Notes

1. Stephanie M. Whittlesey, "The Vanished River," in Vanishing River: Landscapes and Lives of the Lower Verde Valley, ed. Stephanie M. Whittlesey, Richard Ciolek-Torrello, and Jeffrey H. Altschul (Tucson: SRI Press, 1997), 29—30. This essay provides a detailed account of historical-period impacts to the Verde River as reflected in documentary records and relates these changes to those experienced by other rivers in southwestern desert landscapes as a result of historic human activities. The term vanished river is used to contrast the characteristics of the prehistoric Verde River with those of the altered river of historic times. Historic changes to Arizona's rivers, including the Verde, are also discussed in Barbara Tellman, Richard Yarde, and Mary G. Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers: How People Have Affected the Rivers (Tucson: Water Resources Research Center, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, 1997).

2. Stephanie M. Whittlesey, "Landscapes and Lives along the Lower Verde River," in Vanishing River, ed. Whittlesey, Ciolek-Torello, and Altschul, 718.

3. Tellman, Yarde, and Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers, 46. In reference to the irrigation ditch built by the Yavapai, Sigrid Khera and Patricia Mariella observe: "Despite a serious epidemic and other adverse conditions typical of forced settlement of a conquered people, these Yavapai, mainly by means of their aboriginal tools, managed to excavate an irrigation ditch and produce several successful harvests (Corbusier 1969:17). A group of Tucson contractors who supplied reservations was alarmed by the growing self-sufficiency of the Rio Verde Reservation population. These contractors pressed for a government order to transfer these Indians onto the Apache Reservation at San Carlos (Corbusier 1969:260)." Sigrid Khera and Patricia Mariella, "Yavapai," in Southwest, edited by A. Ortiz, vol. 10 of Handbook of North American Indians, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1983), 41. Citations within the quotation are from William T. Corbusier, Verde to San Carlos (Tucson: Dale Stuart King, 1969).

4. Herbert V. Young, They Came to Jerome: The Billion Dollar Copper Camp (Jerome: Jerome Historical Society, 1972), 29—32.

5. Tellman, Yarde, and Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers, 45—46.

6. Mindeleff, "Aboriginal Remains," 190—91.

7. Whittlesey, "The Vanished River," 36; Tellman, Yarde, and Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers, 47.

8. Whittlesey, "The Vanished River," 37.

9. James W. Byrkit, "A Log of the Verde: The 'Taming' of an American River," Journal of Arizona History 19 (spring 1978): 31, 48—49.

10. Ibid., 45.

11. Tellman, Yarde, and Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers, 49.

12. Byrkit, "A Log of the Verde," 41—42.

13. Tellman, Yarde, and Wallace, Arizona's Changing Rivers, 47.

14. Water Resources Management Plan, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments, 1992, 41, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office.

15. Verde Independent (Cottonwood), 3 May 1995.

16. Hillory A. Tolson, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, the National Parks, and Monuments (Washington, D. C.: Department of the Interior, 1933), 9—11.

17. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 91. For a more comprehensive treatment of the natural resource management ideas and policies within the agency during this time, see chapter 3, "The Rise and Decline of Ecological Attitudes." This book as a whole offers a detailed account of NPS fluctuating commitment to ecological thinking and the scientific management of natural resources throughout the course of the agency's history. It provides an excellent background on the people, politics, and principles that shaped NPS policies toward natural resources and helps contextualize many of the activities undertaken at particular parks and monuments.

18. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 14.

19. For more on NPS neglect of Montezuma Castle during the early years of its management, refer to chapters 3 and 4 of this study.

20. Hartley H. T. Jackson and Walter P. Taylor, Biological Survey Reports, Verde Valley, 1916 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1916).

21. Betty Jackson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 18 April 1997, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments Oral History Project, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monument administrative office.

22. W. B. McDougall, regional biologist, Special Report on Montezuma Castle National Monument, 30 March 1940, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18.

23. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 150—51.

24. For more about these early publications and others concerning the features at Montezuma Well, refer to chapters 1 and 2 of this study.

25. Manning, "Ancient Pueblos of New Mexico," 329; "Montezuma's Castle Greatest of Prehistoric Structures," Arizona Journal Miner, n.d., on file in clippings folder at the Museum of Northern Arizona library.

26. Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, fact file. The fact file contains a list of a number of different reports on the depth of Montezuma Well; additional references to the depth of the Well are made in articles cited in chapters 1 and 2 of this study. Many of these reports repeated information from questionable sources. It is unclear how some of the more outrageous measurements were obtained; some reports even stated that the Well was "bottomless."

