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Minuteman Missle
Historic Resource Study |
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NOTES
1Michael Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1998), 3.
2The history of The Cold War was compiled using the following sources: Kort, Columbia Guide to the Cold War; Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1984, Fifth ed. (New York, N.Y.: Newbery Award Records, Inc., 1985); Derek Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 1st ed. (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown & Company, 2002), Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half-Century (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); and Melvyn P. Leffler and David S. Painter, eds., Origins of the Cold War: An International History (New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 1994).
3Paul S. Boyer, By the Bomb's Early Light (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1994), 5.
4Eugene Emme, The Impact of Air Power (New York, N.Y.: Norstrand Company, Inc., 1959), 623-626.
5Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 180; LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1984, 14-15.
6Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 160.
7Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 25.
8Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 23.
9LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War: 1945-1984, 38.
10Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 138.
11Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 138.
12Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 26; David Cannadine, ed., Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat: Winston Churchill's Famous Speeches (London: Cassell Publishers Limited, 1990), 303-304.
13Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 25.
14Jeffery A. Engel, "'Every Cent from America's Working Man': Fiscal Conservatism and the Politics of International Aid after World War II," The New England Journal of History 58, no. 1 (2001): 20.
15Engel, "'Every Cent from America's Working Man': Fiscal Conservatism and the Politics of International Aid after World War II," 22.
16For Truman Doctrine, see Melvyn Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, The Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992), 121-127.
17For Acheson, see Walter LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750 (New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989), 477.
18Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 151.
19For "Point Four," see David Baldwin, Economic Development and American Foreign Policy, 1942-1962 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).
20Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 102, 157.
21H. W. Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," The American Historical Review 94, no. 4 (October 1989): 965.
22Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," 970.
23On classical liberalism, see Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York, N.Y.: Harcourt, 1985). For republicanism, see for example, Bernard Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), and Daniel Rodgers, "Republicanism: The Career of a Concept," The Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 1. (Jun., 1992), 11-38.
24Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," 966-967.
25Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," 967.
26Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," 968.
27Brands, "The Age of Vulnerability: Eisenhower and the National Insecurity State," 969.
28LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750, 522.
29LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750, 515.
30On Nixon and the Missile Gap, see Peter Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995), 112-149; and Christopher Preble, "The Political Economy of National Security in the Nuclear Age: John F. Kennedy and the Missile Gap" (Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 2002).
31Jacob Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1990), 239.
32G. Harry Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World (New York, N.Y.: Orion Books, 1991), 147-149.
33Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 240-241.
34John C. Lonnquest and David F. Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program (Washington, D.C.: Department of Defense, Legacy Resource Management Program, 1996), 29.
35M. J. and Mason R. A. Armitage, Air Power in the Nuclear Age (Chicago, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 16.
36Ernest G. Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles (New York, N.Y.: F.A. Praeger, 1965), 70, 78.
37"Big Week for Pushing Missile Buttons: U.S. Tries Hard to Catch Up," LIFE 43, no. 19 (4 November 1957): 31.
38See Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 30 and Bernard C. Nalty, ed. Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997), 206 and U.S. Air Force organizational chart at the end of Section II, Chapter 2.
39Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 31.
40Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 66-67.
41Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 151, 210.
42Charles Simpson, "Special History Issue - Land Based USAF Missiles," AAFM Newsletter 5, no. 1 (June 1997): 3.
43Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 143-144, 152.
44Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 70.
45Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 60-61, 69.
46Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 31.
47Luther L. Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board (Seattle, Wash.: Boeing Company, 1966), 19.
48Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 19.
49Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 166; Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 19-20.
50Simpson, "Special History Issue - Land Based USAF Missiles," 3.
51Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 169.
52Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 20.
53Lieutenant General Otto J. Glasser, interview by Lieutenant Colonel John J. Allen, typed transcript, 5 January 1984, 55.
54Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 170.
55Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 171.
56Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 90.
57Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 79-80.
58Roy Neal, Ace in the Hole (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1962), 64-65.
59Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 70.
60Neal, Ace in the Hole, 27; Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 230.
62Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 230.
63Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 93.
64The Air Force canceled the Navaho cruise missile in 1957 in favor of developing a supersonic, air-breathing guided missile. For more information on the engineering of the Atlas, see Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 191.
65Charles Simpson, "Atlas - Then and Now," AAFM Newsletter 7, no. 1 (March 1999): 7.
66Simpson, "Atlas - Then and Now," 7.
67"The ICBM Force in the Early 1960s," AAFM Newsletter 9, no. 4 (December 2001): 1.
