMOJA: A Scholarly Journal of Black Studies, 2, (Summer 1978): 96-110; and this author's study of Mormon Trail accounts.
29 See Conway B. Sonne, Saints on the High Seas, A Maritime History of Mormon Migrations: 1830-90, (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983) and the author's study of Mormon Trail journals.
30 Gleaned from trail journals.
31 Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 184-185, and Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, vol. 2, 210-216.
32 A good recent account of leaving Nauvoo is Richard Bennet, Mormons at the Missouri, 1846-52, (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987) 13-25.
33 For a detailed account of these events, see Stanley B. Kimball, William Clayton's The Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide, (Gerald, Mo.: The Patrice Press, 1983), 18-19. See also Lewis Clark Christian, "Mormon Foreknowledge of the West," Brigham Young University Studies 21, Fall 1981, 403-415, and his 1972 Brigham Young University Thesis.
34 Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 210-215, and Flanders, Kingdom on the Mississippi.
36 Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Trans-Mississippi West, vol. 3, (San Francisco: Institute of Historic Cartography, 1959), 31.
37 Lansford W. Hastings, The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and California, (Cincinnati: George Conclin, 1845), 137-138.
38 For further discussion of early travel literature, see S. Kimball, William Clayton's The Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide.
39 See Wheat, Mapping the Trans-Mississippi West.
42 See Elden J. Watson, Compiler, Manuscript History of Brigham Young: 1846-47, (Salt Lake City: Elden J. Watson, 1971).
44 Two basic and recommended accounts of the 1847 trek are William Clayton's Journal, (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1921), and William Clayton, The Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide (St. Louis: Missouri Steam Powered Press, 1848).
45 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 159-160.
Chapter 3
1 See William Clayton's Journal, 376.
2 See Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers, and Stanley B. Kimball, "The Mormon Trait Network in Iowa, 1838-68," Brigham Young University Studies, 21 (Fall 1981), 417-430.
3 See Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 220.
4 NR indicates that the site is already on the National Register of Historic Places.
5 This judgement is based on the author's study of trail journals.
6 No attempt was made initially to move all the Mormons from the Nauvoo area at once. Approximately 10,000 Mormons remained in the area until better weather, and almost all followed Brigham Young west by that September. This is why the pioneer group established several "permanent" camps across Iowa, as detailed later in the text. See Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 220-221.
7 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 133.
8 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 107
9 REC indicates that the site is recommended for listing on the National Register of Historic Places by the author (see page 75).
10 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 144; Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 224.
11 This information comes from an informational kiosk at Mount Pisgah.
12 Prayer circles ordinarily were (and are) performed only in Mormon temples. Under unusual circumstances, however, they may be performed as at Mount Pisgah.
Chapter 4
1 The best recent study is Bennett, Mormons at The Missouri: 1846-1852.
2 Gail G. Holmes, "The LDS Legacy in Southwestern Iowa," The Ensign, (August 1988), 54-57.
3 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 138.
4 Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1881, M234, role 216, frame 497, June 29, 1846, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
5 Allen and Leonard, The Story of the Latter-day Saints, 226-227.
6 Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 79-90.
9 Ibid., and Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 145.
10 Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 168-173.
11 As cited by Leland H. Creer, The Founding of an Empire (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1947), 167-168.
12 Merrill J. Mattes, "The Northern Route of the Non-Mormons: Rediscovery of Nebraska's Forgotten Historic Trail," Overland Journal. 8 (No.2, 1990), 2-14.
Chapter 5
1 Preston Nibley, Exodus to Greatness: The Story of the Mormon Migration, (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1947), passim.
2 Howard L. Eagan, Pioneering the West, (Richmond, Utah: Eagan Estate, 1917), 24.
3 A good study of these individual pioneers is Andrew Jenson, Day by Day with The Utah Pioneers of 1847, a series of newspaper articles published in 1934 in the Deseret News and subsequently bound into book form.
