Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Resource Study

Endnotes

¹Public Law 96-428, October 10, 1980.

²Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Its Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1969), vol. I, 879, 957, vol. II, 188-89.

³Andy Ambrose, Vincent Fort, Alexa Henderson, Dean Rowley, Carole Stevens, and Barbara Tagger, Historic Resource Study, Auburn Avenue Community of Atlanta, 1865-1930 (Draft) (Atlanta, n.d.), Part II, 2-19.

⁴Deed Book 177, Page 370 between A. Tittlebaum and Empire State Investment Company; Deed Book 194, Page 78 between W.A. Foster and Empire State Investment Company, Fulton County Courthouse, Clerk of Court, Atlanta, Georgia. City directory entries demonstrate that by 1910, these houses were occupied by blacks.

⁵Morris Brown College remained on Boulevard until 1932, when it moved to the West Side and became part of the Atlanta University complex (Garrett, vol. II, 28).

⁶Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-9; Catalog of Historic Structures, Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site and Preservation District (National Park Service, 1983), 66-78.

⁷Ambrose et al., Part I, 1-29; Catalog of Historic Structures, 17-29.

⁸Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-33.

⁹City Directory research between 1890 and 1950 indicated a variety of laboring tenants along Auburn Avenue. Very few remained more than five years.

¹⁰Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Mentor, 1985), 12.

¹¹Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-36.

¹²Atlanta City Council Minutes, 1920-1940, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Georgia; "Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site Cultural Landscape Report: The Birth-Home Block" (Atlanta: National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office, unpublished draft, 1993), 18-19.

¹³Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site Cultural Landscape Report, 19-20.

¹⁴Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site Cultural Landscape Report, 20-22. All of the following information on area development and change, including building construction dates and the evolving racial composition of the area, is culled from several resources. Sanborn Maps available at Georgia State University for 1899, 1911, 1920, 1923, and 1932 were consulted. Files at the Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site contain information obtained primarily from Atlanta City Directories and building permits. Several area studies of the Birth-Home block landscape both historic and contemporary were consulted, including a 1937 Cadastral Survey by the Works Projects Administration. Historic aerial photographs for 1936 and 1949 were perused. In addition, a 1928 City Engineer's Topographic Map of the area was consulted.

¹⁵Catalog of Historic Structures, 56-64, 84-89.

¹⁶Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-17.

¹⁷Street numbers no longer used, as with duplexes that have been converted to single-family residences, are indicated in brackets.

¹⁸"Georgia Historic Resources Survey Manual" (Atlanta: Historic Preservation Section, Parks and Historic Sites Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, n.d.), 38-39; History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1987), I-16, I-20, 1-21.

¹⁹This context addresses the historic Auburn Avenue black community, encompassing the Site itself and adjacent areas of the Preservation District.

²⁰C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 33, 44, 97; John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, 6th ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 231-37.

²¹Richard Bardolph, "Fifteenth Amendment," in The Encyclopedia of Southern History, ed. David C. Roller and Robert W. Twyman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 43.

A. The Development of a Black Community and Leader: Atlanta's Auburn Avenue Neighborhood and Martin Luther King, Jr., 1906-1948

²²Franklin and Moss, 235-38.

²³Andy Ambrose, et al., Part I, 3-5.

²⁴Ambrose, et al., Part I, 3-1 - 3-12; John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, 3d ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 336-37; Horace C. Wingo, "Race Relations in Georgia, 1872-1908," (Ph.D. diss., University of Georgia, 1969), 72-90.

²⁵Roger A. Fischer, "Segregation," in The Encyclopedia of Southern History, 1088-89; C. Van Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 216.

²⁶Dana F. White, "The Black Sides of Atlanta: A Geography of Expansion and Containment, 1870-1975," The Atlanta Historical Journal 26 (Summer/Fall 1982), 208-09.

²⁷Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1969), vol. II, 283.

²⁸Alexa Henderson and Eugene Walker, Sweet Auburn: The Thriving Hub of Black Atlanta, 1900-1960 (National Park Service, 1983), 5-10; Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-4.

²⁹Ambrose et al., Part I, 2-11; Michael Leroy Porter, "Black Atlanta: An Interdisciplinary Study of Blacks on the East Side of Atlanta, 1890-1930" (Ph.D. diss., Emory University, 1974), 118, 170-73.

³⁰Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-4.

³¹Ambrose, et al., Part I, 1-19 - 1-20, 3-32 - 3-34; Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, 86-87; Wingo, 107-15.

³²Ambrose, et al., Part I, 1-21; White, 212; Porter, 139, 141-148, 151, 157.

³³Ambrose, et al., Part I, 1-33.

³⁴Ambrose, et al., Part II, 1-9 - 1-10. In 1937, black businesses on Auburn Avenue included: Atlanta Life Insurance Co., 148 Auburn; Citizens Trust Company, 212 Auburn; Pioneer Savings Association, 160 Auburn; Afro-American Life Insurance Company, 241 Auburn; the Atlanta Daily World, 210 Auburn; Hopkins Book and Furniture Store, 141 Auburn; Aiken, Inc., contractors and builders; Blayton, Adair and Co., accountants; Haugabrooks Funeral Home, 368 Auburn; and The Top Hat Club (later the Royal Peacock), 184-186 Auburn (National Negro Business League, 1937 Directory and Souvenir Program).