68Unless otherwise noted, these statistics come from Simpson, "Special History Issue - Land Based USAF Missiles," 1, 7.
69Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 211.
70Simpson, "Special History Issue - Land Based USAF Missiles," 4.
71Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 227.
72"Vandenberg Launches Last Atlas E," AAFM Newsletter 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 1.
73Colonel Edward N. Hall, interview by Jack Neufeld, typed transcript, 11 July 1989, 8.
74Simpson, "Atlas - Then and Now," 1.
75Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 229.
76Simpson, "Special History Issue - Land Based USAF Missiles," 1; Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 194, 239; Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 230.
77William Leavitt, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," Air Force Magazine 54, no. 3 (March 1971): 24.
78Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap, 30-63. For Symington, see Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap, 37.
79Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 229. Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap, 192. For Eisenhower, see Roman, Eisenhower and the Missile Gap, 186.
80Malmstrom Air Force Base's Alfa Flight was brought to alert status in conjunction with the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Reportedly President Kennedy referred to Malmstrom's Alfa Flight as America's "First Ace in the Hole." The squadron used this as their motto. "10th Missile Squadron," http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency/10ms.htm (6 October 2003).
81Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 186; Neal, Ace in the Hole, 28.
83General Bernard A. Schriever, interview by Major Lyn R. Officer and Dr. James C. Hasdorff, typed transcript, 20 June 1973, 8.
84Neal, Ace in the Hole, 82-88.
85Glasser, interview, 67; Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 227; Leavitt, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 26; Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," (Hill Air Force Base, Utah, 1990), 26.
86Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 227; Neal, Ace in the Hole, 78.
87Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 227.
88Neal, Ace in the Hole, 95-96.
89Neal, Ace in the Hole, 297; Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 228-229.
93Leavitt, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 26.
94Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 26.
95Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 239.
96"Closing the Gap," TIME (10 February 1961), 16.
97Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 186.
98Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 26.
99Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 36.
100Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 250.
101Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 25.
102For the evolution of American military strategy from Truman through Kennedy, David Alan Rosenberg, "The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945-1960, International Security, 7, no. 4 (Spring, 1983), 3-71. For "controlled response" and "flexible response," see Andrew Butfoy, "The Marginalisation of Nuclear Weapons in World Politics? The Case of Flexible Response," Australian Journal of Political Science 28, no. 2 (1993): 271-289; and Francis J. Gavin, "The Myth of Flexible Response, United States Strategy in Europe During the 1960s," International History Review 23, no. 4 (2001): 847-875.
103Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 48.
104William, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 25.
105Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 18-19.
106Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 239.
107Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 32-33.
108Stenvick, The Agile Giant: A History of the Minuteman Production Board, 32-33.
109Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 246-247; Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 77.
110Leavitt, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 25.
111Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 77.
112For more detailed treatment of the Churchill-Truman understanding of this issue, see Alan P. Dobson, "Informally Special? The Churchill-Truman Talks of January 1952 and the State of Anglo-American Relations," Review of International Studies (vol. 23) 27-47.
113Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 78.
114Neufeld, The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960, 201.
115Neal, Ace in the Hole, 169.
116Schwiebert, A History of the U.S. Air Force Ballistic Missiles, 139.
117"The Federal Engineer - Damsites to Missile Sites: A History of the Omaha District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers," (Omaha, Nebr.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1985), 193.
118"The Federal Engineer - Damsites to Missile Sites: A History of the Omaha District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers," 193.
119"The Federal Engineer - Damsites to Missile Sites: A History of the Omaha District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers," 193.
120Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 240.
121"The Federal Engineer - Damsites to Missile Sites: A History of the Omaha District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers," 194.
122James Atwater, "How the Modern Minuteman Guards the Peace," The Saturday Evening Post (9 February 1963).
123Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 24, 26, 33.
124Some Minuteman II missiles may have been upgraded to Mark 12 reentry body. Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 240; Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 31.
125Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 240; Leavitt, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 25.
126Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 26, 33; Leavitt, William, "Minuteman: Ten Years of Solid Performance," 25.
127Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 26.
128Irving Stone, "Minuteman: The Best is Yet to Be," Air Force Magazine 54, no. 3 (March 1971): 29-30.
129Stine, ICBM: The Making of the Weapon that Changed the World, 240.
130Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 26; Stone, "Minuteman: The Best is Yet to Be," 29.
131Edgar Ulsamer, "Minuteman: First Among Equals," Air Force Magazine 54, no. 3 (March 1971): 35.