27. William Back, interview by Albert Schroeder, NPS Archeologist, 24 May 1947, transcript, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson; Beckman, "History of Montezuma Well." Both of these sources contain interesting information about the activities at Montezuma Well during its ownership by the Back family. The monument fact file contains a note indicating that Bill Back discontinued giving boat rides at the Well after an occurrence of the surface water bubbling in 1927. In his interview with Albert Schroeder, William Back Jr. noted that at a later time a sample of the bubbling mud was taken to the laboratory of the United Verde Extension Mine in Clemenceau, where analysis revealed it to be composed of limey mud.

28. William Back, interview by Albert Schroeder, 24 May 1947; Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, fact file. The monument fact file includes a reference to Basil Back's claim that his father, who used to be able to crawl through the cave opening at the outlet, decided around 1917 to open it further as he became more "corpulent." Also of interest, William Back Jr. indicated in his interview with Albert Schroeder that a man once approached his father with the idea of building a tunnel through the west side of the Well under the ledge ruin and pumping water up through it to the flats for irrigation, but that this project was never attempted.

29. Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, fact file.

30. Memorandum to the custodian, Montezuma Castle, from Albert Schroeder, archeologist, 17 May 1948, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18; Montezuma Castle National Monument Monthly Narrative Report, 24 April 1956.

31. Wells and Anderson, Archeological Survey, 13. The results of this project appear in George R. Fisher, "Underwater Archeological Survey of Montezuma Well" (unpublished manuscript on file at the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson).

32. Jean Clark, "Divers Explore Depths of Montezuma's Well; Seek Answers to Hydrology of Natural Wonder," Verde Independent (Cottonwood), 29 May 1991.

33. Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, fact file; Eason, "History of Montezuma Castle," 96.

34. Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, fact file; Eason, "History of Montezuma Castle National Monument," 90—91. Former monument ranger Myron Sutton produced several reports on the natural resources in the region around this time, including "Geology of the Verde Valley: An Interpretive Treatment" (1953), "A Preliminary Checklist of Insects of Montezuma Castle National Monument" (1954), and "Birds of the Verde Valley: An Interpretive Treatment" (1954); these reports are on file at Montezuma Castle National Monument library.

35. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 168—69.

36. Ibid., 192, 202.

37. Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, 1961, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office. For more details on the Mission 66 developments at the monument, refer to chapter 5 of this study.

38. Arthur Lange, "Studies on the Origin of Montezuma Well and Cave, Arizona," Cave Studies 9 (18 November 1957), 31—45; Myron L. Sutton, "Bird Survey of the Verde Valley," Plateau 27, no. 2 (1954), 9—17; H. S. Haskell and W. B. McDougal, Seed Plants of Montezuma Castle National Monument, Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 35 (Flagstaff, Ariz.: Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Inc., 1960).

39. Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, 1961.

40. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 222.

41. Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Montezuma Castle National Monument, Arizona, 1961; Master Plan Narrative, Montezuma Castle National Monument, chapter 3, Management Programs, 1965, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office.

42. Boundary Status Report, Montezuma Castle National Monument, 1 October 1956; Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Montezuma Castle National Monument, 1961.

43. This act of Congress appears in appendix E of this study.

44. Correspondence relating to Montezuma Well boundary issues, Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Archival Record Group 18, box 1, file 7; John Dougherty, "Park Rancher," New Times (18—24 April 1996): 25—30.

45. Examples of research containing references to this deposit of mammal tracks include: L. F. Brady and Philip Seff, "Elephant Hill," Plateau 31, no. 4 (1959): 80—82; C. F. Royce and J. S. Wadell, "Geology of the Verde Valley, Yavapai County, Arizona," in Guidebook to the Four Corners, Colorado Plateau, and Central Rocky Mountain Region n.p.: National Association of Geology Teachers, Southwest Section, 1970), 35—39; Myron Sutton, "Geology of the Verde Valley: An Interpretive Treatment" (unpublished manuscript, 1953); F. R. Twenter, "New Fossil Localities in the Verde Formation, Verde Valley, Arizona," in New Mexico Geological Society, 13th Field Conference, Mogollon Rim Region, East Central Arizona (n.p.: New Mexico Geological Society, 1962), 109—14.

46. Multiple Use Survey Area, Prehistoric Elephant Tracks Protection Area, Coconino National Forest, Beaver Creek Ranger District, 20 August 1971, Coconino National Forest office, Flagstaff, site files.