³⁵Henderson and Walker, 16-17; Ambrose et al., Part I, 2-16 - 2-17, 2-34.

³⁶Ambrose, et al., Part II, 2-1 - 2-2.

³⁷Ambrose, et al., Part II, 2-1, 2-4, 2-8, 2-10, 2-12, 2-25.

³⁸Ambrose, et al., Part I, 4-18 - 4-20.

³⁹Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-21 - 2-26; White, 218; C. T. Wright, "The Development of Public Schools for Blacks in Atlanta," The Atlanta Historical Journal 26 (Summer/Fall 1982), 115-16.

⁴⁰Taylor Branch, Parting the Water: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Touchstone, 1989), 32, 37, 58; Atlanta City Directories.

⁴¹Oates, 9-10, 14-15.

⁴²Malinda King O'Neal, ed., Ebenezer, A Centennial Time Capsule, 1886-1986 (Atlanta: Ebenezer Baptist Church, n.d.), 3-7; Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986), 20; Oates, 6-10: Ambrose, et al., Part II, 9-37.

⁴³Oates, 4.

⁴⁴Baldwin, 161, 207-08.

⁴⁵Adam Fairclough, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 404.

⁴⁶A more detailed account of King's civil rights activities can be found in Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 by Taylor Branch, To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. by Adam Fairclough, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference by David J. Garrow, and Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. by Stephen B. Oates.

⁴⁷Sean Dennis Cashman, African-Americans and the Quest for Civil Rights, 1900-1990 (New York: New York University Press, 1991), 89.

⁴⁸Franklin, 573-78, 608.

⁴⁹Franklin and Moss, 411; Homer C. Hawkins, "Negro Migration," in The Encyclopedia of Southern History, 892.

⁵⁰Oates, 13-14; Fairclough, 2, 31; Franklin, 446-47, 608.

⁵¹Branch, 13; Franklin and Moss, 413; Fairclough, 15.

⁵²Fairclough, 15.

⁵³Branch, 112; Fairclough, 21.

⁵⁴Fairclough, 14, 17-18.

⁵⁵Martin Luther King, Jr., 25-32; Oates 35-45.

⁵⁶Branch, 120-22, 128-31; David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Morrow, 1986), 11-14.

⁵⁷Branch, 131-37.

⁵⁸Branch, 158-59, 163, 193.

⁵⁹Oates, 119.

⁶⁰Garrow, 81; Fairclough, 23.

⁶¹Fairclough, 29-32; Branch, 198-99; Garrow, 81-85, 90, 97.

⁶²Fairclough, 2.

⁶³Fairclough, 2-7.

⁶⁴Fairclough, 5, 38.

⁶⁵Garrow, 102-04, 121.

⁶⁶Garrow, 122-23; Oates, 64, 125, 149, 198, 215-16.

⁶⁷Branch, 271-72; Garrow, 131-34.

⁶⁸Oates, 159; Garrow, 138-49.

⁶⁹Branch, 351-78.

⁷⁰Branch, 477; Oates, 168-71; Garrow, 154-61.

⁷¹Garrow, 173-80, 216-17.

⁷²Garrow, 199, 229, 259-64.

⁷³Garrow, 266, 278, 281-84.

⁷⁴Garrow, 337; Ruth Cowart Wright, "Civil Rights Act of 1964," in The Encyclopedia of Southern History, 218-19.

⁷⁵Garrow, 364-65, 728; Oates, 143-44, 271.

⁷⁶Tom Greene, "Negro Chiefs Back Strike at Scripto, Atlanta Journal, November 30, 1964; James Walker, SCLC Joins in Scripto Walkout," Atlanta Journal, Dec. 2, 1964; Scripto, Union to Talk Anew," Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 13, 1964; Paul Troop and Ann Woolner, Scripto Moves Plant to Suburbs," Atlanta Journal, Dec. 20, 1977; Atlanta building permit files at Atlanta Historical Society.

⁷⁷Dr. King was away from Atlanta for two weeks during the early part of the strike. King left Atlanta December 4 to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, stopping in London on the way, and in New York and Washington, D.C., on his return trip (Oates, 310-13).

⁷⁸Walker; Greene; Troop and Woolner; "'Breadbasket' Asks Boycott of Scripto, Atlanta Journal, Dec. 10, 1964; "King Addresses Group Today on Current Strike," Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 1, 1964; "Strikers Meet Tuesday; Hear Pledge of Support," Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 2, 1964; Remer Tyson, "Union's Bias Charge False, Scripto Says," Atlanta Constitution, Dec. 23, 1964.

⁷⁹Research to date has not indicated exactly where King walked the picket line on December 19. Newspaper accounts from other days, when King was not picketing, indicate that the area around Boulevard and Irwin was the focus of picketing. A large parking lot for Scripto employees was located on the north side of Irwin and would have been a logical site for pickets seeking to keep workers from breaking the strike. One article indicates that on some days, all buildings of the Scripto complex were picketed (Walker; Scripto, Union Meeting Today," Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 3, 1964; "Bargaining Session to Be Held by Scripto and Union," Atlanta Daily World, December 20, 1964).

