Chapter 7
FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS
Cultural Resource Management at the Monument
Notes
1. Archeologists have proposed several different
theories about the prehistoric peoples of the Verde Valley. These
theories speculate about the presence, activities, and interactions of
the Hohokam, Sinagua, and Hakataya groups in the region. A brief
discussion of some of these theories accompanies the section in this
chapter on recent archeological research activities. A more detailed
treatment of these topics is best left to the archeological literature.
Studies that deal with the prehistory of the Verde Valley include David
A. Breternitz, Excavations at Three Sites in the Verde Valley,
Arizona (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona, 1960); Harold S.
Colton, Prehistoric Culture Units and Their Relationships in Northern
Arizona (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona, 1939); Harold S.
Colton, The Sinagua: A Summary of the Archaeology of the Region of
Flagstaff, Arizona, Bulletin no. 22 (Flagstaff: Museum of Northern
Arizona, 1946); Christian E. Downum, "The Sinagua," Plateau 63,
no. 1 (1992): 232; Fish and Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology;
Peter J. Pilles Jr., "The Southern Sinagua," Plateau 53, no. 1
(1981): 617; Albert H. Schroeder, "Man and Environment in the
Verde Valley," Landscape 3, no. 2 (1953): 1619; Albert H.
Schroeder, The Hohokam, Sinagua, and the Hakataya, Archives of
Archeology no. 5 (Menasha, Wis.: Society for American Archaeology;
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1960); Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey.
2. Hammond and Rey, Expedition into New
Mexico, 1056; Albert Schroeder, "A Brief History of the
Yavapai of the Middle Verde Valley," Plateau 24, no. 1 (1952),
112.
3. Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the
Southwest, 187.
4. Three different hypotheses about the origins of
the Yavapai are summarized in Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai,"
3940.
5. Examples of such confusion between Yavapai and
Apache groups are presented in Schroeder, "A Brief History."
6. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 4041.
7. Wells and Anderson, Archeological Survey,
103.
8. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 49.
9. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 4547.
10. The classic example of the attitude that viewed
American Indians as little more than features of the vacant frontier
landscape waiting to be settled and improved is articulated in Frederick
Jackson Turner's 1893 essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History." A reprint of this essay, along with a foreword by
historian Wilbur R. Jacobs, is included in Frederick Jackson Turner,
The Frontier in American History (Tucson: University of Arizona
Press, 1986).
11. Thomas E. Sheridan, Arizona: A History
(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995), 6971.
12. Munson, "Territorial Verde Valley," 27.
13. Pat Stein, "The Yavapai and
Tonto Apache," Plateau 53 (1981), 21.
14. Munson, "Territorial Verde Valley," 28; Stein,
"The Yavapai and Tonto Apache," 21.
15. William T. Corbusier, Verde to San Carlos
(Tucson: Dale Stuart King, 1969), 17, 184, 260, cited in Khera and
Mariella, "Yavapai," 41; Stein, "The Yavapai and Tonto Apache,"
2123.
16. Although most of the American Indians living on
the Rio Verde Reservation were relocated in 1875, Kera and Mariella
("The Yavapai," 41) note that some Yavapai escaped during the trip to
San Carlos, while others remained behind. Those who remained behind
stayed within their traditional territories and earned meager livings by
farming or working for European American settlers.
17. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 41; Stein, "The
Yavapai and Tonto Apache," 23.
18. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 4142.
19. Ibid., 43.
20. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 43; Bureau of
Indian Affairs, Indians: Of Arizona, of Nevada, of Utah, an
Informational Profile (Phoenix: U.S. Department of the Interior,
1994), 8182, cited in Teresita Majewski, "Historical Profiles of
the Apache and Yavapai Reservations in Arizona," in Vanishing River:
Landscapes and Lives of the Lower Verde Valley, ed. Stephanie M.
Whittlesey, Richard Ciolek-Torrello, and Jeffrey H. Altschul (Tucson:
SRI Press, 1997), 32930.
21. Stein, "The Yavapai and Tonto Apache," 23.
22. Khera and Mariella, "Yavapai," 51.
23. William Back, interview by Albert Schroeder, NPS
archeologist, 24 May 1947, transcript, Western Archeological and
Conservation Center, Tucson.
24. Beckman, "A History of Montezuma Well." In the
third chapter of this manuscript, Beckman presents details of his
interactions with American Indians who have visited Montezuma Well
during the past thirty-odd years. He shares some of the legends and
stories that they told and describes the different rituals they
performed while visiting the Well.