132Stone, "Minuteman: The Best is Yet to Be," 30; Ogden Air Logistics Center, "Minuteman Weapon System History and Description," 21.
133Edward Patrick Hogan and Erin Hogan Fouberg, The Geography of South Dakota (Sioux Falls, S.Dak.: The Center for Western Studies, 1998), 11.
134National Park Service, "Badlands National Park Information," n.d., http//www.badlands.national-park.com/info.htm (15 May 2003).
135Barbara Lass, "South Dakota Prehistory," in The Future of South Dakota's Past, ed. Larry J. and Lucille C. Stewart Zimmerman (Vermillion, S.Dak.: University of South Dakota Archaeology Laboratory, 1981), 11.
136Lass, "South Dakota Prehistory," 12; "Historic Sites of South Dakota: A Guidebook," ( [Vermillion, S.Dak.]: Business Research Bureau - University of South Dakota and The Historical Preservation Center, 1980), 6-8.
137"Historic Sites of South Dakota: A Guidebook," 95-96; "Eastern Pennington County Memories" (Wall, S.Dak.: The American Legion Auxiliary, Carrol McDonald Unit, n.d.), 7; Paula Giese, South Dakota Indian Tribes, 22 March 1997, http//www.kstrom.net/isk/maps/dakotas/sd.html (23 May 2003), 1.
138Jay Davis, interview by Mead & Hunt, typed transcript, 6 February 2003, 8-9.
139Herbert S. Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota," Rapid City Daily Journal, 2 March 1961, sec. 4, Centennial Edition; Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota (Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1961).
140Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
141Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
142Allyson Brooks and Steph Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, ed. Michael Bedeau, (Vermillion, S.Dak.: South Dakota State Historical Preservation Center, 1994), 9.
143Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota;" Schell, History of South Dakota.
144Brooks and Jacon, "Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context," 9.
145Brooks and Jacon, "Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context," 9; Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
146Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
147"Eastern Pennington County Memories," 7.
148Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
149Schell, "Early Explorations to Missile Age; A History of South Dakota."
150Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 9.
151Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 9.
152Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 22-23.
153Bob Karolevitz and Bernie Hunhoff, Uniquely South Dakota (Norfolk, Va.: Donning Company, 1988), 120; "Eastern Pennington County Memories," 7.
154"Eastern Pennington County Memories," 9.
155Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 20.
156Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 21.
157Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 21.
158Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 24.
159Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 24.
160Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 25.
161Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 27.
162Ted H. Hustead, interview by Mead & Hunt, typed transcript, 7 January 2003, 2.
163Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 10.
164Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 11.
165Brooks and Jacon, Homesteading and Agricultural Development Context, 29.
166"Air Force History Overview," Air Force Link, 9 May 2003, http: //www.af.mil/history/overview.shtml (13 May 2003).
167Bernard C. Nalty, ed., Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 1997), 371.
168Nalty, Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force, 372.
169Frederick J. Shaw, Jr. and Timothy Warnock, The Cold War and Beyond: Chronology of the United States Air Force, 1947-1997, Air Force Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Edition (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program in association with Air University Press, 1997), 2.
170"Strategic Air Command Missile Chronology" (Omaha, Nebr.: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command, 2 September 1975).
171The Peacekeeper missiles are recommended for deactivation by the end of 2003 and the missiles of F.E. Warren Air Force Base are currently being deactivated.
172Daniel Hoisington, "Headquarters, Strategic Air Command," Historic American Building Record Draft Report (HAPS NO. NE-9-M, N, O) (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, May 2001), 9.
173Hoisington, "Headquarters, Strategic Air Command," 9, 11.
174"Strategic Air Command," Global Security, 2 December 2001, http://www.globalsecurity.org/ wmd/agency/sac.htm (13 May 2003).
176"Strategic Air Command Missile Chronology."
178"Strategic Air Command Missile Chronology."
17944th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994 (Rapid City, S.Dak.: Grelind Printing, 1993), 38.
180Captain I. P. Owens, "In Search of Excellence," Combat Crew 24, no. 4 (April 1974): 16; "Strategic Air Command Missile Chronology."
18144th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 33.
182Lawrence H. Suid, Guts and Glory: The Making of the American Military Image in Film (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002).
183"Ellsworth AFB History," Ellsworth Air Force Base, 1 October 2002, http://www.ellsworth.af.mil/ history. html (28 October 2002).