⁸⁰Walker; Greene; Troop and Woolner; Tyson; "'Breadbasket' Asks Boycott of Scripto, Atlanta Journal, Dec. 10, 1964; "King Pickets Scripto Plant 30 Minutes," Atlanta Journal, Dec. 20, 1964; G. S. Carlson, "Must Fight for Better Jobs, King Tells 250 Scripto Strikers, " Atlanta Constitution, Dec. 21, 1964; "Christmas Bonus Paid, Strikers Suspend Boycott of Scripto, Atlanta Daily World, Dec. 25, 1964; Scripto Gives 900 Pay Hike," Atlanta Journal, Jan. 20, 1965.

⁸¹King did not participate in the March 7 demonstration, but two days later he led 2,000 marchers to the Pettus Bridge, where a confrontation was avoided by King's decision not to move beyond the bridge (Garrow, 371-404).

⁸²Garrow, 405-12; Oates, 359-60.

⁸³Garrow, 456-59, 489-503, 527-30.

⁸⁴Garrow, 469-70.

⁸⁵Garrow, 579-600; Fairclough, 357-59.

⁸⁶Garrow, 439, 481, 573; Oates, 366-68, 387, 394-95, 401-9, 429, 453.

⁸⁷Garrow, 604-13; Oates, 453-54, 459-64.

⁸⁸Garrow, 619-23; Oates, 473-475.

⁸⁹Garrow, 385-86.

⁹⁰Oates, 477-79; Ralph David Abernathy, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 456-65.

⁹¹Abernathy, 465; Bruce Keys, King Center for Nonviolent Social Change, telephone conversation, October 1, 1992; Bond & Ryder and Associates, "Project Summary, Martin Luther King Center for Social Change, Atlanta, Georgia," n.d.

⁹²Catalog of Historic Structures, 23, 44; Garrow, 171, 200.

⁹³Garrow, 573-74, 615; Fairclough, 51; Baldwin, 316.

⁹⁴Fairclough, 12-13, 17-18, 32-34.

⁹⁵Public Law 96-428.

⁹⁶The significance of the grave site was confirmed by the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places in a memorandum to the Chief, Cultural Resources Planning Division, SERO, February 22, 1993.

⁹⁷ Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1987), 158, 601; Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses (New York: Knopf, 1984), 211-12.

⁹⁸McAlester and McAlester, 211-12; John J.-G. Blumenson, Identifying American Architecture: A Pictorial Guide to the Styles. 2d ed. (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1981), 37.

⁹⁹Living Places: Historic Houses in Their Landscaped Settings (Atlanta: Historic Preservation Section, Division of Parks, Recreation & Historic Sites, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1991), I-26.

¹⁰⁰Catalog of Historic Structures, 74.

¹⁰¹Hitchcock, 291-94, 364; McAlester and McAlester, 263-68.

¹⁰²McAlester and McAlester, 263-68; Mary Mix Foley, The American House (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 175-76; Carole Rifkind, A Field Guide to American Architecture (New York: New American Library, 1980), 63-65.

¹⁰³"Historic Structure Report: The Martin Luther King Birth Home, Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site, Atlanta, Georgia (Draft)" (Denver: Denver Service Center, National Park Service), Historical Data Section, 7.

¹⁰⁴The location of the vegetable garden recently planted in back yard does not correspond to the probable historic location of the Kings' vegetable garden.

¹⁰⁵Roulhac Toledano Sally Kittredge Evans, and Mary Louise Christovich, "Types and Styles," in New Orleans Architecture, vol. IV (Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 1974), 71-72; John Michael Vlach, "The Shotgun House: An African Architectural Legacy," in Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, ed. Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), 58-77; McAlester and McAlester, 90.

¹⁰⁶The Shotgun House (Louisville: Preservation Alliance of Louisville and Jefferson County, 1980), 5-7; Toledano, et al., 71-72.

¹⁰⁷Catalog of Historic Structures, 66-68.

¹⁰⁸The three-story second Grant Building of 1876, located at the corner of Marietta and Forsyth Streets, and the five-story Moore-Marsh Building of 1881, located at the corner of Edgewood Avenue and Pryor Street, combined elements of Italianate design with High Victorian Gothic decorative motifs. Both buildings have been demolished.

¹⁰⁹City of Atlanta (map), Construction Department, Fulton County, Georgia (Atlanta: City of Atlanta, 1930), 25; Insurance map of Atlanta (New York: Sanborn Perris Map Company, 1911), 459.

¹¹⁰Ambrose, et al., Part I, 2-19.

¹¹¹William H. Pierson, Jr., Technology and the Picturesque, the Corporate and the Early Gothic Styles, vol. 2 of American Buildings and Their Architects (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 100.

¹¹²Andrew Jackson Downing, Cottage Residence, Rural Architecture and Landscape Gardening (New York, 1842), and The Architecture of Country Houses (New York, 1850).