25. Mindeleff, "Aboriginal Remains," 179261;
Fewkes, "Archeological Expedition," 51946; Fish and Fish, Verde
Valley Archaeology, 3132; Lister and Lister, Those Who Came
Before, 172.
26. Schroeder's account of his visit with Hopi
priests is quoted on pages 3435 of Jack Beckman's unpublished
manuscript "A History of Montezuma Well."
27. Montezuma Castle National Monument,
administrative files, H-14.
28. For a more detailed discussion of Cummings and
Colton's contributions, see Stephanie Whittlesey, "An Overview of
Research History and Archaeology of Central Arizona," in Vanishing
River: Landscapes and Lives of the Lower Verde Valley, ed. Stephanie
Whittlesey, Richard Ciolek-Torrello, and Jeffrey H. Altschul (Tucson:
SRI Press, 1997), 6671.
29. Colton, The Sinagua; Whittlesey, "An
Overview," 69.
30. Albert H. Schroeder, "Did the Sinagua of the
Verde Valley Settle in the Salt River Valley?" Southwestern Journal
of Anthropology 3 (1947): 23046.
31. Albert H. Schroeder, "Man and
Environment in the Verde Valley," Landscape 3, no.2 (1953):
1619.
32. Albert H. Schroeder, "The Hakataya
Cultural Tradition," American Antiquity 23 (1957): 17678;
Schroeder, The Hohokam, Sinagua, and Hakataya.
33. Albert H. Schroeder, "History of
Archeological Research," in Southwest, edited by A. Ortiz, vol. 9
of Handbook of North American Indians, W C. Sturtevant, general
editor (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979),
1113.
34. Charles R. McGimsey III, "Head
Waters: How the Post-War Boom Boosted Archeology," Common Ground:
Archeology and Ethnography in the Public Interest 31, no. 2
(summerfall 1998): 1820.
35. McGimsey, "Head Waters," 20;
Schroeder, "History of Archeological Research," 12.
36. Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology, 6.
37. Whittlesey, "An Overview of
Research History," 6061; Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology, 2526.
38. For information about
archeological investigations in the Verde Valley at sites outside of
Montezuma Castle National Monument, see Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology; Whittlesey, "An Overview of Research History"; and
Calvin R. Cummings, "A Survey of the Archaeological Potential of the
Upper Verde Valley, Arizona," (unpublished manuscript, 1966), on file at
the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative
office.
39. The information presented in this
table is from Wells and Anderson, Archeological Survey,
1012. More detailed information about these projects and earlier
archeological research projects done at Montezuma Castle National
Monument is on file at the National Park Service Western Archeological
and Conservation Center in Tucson, Arizona.
40. William Back, interview by Albert
Schroeder, NPS Archeologist, 24 May 1947. In this interview, Back
relates details of the many different excavations he did over the years
in the vicinity of Montezuma Well, Of special interest, he recalled
excavating twenty-eight vault burials "in the flats" and thirty-two
child burials on the south side of the Well near the small pueblo. At
the end of the transcript, Albert Schroeder provided descriptions of
some of the artifacts in Back's collection, including ceramics, a
wooden paddle, portions of woven baskets, and woven sandals. This
interview contains detailed accounts of many of the natural and
prehistoric features around Montezuma Well and the Back family's
historic activities in the area. The fact file at Montezuma Castle and
Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office mentions Back family
members' activities prior to 1947 and later reports of vandalism that
impacted prehistoric resources in the vicinity of Montezuma Well.
41. Todd W. Bostwick, "Albert Henry
Schroeder (1914-1993)," Kiva 60, no, 3 (spring 1995):
44345. For a good overview of Schroeder's theories about the
Hakataya culture, see Albert H. Schroeder, "Prehistory: Hakataya," in
Southwest, edited by A. Ortiz, vol. 9 of Handbook of North
American Indians, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor (Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979), 1007.
42. Fish and Fish. Verde Valley
Archaeology, 3637; Wells and Anderson, Archeological
Survey, 9.
43. Montezuma Castle National
Monument, fact file; Fish and Fish, Verde Valley Archaeology, 33;
Wells and Anderson, Archeological Survey 9.
44. Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology, 37. Details about the results of Breternitz's
excavations are included in Wells and Anderson, Archeological
Survey, 6769.
45. Breternitz, Excavations at
Three Sites; Wells and Anderson, Archeological Survey 67;
"Pithouse Reveals Previous Culture," Verde Independent, 15
September 1960, sec. 1. 6.
46. Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey, 4648; Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology, 38.