185"Ellsworth AFB History;" Lieutenant General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr., "44th Missile Wing Inactivation" (paper presented at the 44th Missile Wing Deactivation Ceremony and Dinner, 3 July 1994), 3.
186Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
187Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415; Moorman, Jr., "44th Missile Wing Inactivation," 3.
188Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
189"Ellsworth AFB History," http: //www.ellsworth.af.mil/history.html.
190Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 416.
19144th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 2-6; George A. Rosenbaum, "Brief History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," (N.p., n.d.), 2.
19244th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 2.
19344th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 101, 105, 109.
19444th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 101.
195Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 243.
19644th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 34.
19744th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 101.
198Rosenbaum, "Brief History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," 3.
199Rosenbaum, "Brief History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," 3; Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
20044th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 114; Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415; Moorman, Jr., "44th Missile Wing Inactivation," 5.
201Rosenbaum, "Brief History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," 4-5.
202Timothy J. Pavek, "Minuteman II: The End of an Era" (February 1997), 2.
203Major Joe Mecadon, "44th Missile Wing Era Ends at Ellsworth," Plainsman, 8 July 1994.
204Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 78.
205"Sites May be Small, But... Minuteman Rates Among Corps' Biggest Jobs," Rapid City Daily Journal, 6 April 1961.
206"Minuteman Launchers are Turned Over to Air Force," Rapid City Daily Journal, 2 November 1962.
207Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 78.
208"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition" (Omaha, Nebr.: U.S. Army Engineer District, 1961), 8.
209"Landowners Told: Missiles Can't Wait," Rapid City Daily Journal, 5 April 1961.
210Paul Jensen, ed., "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen" (1992), 2.
211"Sites May be Small, But... Minuteman Rates Among Corps' Biggest Jobs."
212"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition," 8-9.
213"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition," 9-10.
214"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition," 10.
215"Sites May be Small, But... Minuteman Rates Among Corps' Biggest Jobs"; "The Mighty Minuteman!," Kieways (September-October 1962), 6.
216"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition," 11.
217Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 2.
218Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 2.
219"Land Owners Talk Missile Site Values," Rapid City Daily Journal, 23 March 1961.
220Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 2.
221"Landowners Told: Missiles Can't Wait."
222Gene S. Williams, interview by Mead & Hunt, Inc., typed transcript, 7 January 2003, 3.
223Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 2.
224"Land Owners Talk Missile Site Values."
225Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 2.
226"Corps of Engineers Says... 75 Per Cent Sign for Minuteman Entry," Rapid City Daily Journal, 3 July 1961.
227"Minuteman Landowners Explain Refusal Cases," Rapid City Daily Journal, 5 July 1961.
228Further research is needed to identify if any of these cases were brought to trial and their outcome.
229Jensen, "History by Date of the Minuteman Launch Facility, Bravo-09, From the Files of Leonel and Paul Jensen," 4.
230"Facts About Minuteman Land Acquisition," 6.
231"Land Owners Talk Missile Site Values."
232Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 80-81.
233Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 81.
234"The Mighty Minuteman!," 7.
235Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 81.
236Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 81.
237"Special Resource Study for the Minuteman Missile Sites: Management Alternatives and Environmental Assessment," (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, Department of Defense, and the U.S. Air Force Legacy Resource Management Program, 1995), 34.
238Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 414-415.
239"First Minuteman Site Ground to be Broken in Ceremony Monday," Black Hills Bomber, 8 September 1961.
240Hollis J. Limprecht, The Kiewit Story: Remarkable Man, Remarkable Company (Omaha, Nebr.: The Omaha World-Herald Company, 1981), 120.
241"The Mighty Minuteman!," 4-5; Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 84.
242Peter Kiewit Sons' Company v. Summit Construction and General Insurance Company of America, 422 F.2d 242, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (26 November 1969).
243"The Mighty Minuteman!," 6.
244Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 83-84.
245"Work Stoppages - All Missile Sites - June 1, 1963 - June 1, 1964," Missile Sites Labor Commission, RG280, Box 22, [1964].
246"Establishing a Program for Resolving Labor Disputes at Missile and Space Sites, Executive Order 10946, 26 May 1961," n.d. http://wwwllib.umich.edu/govdocs/jfkeo/eo/10945.htm (9 May 2003).
247Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
248"Minot AFB," Global Security.org, 13 January 2003, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/minot.htm (20 June 2003); "Malmstrom AFB: Great Falls International Airport," Global Security.org, 13 January 2003, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/malmstrom.htm (20 June 2003).