47. Robert B Gilles Jr., district ranger, to Dale Nations, assistant professor of geology, Northern Arizona University, 11 April 1972, Coconino National Forest office, Flagstaff, site files.

48. John P. Schafer, U.S. Geological Survey, to Edward Nichols, superintendent, Montezuma Castle National Monument, 24 February 1972, Coconino National Forest office, Flagstaff, site files.

49. Coconino National Forest office, Flagstaff, Montezuma Castle National Monument site file.

50. Glen Henderson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 11 April 1997, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments Oral History Project, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monument administrative office.

51. Correspondence relating to the environmental management issues at Montezuma Castle and Montezuma Well, Montezuma Castle National Monument file, Coconino National Forest office, Flagstaff. Included in this file are correspondence between NPS and USFS officials and reports on

52. Environmental Integrity Plan for Montezuma Castle National Monument, April 1970.

53. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 214—17. For a more detailed discussion of the changing role of NPS scientific research and natural resource management policies during this era of environmental activism, refer to chapter 6 of Preserving Nature in the National Parks.

54. Final Master Plan, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments, 1975. For a more detailed discussion of the recommendations made in the 1975 monument master plan, especially those relating to the reallocation of land use and the monument facilities, see chapter 5 of this study.

55. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 233—35.

56. The numerous monument plans, statements of management, and compliance reports completed for Montezuma Castle since the late 1960s are on file at the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office. These documents provide more detailed information than can be included in this study about the particular issues and activities that have affected the natural resources at the monument units in the recent past. They feature discussions of management objectives, research needs, and resource management programs.

57. Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan, Montezuma Castle National Monument, February 1996. pp. 1-21—1-22.

58. Glen Henderson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 11 April 1997. Henderson noted that one of the greatest challenges he has faced since becoming superintendent of Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments in 1974 involves obtaining the funding and staffing necessary to protect the sensitive natural and cultural resources at the monuments. During his twenty-five years at these monuments, Henderson has observed a greater awareness and appreciation of the natural features. However, because of budgetary and bureaucratic constraints, these resources have not received the research and protection attention that they deserve.

59. Statement for Management, Montezuma Castle National Monument, 1995, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office.

60. Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan, Montezuma Castle National Monument, February 1996. administrative office, files I-13, I-22.

61. Examples of such research and planning documents on the water resources of the Verde Valley include Sandra J. Owen-Joyce and C. K. Bell, Appraisal of Water Resources in the Upper Verde Area, Yavapai, and Coconino Counties, Arizona, Bulletin 2 (Tucson: Arizona Department of Water Resources, 1983); Sandra J. Owen-Joyce, Hydrology of a Stream-Aquifer System in the Camp Verde Area, Yavapai County, Arizona, Bulletin 3 (Tucson: Arizona Department of Water Resources, 1984); Water Resources Management Plan, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments, September 1992, Montezuma Castle National Monument administrative office; A. D. Konieczki and S. A. Leake, Hydrology and Water Chemistry of Montezuma Well in Montezuma Castle National Monument and Surrounding Area, Arizona, Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4156 (Tucson: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997).

62. Water Resources Management Plan, Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments, September 1992. This plan provides a comprehensive discussion of the various water resource management issues facing the two Verde Valley monuments in the recent past. It includes helpful back ground information on management objectives, legislative requirements, environmental and resource descriptions, and summaries of NPS management programs.

63. The monument staff, in conjunction with researchers from the Colorado Plateau Research Station, are in the process of compiling a comprehensive database of the various research studies on resource-management issues at Montezuma Castle. This database will include a detailed inventory of reports and publications and will serve as a useful management tool for officials by facilitating access to information about monument resources. Preliminary versions of this database, on file at the Montezuma Castle and Tuzigoot National Monuments administrative office, reflect the significant increase in research studies that has occurred within the past thirty years.

64. Eason, "History of Montezuma Castle," 93; Dr. Gerald A. Cole, Final Report to Montezuma Castle National Monument of Investigations of Montezuma Well (1965), unpublished report on file at the Montezuma Castle National Monument library.

65. Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 235.

66. Laura E. Ellison and Charles van Riper III, A Comparison of Small Mammal Communities at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Technical Report NPS/NAUMOCA/NRTR-96/11 (Flagstaff: Colorado Plateau Research Station, 1996), inside cover.

67. Glen Henderson, interview by Josh M. Protas, 11 April 1997.