47. Hugh Cutler and Lawrence Kaplan,
"Some Plant Remains from Montezuma Castle and Nearby Caves (NA4007B and
C on Dry Beaver Creek)," Plateau 28, no, 4 (1956): 98100;
Lisa W. Huckell, "Archeobotanical Remains from Montezuma Castle National
Monument, Arizona," appendix to The Tuzigoot Survey and Three Small
Verde Valley Projects, by Martyn D. Tagg, Publications in
Anthropology, no. 40, (Tucson: Western Archeological and Conservation
Center, 1986), 13549.
48. Earl Jackson and Sallie Pierce Van
Valkenburgh, Montezuma Castle Archeology Part I: Excavations and
Conclusions, Technical Series, no. 3 (Globe, Ariz.: Southwestern
Monuments Association, 1954); Katherine Bartlett, "Crania from Montezuma
Castle and Well," appendix in Jackson and Van Valkenburgh, Montezuma
Castle Archeology Part I; Kate Peck Kent, Montezuma Castle
Archeology Part II: Textiles, Technical Series, no. 3 (Globe, Ariz.:
Southwestern Monuments Association, 1954); Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey 29.
49. Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey 13.
50. Tagg, Tuzigoot Survey
99105.
51. Tagg, Tuzigoot Survey
10612, 13334; Huckell, "Archeobotanical Remains,"
135-48.
52. Tagg, Tuzigoot Survey
99.
53. Tagg, Tuzigoot Survey
11330.
54. For more specific details about
the passage of the NHPA and the implications of its various provisions,
see Barry Mackintosh, The National Historic Preservation Act and the
National Park Service: A History (Washington, D.C.: National Park
Service, History Division, 1986); William J. Murtaugh, Keeping Time:
The History and Theory of Preservation in America (New York:
Sterling, 1993); and James A. Glass, The Beginnings of o New
National Historic Preservation Program, 1957 to 1969 (Nashville:
American Association for State and Local History, 1990).
55. For additional information about
these laws and others related to NPS cultural resource management
activities, see Napier Shelton and Lissa Fox, An Introduction to
Selected Laws Important for Resource Management in the National Park
Service (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1994), 21; and the
NPS website with information on public archeology in the United States:
http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/timeline.
56. Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey 12, 11116.
57. Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey 121, 22329.
58. Fish and Fish, Verde Valley
Archaeology 2527. It should be noted that this 1977 report was
funded by the National Park Service and contracted to the Museum of
Northern Arizona. Because the report was prepared for the NPS Fish and
Fish directed most of the recommendations to the agency in regard to its
management of the Verde Valley national monument units,
59. Ibid., 28.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. In fiscal year 1999, the monument
administration provided funds for the study of these prehistoric
irrigation canals, as Wells and Anderson recommended. Archeologists from
the NPS Western Archeological and Conservation Center are performing the
work and are expected to complete it by the end of the year 2000.
63. Wells and Anderson,
Archeological Survey 117.
64. Ibid., 22829.
65. Ibid., 143-AS.
66. SWAC was one of the few remaining
portions of Frank Pinkley's original Southwestern National Monuments
unit that was not absorbed by the NPS regional office in Santa Fe. SWAC
operated out of Globe, Arizona, and sent out crews to provide
archeology and stabilization services to regional NPS sites before
eventually moving to Tucson as the Western Archeological and
Conservation Center (WACC). Clemenson, Casa Grande Ruins, 176;
Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office,
fact file,
67. Montezuma Castle National Monument
Master Plan, 196465, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National
Monuments administrative office.
68. Such suggestions are included in
draft versions of monument master plans from 1958 and 1961 on file at
the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative
office,
69. Glen Henderson, interview by Josh
M. Protas, 11 April 1997. Montezuma Castle National Monuments Oral
History Project, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments
administrative office.
70. Montezuma Castle National
Monument, Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan, February 1996,
p. I-21; Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative
office.
71. Kathleen Fiero, Preservation
Maintenance, Montezuma Castle National Monument, May 1997; Kathleen
Fiero, Draft Preservation Maintenance, Montezuma Castle National
Monument, December 1997. Copies of both of these reports are on file at
the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative
office. The report from May 1997 includes numerous photographs of the
project work.
72. Kathleen Fiero, Draft Preservation
Maintenance, Montezuma Castle National Monument, December 1997, 1. This
report includes a detailed discussion of the controversy surrounding the
replastering work done at Montezuma Castle.
73. Vanishing Treasures Ruins
Preservation Program, Montezuma Castle National Monument Project
Proposal Form, FY98, on file at the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot
National Monuments administrative office.
74. Glen Henderson, personal
communication, 27 March 1999.
75. Glen Henderson, interview by Josh
M. Protas, 11 April 1997.
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