249Thomas Wilson, interview by Mead & Hunt, Inc., typed transcript, 3 February 2003, 12; "National Safety Council Honors PKS Districts," Kieways (May-June 1963), 17.
250Modifications to Delta-09 in 1962 and 1963 raised the cost of the LF to approximately $446,000. "Transfer of Construction," Launch Facility D-1. 29 November 1962. Located in "Supporting Files for Delta-01" in Real Estate Office of 28th Civil Engineer Squadron/CERR, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak.; "Transfer of Construction," Launch Facility D-9. 26 November 1962. Located in "Supporting Files for Delta-09" in Real Estate Office of 28th Civil Engineer Squadron/CERR, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak.
251"The Briefing," Boeing Magazine 28, no. 8 (November 1958); William J. Coughlin, "AF May Do Final Minuteman Assembly," Missiles and Rockets (6 June 1960): 39-40.
252National Park Service, "Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, General Management Plan Newsletter" (U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Spring 2001), 8.
253Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
254"USAF Minuteman Flight Activated at Ellsworth AFB," Autonetics Skywriter 23, no. 28 (July 1963).
255Pavek, "Minuteman II: The End of an Era," 5.
256Judge Craig Manson, interview by Sue Lamie, typed transcript, 27 June 2002, 15.
257"For West River...Minuteman Promises Economic Lift," Rapid City Daily Journal, 17 January 1961.
258Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 415.
25944th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 9.
260Gene S. Williams, interview by Mead & Hunt, Inc., typed transcript, 7 January 2003, 5.
264"Boeing's Intentions Not Known," Rapid City Daily Journal, 29 May 1961.
266David Burris, interview by Steven Bucklin, typed transcript, 20 May 1999, 5.
268Welcome to Ellsworth AFB: The Largest Operational Base in the Strategic Air Command (n.p.: Marcoa Publishing, n.d.), 11.
269"Missile Road Program Nears Completion Date," Rapid City Daily Journal, 28 June 1961.
270"Efforts to Recover Damage to County's Roads Run into Delay," Rapid City Daily Journal, 27 August 1962.
271"When Project Starts... Minuteman Will Affect Region's Schools, Power Transportation," Rapid City Daily Journal, 19 January 1961.
272Alan L. Gropman, The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, c.1998), 4, 117-18.
273Gropman, The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964, 140.
274Ken Bush, interview by Steven Bucklin, typed transcript, 17 May 1999, 9.
275Robert Wilson, interview by Steven Bucklin, 18-19.
277Tim Pavek, interview by Steven Bucklin, typed transcript, 20 May 1999, 4.
280For Macmillan and development of Britain's nuclear deterrent, see David Nunnerley, President Kennedy and Britain (New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1972), 117. For JFK, see Gordon H. Chang, "JFK, China, and the Bomb," The Journal of American History, 74, no. 4 (March 1988), 1287-1310.
281For the broad context of triangular diplomacy, see McCormick, America's Half-Century, 155-195.
282For a brief discussion of Cold War diplomacy from 1979-1991, including information for the succeeding paragraphs, see LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 284-335. See also Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound, 444-637.
283LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 284-335. See also Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound, 444-637.
284For Soviet collapse, see Jack F. Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire (New York, N.Y.: Random House, 1995).
285For an early critique of universalist predictions after the Cold War, see John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War," International Security 15, no. 1 (Summer 1990), 191-199. For "End of History" thesis, see Francis J. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, N.Y.: Harper Collins, 1993).
286The description of Delta-01 and Delta-09 is adapted from Jeffrey A. Hess and John F. Lauber, "Minuteman II ICBM Launch Control Facility D-1 and Launch Facility D-9, Ellsworth Air Force Base Draft National Historic Landmark Nomination," Prepared for the U.S. Air Force, 1996, conversations with Tim Pavek, 28th Civil Engineer Squadron, Ellsworth Air Force Base, and construction documents from the 28th Civil Engineer Squadron, Real Estate Office, Ellsworth Air Force Base.
287Hess and Lauber, "Minuteman II ICBM Launch Control Facility D-1 and Launch Facility D-9, Ellsworth Air Force Base Draft National Historic Landmark Nomination." The draft National Historic Landmark Nomination cites the replacement of the siding in 1976, while project drawings date to 1983. Architectural drawings on file at the 28th Civil Engineering Squadron, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., office of Tim Pavek, Environmental Engineer.