4 This information comes from the author's reading of hundreds of trail accounts.
5 Kimball, "Red Men and White Women on Mormon Trails."
6 This observation is based on a study of many trail journals. The best recent study of overland emigration in general, including the Mormons, is Unruh, The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860.
7 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 170.
8 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 1846-47, 548.
9 An excellent study of the Great Reconnaissance is William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West: 1803-63, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979.
10 Orson Pratt Journal, April-July 1847, passim, Mormon Church archives. The author has plotted all of Pratt's sightings on modern maps. See Kimball, W. Clayton's The Saints' Emigrants' Guide.
11 Kimball, W. Clayton's The Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide, 42.
12 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 546-548.
13 Ibid., 549 and Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 151.
14 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 560-561 and William Clayton's Journal, 289.
15 Mattes, The Great Platte River Road.
16 William Clayton's Journal, 84-87.
20 See Jenson, Day by Day, May 24th, and Stanley Kimball and Hal Knight, 111 Days to Zion, Salt Lake City: Deseret Press, 1979, 114-115.
21 Somehow, probably because he was killed by Indians, Jacques not only got a fort named after him, but a mountain range, peak, river, city, and a county, as shown on Wyoming maps.
22 See Mattes, The Great Platte River Road, 23; and Gregory M. Franzwa, The Oregon Trail Revisited, (St. Louis: The Patrice Press, 1988).
23 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 556-557 and 608.
24 This evaluation is based on the author's personal observations.
25 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 560-561.
26 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 166.
27 Kimball, Heber C. Kimball, 167.
28 LeRoy Hafen, Old Spanish Trail, (Glendale, CA, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1954).
29 S. George Ellsworth, Utah's Heritage, (Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, Inc., 1972).
30 Watson, Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 564.
32 Wilford Woodruff's sermon, July 24, 1880, as cited by Preston Nibley, Brigham Young, (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1937), 98-99.
33 Extrapolated from figures given in Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church, vol. 3, 292-293 and 300-301.
34 The best study of this is Milton Hunter, Brigham Young The Colonizer, (Santa Barbara: Peregrine Smith, 1973.)
Chapter 6
1 For a full discussion of these and other trails used by the Mormons, see Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers.
2 See LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion, 1856-1860 (Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1960, and Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers.
3 Ray Allen Billington, Westward Expansion, NY: Macmillan Co., 1982, 294.
4 This study will present in detail only the Iowa segment of the Handcart Trail, because west of Iowa, the handcarters followed the Mormon Trail of 1847 and their experiences were much the same as other emigrating Mormons.
5 Hafen and Hafen, Handcarts to Zion, passim.
6 Kimball, "The LDS Use of Railroads," unpublished paper based on original emigrant records.
7 Hafen and Hafen, Handcarts to Zion, 193.
8 See Hafen and Hafen, Handcarts to Zion.
9 "Journal History of the Church," Mormon Church Archives.
10 This information comes from Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 162-169, Russell R. Rich, Ensign to the Nations, (Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1979), 208-217, and original maps in the Mormon Church Archives.
11 This experiment is described in Leonard Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 205-211, and John K. Hulmston, "Mormon Immigration in the 1860s: The Story of the Church Trains," Utah Historical Quarterly, 58, (Winter 1990) 32-48.
12 The toponym Wyoming is Indian and originated in Pennsylvania.
13 Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 298.
14 See Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers.
16 Kimball, Discovering Mormon Trails, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1979, 39.
17 See the "Rail and Trail Pioneers" section of this chapter immediately below, and Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers, 154-159.
18 Most of this discussion is based on the author's study of Mormon Trail accounts in the Mormon Church archives.
19 Stanley B. Kimball, "The LDS and the Railroads." Unpublished paper.
Chapter 7
1 For more information about these historic sites and, especially for the many historic markers along the trail not here presented, see Kimball, Historic Sites and Markers.
2 National Register Bulletin No.16, 1.
4 For a detailed account of trail ruts in Wyoming, see Gregory M. Franzwa, Maps of the Oregon Trail, (Gerald, MO: The Patrice Press, 1982).
5 National Register Bulletin, 1.
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