288The illustration on the blast door was painted in 1991 by Tony Gatlin. See "Ellsworth Air Force Base, 44th Strategic Missile Wing, Blast Door Art," On file at the 28th Civil Engineering Squadron, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., office of Tim Pavek, Environmental Engineer. This humorous artistic rendering is a play off of a contemporary popular advertisement for the Domino's Pizza home-delivery restaurant chain.
289Richard B. Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," LIFE 57 (6 November 1964): 38.
290Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 38.
291Hess and Lauber, "Minuteman II ICBM Launch Control Facility D-1 and Launch Facility D-9, Ellsworth Air Force Base Draft National Historic Landmark Nomination."
292"Chronology of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing, 1976," on file at the 44th Missile Wing History Office, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak. The 44th Strategic Missile Wing was inactivated in 1994, records from the 44th Missile Wing History Office have been sent to the Air Force Historical Research Agency at Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Ala.
293The satellite dish may have been installed in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Hess and Lauber, "Minuteman II ICBM Launch Control Facility D-1 and Launch Facility D-9, Ellsworth Air Force Base Draft National Historic Landmark Nomination."
294"Transfer of Construction," Launch Facility D-1.
295For a concise explanation of the autocollimator system, see C.M. Plattner, "First SAC Crews Controlling Minuteman," Aviation Week and Space Technology, 78 (7 January 1963): 62-63; and Rolf Winterfelt, "Minuteman System is 'Most Reliable,' " Missiles and Rockets, 8 (27 February 1961): 39, 53.
296Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 38. The IMPSS system is described in Aida E. Roig-Coepton, "1991 Annual Brief History, 44th Missile Wing," 2, on file at the 44th Missile Wing History Office, 44th Strategic Missile Wing, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak. The44th Strategic Missile Wing was inactivated in 1994, records from the 44th Missile Wing History Office have been sent to the Air Force Historical Research Agency at Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Ala.
297The changes that would be required to convert the facilities from Minuteman I to Minuteman II are outlined in "What's 'Force Mod?,' " Minuteman Service News, 23 (November-December 1965): 11. In addition to the changes listed here, this article, written before the conversion began, also noted that large water tanks would be buried underground at all fifteen of Ellsworth's Launch Control Facilities to help cool the environmental control systems. According to Ellsworth missile engineer Tim Pavek, however, the tanks were never installed. Tim Pavek, Conversation with Hess Roise, Inc., 29 October 1996.
299Martin Pietz, interview by Steven Bucklin, typed transcript, 18 May 1999, 6.
301David Blackhurst, interview by Steven Bucklin, typed transcript, 19 May 1999, 5.
303Lieutenant Charles Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," Airman 18, no. 4 (April 1974): 34.
304Second Lieutenant Robert L. Smolen, "Trapped in the LCF," Combat Crew 25, no. 8 (August 1975): 21; Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 34-35.
305Major John F. Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," (Research study, Air Command and Staff College, 1977), 11.
306Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 33.
307Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 35.
309Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 32.
310Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 33.
313Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," 11-12.
315Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," 11-12.
317Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," 12.
318Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 38.
323Stricklin, "Minuteman's House Mouse," 35.
324Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," 12-13.
328Donald R. Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems" (master's thesis, Air University, 1983), 19.
329Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems," 26-27.
330Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems," 28.
331Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems," 29.
332"History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," 1 April through 30 April 1963, 16. In U.S. Air Force Collection, AFHRA, K-WG-44-HI, IRIS No. 450511.
333Pietz, interview by Steven Bucklin, 12.
334Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems," 29-30.
335"Quarterly History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing, 44th Combat Support Group," April — June 1978, exhibit 22. In U.S. Air Force Collection, AFHRA, K-WG-44-HI, IRIS No. 1028310.
336Forbes, "Minuteman Missile Maintenance and Enlisted Career Progression Problems," 29-30.
337Smolen, "Trapped in the LCF," 19-21.
338Information provided by Tim Pavek, Environmental Engineer, Ellsworth Air Force Base, S. Dak.
339Atwater, "How the Modern Minuteman Guards the Peace."
340"Minuteman in the Making," Air Force Times 25, no. 21 (January 1965): 5.
342Paolucci, "Making Minuteman Missile Combat Crew Duty a Challenge: A Radical View," 12.
343Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 100.
345Wendy McNiel, interview by Mead & Hunt, Inc., typed transcript, 3 February 2003, 4; "SAC's Mixed, Balanced Missile Crews," Airman 32, no. 1 (January 1988): 36.
346Captain William L. Boone and Major Daniel Tepfer, "Guide to Minuteman Initial Qualification Training," (Research study, Air Command and Staff College, 1978), 4.
347Boone and Tepfer, "Guide to Minuteman Initial Qualification Training," 1, 4.
348Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 37.
349Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 37.
350Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 37.
351Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 101-102.
352Blackhurst, interview, 3-4.
353Blackhurst, interview, 3-4.
354It is believed that the launch enable control panel was added to Delta-01 in the 1970s. "Weapons System Operation Instructions," U.S. Air Force, 10 March 1986 (change 18 — 5 September 1991), 2-12 to 2-14.
356Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 40.
357McNiel, interview, 4-5; Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 101.
358Senior Master Sergeant Tom Kuhn, "Missile Alert," Airman 31, no.7 (July 1987): 22.
359Robert Wilson, interview, 21-22.
360Stolley, "How It Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger," 37.
361Bob Thompson, "Rethinking the Unthinkable," The Washington Post, 28 July 2002, Sunday.
362Stolley, "How it Feels to Hold the Nuclear Trigger."
363The Today Show filmed the segment on 12 January 1978 and it was aired on 26 January 1978. Manson, interview, 11.
368Lonnquest and Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program, 99.
369Andy Plattner, "Should Women Fire Missiles," Air Force Times, 5 September 1977, 38.
370Major Arthur D. Vaughn, "Is it Feasible to Employ Women on Minuteman Missile Crews?" (Research study, Air Command and Staff College, 1975), 30.
371Duane A. Carolus, "A Study of the Attitudes of Married Minuteman Crewmembers and Their Wives Concerning Female Minuteman Crewmembers" (master's thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology, 1978), vii.
372John L. Donovan, "The Integration of Women Onto Minuteman Missile Crews" (master's thesis, Central Missouri State University, 1991), 201.
373"SAC's Mixed, Balanced Missile Crews," 36.
374Donovan, "The Integration of Women onto Minuteman Missile Crews," 201.
375Dirk Jameson, "Wing Nears Last Chapter in History," The Plainsman, 15 April 1994.
376John Ginovsky, "SAC Policy to Allow Male-Female Crews on Missile Alert Duty," Air Force Times, 21 December 1987; "SAC's Mixed, Balanced Missile Crews," 36.
37744th Missile Wing Commemorative Committee, Aggressor Beware: A Brief History of the 44th Missile Wing, 1962-1994, 42.
378Donovan, "The Integration of Women Onto Minuteman Missile Crews," 83.
380Lawrence J. Paszek, "Negroes and the Air Force, 1939-1949," Military Affairs 31 (Spring 1967): 9.
381Andy Knight, interview by Steven Bucklin, 19 May 1999, 12.
385Rosenbaum, "Brief History of the 44th Strategic Missile Wing," 2.
386Samuel H. Day, ed., Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States (McFarland, Wisc.: Progressive Foundation, 1988), 19.
387Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 21.
388Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 20.
389Paul S. Boyer, "From Activism to Apathy: The American People and Nuclear Weapons, 1963-1980," The Journal of American History 70, no. 4 (March 1984): 829-830.
390Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 21.
391Michael Mandelbaum, "The Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movements," PS 17, no. 1 (Winter 1984): 27-28.
392Mandelbaum, "The Anti-Nuclear Weapons Movements," 25-26.
394Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 22.
395Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 21.
396John LaForge, interview by Mead & Hunt, Inc., typed transcript, 3 January 2003, 10.
397Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 23.
398Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 23.
400Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 53-54.
401Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 6-7.
405Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 24.
407LaForge, interview, 8-9; Friends for a Nonviolent World, "A Caution, and an Appeal, to the Personnel of the Minuteman Missile Launch Control System," (Bemidji, Minn.: Friends for a Nonviolent World, 15 January 1989).
418LaForge, interview, 12; Day, Nuclear Heartland: A Guide to the 1,000 Missile Silos in the United States, 23-24.
420Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 65.
421Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 66.
422For a concise summary of these events, see "End of the Cold War," The CQ Researcher 2 (21 August 1992): 721.
423Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 162.
424Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, 642-645; Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 81.
425"Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)," AAFM Newsletter 2, no. 2 (April 1994): 1.
426Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War, 106.
427On-Site Inspection Agency, "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Fact Sheet," (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense, February 1995), 1.
428U.S. Department of State, "Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START Treaty)," 31 July 1991; "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)," 1.
429Roig-Compton, "1991 Annual Brief History, 44th Missile Wing," 1.
430"Workers Now Dismantling 300 Midwestern Missile Facilities," AAFM Newsletter 2, no. 2 (April 1994): 1.
431Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Seventh Clinton-Yeltsin Summit," Non-Proliferation, n.d., http://www.ceip.org/programs/npp/summits7.htm (17 June 2003); Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Clinton-Putin Summit," Non-Proliferation, n.d., http://www.ceip.org/programs/npp/summits7.htm (17 June 2003).
432"Minuteman II Deactivation, Environmental Baseline Survey" (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., 5 April 2000), Figure 6.
433U.S. Department of State, "Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (START Treaty)"; "Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)."
434Lieutenant Colonel Roy A. Griggs and Captain Michael F. Norcross, "Taking Down the 44th Missile Wing" (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak.).
435Griggs and Norcross, "Taking Down the 44th Missile Wing."
436"Minuteman II Missile Realty, Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota: Declaration of Excess (DE) Summary," (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak. 1 February 2000), 3-4.
437Williams, interview, 10-12.
438Paul Kemezis, "Missile Soil Demolition Causes Flak for Air Force," Enginnering News - Record (12 October 1992): 24.
440"Minuteman II Missile Realty, Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota: Declaration of Excess (DE) Summary," 3; "Missile Site Deactivation Newsletter" (U.S. Air Force, March 2001).
441"Missile Site Disposal Newsletter" (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., May 2002).
442"Missile Plots Offered to Nearby Landowners," Rapid City Daily Journal, 15 August 1993.
443"Missile Site Disposal Newsletter."
444U.S. Department of State, "White House Statement on Mutual Detargeting," 14 January 1994, http://www.fas.org/nuke/control/detarget/news/940114- 331576.htm (16 October 2003).
445"Special Resource Study for the Minuteman Missile Sites: Management Alternatives and Environmental Assessment," 16-18. Delta-09 is located on former U.S. Forest Service land.
446"Special Resource Study for the Minuteman Missile Sites: Management Alternatives and Environmental Assessment."
447U.S. Department of the Interior, "Defense Department Awards Grant to the National Park Service," (18 October 1993).
448"Supplement to Basic Technical Order: Deactivation of Wing II Minuteman Launch Control Facilities," (U.S. Air Force, 7 April 1993).
449"Supplement to Basic Technical Order: Deactivation of Wing II Minuteman Launch Facilities."
450"Supplement to Basic Technical Order: Deactivation of Wing II Minuteman Launch Control Facilities."
451A National Register Nomination for the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site was completed in 2003. The HAER record number for the Delta-01 and Delta-09 documentation is SD-50.
452"D-01/D-09 Briefing Notes - SPTG/CC," (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., 30 January 2001).
453Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Establishment Act of 1999, Public Law 106-115, 106th Cong., 1st sess. (29 November 1999).
454U.S. Department of the Interior, "Project Agreement: Minuteman Missile National Historic Site General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement," (December 2001), 2.
455Nancy Baker, "Draft Purpose and Significance Statements," (National Park Service, Badlands National Park, March 2001).
456Tim Pavek, "Minuteman Missile National Historic Site," email message (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., 2 May 2000).
457Training missile (S/N 7205002) is believed to be originally from a Minuteman II Training Launch Facility at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri, but it is unlikely that it had been at Hill Air Force Base since the mid-190s when Whiteman's Minutemans were deactivated. Tim Pavek, "Memo for the Record" (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., 13 April 2000).
458"June Minuteman II Missile Placement Tentative Schedule of Events" (4 June 2001).
459Plans for the viewing enclosure were developed by Sayre Hutchinson of the National Park Service and Tim Pavek of Ellsworth Air Force Base.
460"D-01/D-09 Briefing Notes - SPTG/CC"; Tim Pavek, "Talking Paper on Ellsworth AFB D-01/D-09 Minuteman Missile Historic Site," (Ellsworth Air Force Base, S.Dak., 2 November 2000).
461Bill Cissell, "Park Service Takes Over Missile Sites," Rapid City Daily Journal, 28 March 2002, A1-A2.
463Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound: The True Price of America's Cold War Victory, ix-x.
465"A Cold Warrior Looks to Ban the Bomb After a Career in Brinkmanship," 23 May 1999, http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/butler_la_times_99.htm (25 November 2003).
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