Lincoln Boyhood Historic Resource Study

Chapter 2

1 James H. Kellar, An Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, Indiana (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society, 1956), 9.

2 Allen F. Schneider, "Physiography," in Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Sciences, 1966), 48; William J. Wayne, "Ice and Land," in Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Science, 1966), 32-36; Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 11-13.

3 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 12-13.

4 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 11, 13.

5 Raymond C. Gutschick, "Bedrock Geology," in Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Sciences, 1966), 1-3; Robert H. Shaver et al., "Compendium of Paleozoic Rock-Unit Stratigraphy in Indiana — A Revision," Bulletin 59 (Indianapolis, Ind.: State of Indiana, Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey, 1986), Plate 2.

6 John L. Bassett, "Chert Resources of the Upper Patoka Drainage Basin," In Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley, Research Reports No. 6, ed. Cheryl A. Munson (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, 1980), 89; Mark Cantin and Kenneth B. Tankersley, "Redefinition of Several Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian Chert Types in Southern Indiana" (paper presented at the 104th annual meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science, South Bend, Indiana, 1988); Mark Cantin and C. Michael Anslinger, "Variations in Temporal Usage of Holland Chert in Selected Areas in Southwestern Indiana" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana, November 1985); C. Russell Stafford, C. Michael Anslinger, Mark Cantin, and Robert E. Pace, An Analysis of Data Center Site Surveys in Southwestern Indiana, Indiana State University Anthropology Laboratory Technical Report 3, Prepared for Division of Historic Preservation, Indiana Department of Natural Resources (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana State University Anthropology Laboratory, 1988), 19-21.

7 Writer's Program of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Indiana: A Guide to the Hoosier State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), 16-17.

8 H. P. Ulrich, "Soils," In Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Science, 1966), 74-77; Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 12.

9 Ulrich, "Soils," 68, 73.

10 J. C. Bernabo and T. Webb III, "Changing Patterns in the Holocene Pollen Record of Northeastern North America: A Mapped Summary," Quarternary Research 8 (1976): 89.

11 Bernabo and Webb, "Changing Patterns in the Holocene Pollen Record," 89.

12 Bernabo and Webb, "Changing Patterns in the Holocene Pollen Record," 89.

13 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 14.

14 R. O. Petty and M. T. Jackson, "Plant Communities," In Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Science, 1966), 279.

15 Russell E. Mumford, "Mammals," In Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey, (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Science, 1966), 474-488.

16 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 14.

17 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 15, 65.

18 WPA, Indiana, 17-19.

Chapter 3

19 John T. Dorwin, "Fluted Points and Late Pleistocene Geochronology in Indiana," Prehistoric Research Series, vol. 6 (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society, 1966), 141-188; Edward E. Smith, "Paleo-Indian Settlement and Lithic Procurement Patterns in the Karstic Regions of Southcentral Indiana," (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1989), passim; Kenneth B. Tankersley, "Late Pleistocene Lithic Exploitation and Human Settlement in the Midwestern United States," (Ph.D. diss. Indiana University, 1989), passim.

20 L. D. Martin, R. A. Roers, and A. M. Neuner, "The Effect of the End of the Pleistocene on Man in North America," in Environments and Extinctions: Man in Late Glacial North America, eds. J. I. Mead and D. J. Meltzer (Orono, Maine: University of Maine, 1985), 27.

21 James E. Fitting, "Observations of Paleo-Indiana Adaptive and Settlement Patterns," Michigan Archaeologist (1965), 103-104; William A. Ritchie and Robert E. Funk, "Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast," Memoir 20 (n.p.: New York State University, New York State Museum and Science Service, 1973), 336.

22 Martin et al., "Effect of the End of the Pleistocene," 27.

23 Christopher J. Baltz and Susan T. Goodfellow, Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Geomorphological Deep Testing Investigations for a Proposed Cogentrix Plant, Marion Township, Lawrence County, Indiana, Prepared for Malcolm Pirnie (Cincinnati, Ohio: Gray & Pape, Inc., 2000), 47.

24 Kenneth B. Tankersley, Edward E. Smith, and Donald R. Cochran, "Early Paleoindian Land Use, Mobility, and Lithic Exploitation Patterns: An Updated Distribution of Fluted Points in Indiana," North American Archaeologist 11(4) (1990) 301-319.

25 Ibid, 308-309.

26 James B. Griffin, "The Midlands and Northeastern United States," in Ancient Native Americans, ed. J. D. Jennings (n.p.: 1978), 221-280.

27 For example, see Betty J. Broyles, "Second Preliminary Report: The St. Albans Site, Kanawha County, West Virginia, 1964-1968," in West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Report of Archaeological Investigations #3 (Morgantown, W. Va.: n.p., 1971); M. L. Fowler, "Summary Report of Modoc Rockshelter, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956," in Reports of Investigations No. 8 (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1959); J. W. Michaels and I. F. Smith, Archaeological Investigations of Sheep Rockshelter, Huntington County, Pennsylvania (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University, 1967).

28 Albert C. Goodyear, "The Chronological Position of the Dalton Horizon in the Southeastern United States," American Antiquity 47 (1982), 389-392.

29 Don Dragoo, "Some Aspects of Eastern North American Prehistory: A Review, 1975," American Antiquity 41 (1976): 10.

30 For example, see Michael B. Collins, ed., Excavations at Four Archaic Sites in the Lower Ohio Valley, Jefferson County, Kentucky (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology, 1979); Ronald L. Michael, Phase II Archaeological Survey, Testing and Evaluation Program, Patriot Generating Station, Mexico Bottom, Switzerland County, Indiana, Prepared for The Indianapolis Power & Light Company (n.p.: GAI Consultants, Inc., 1978); Ellen Sieber and Ann I. Otteson, Final Report on the Phase III Mitigation: Clark Maritime Archaeological District, Clark County, Indiana, Prepared for Indiana Port Commission (Bloomington, Ind.: Resource Analysts, Inc., 1986)

31 Cheryl Ann Munson, ed., Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley, Research Reports No. 6 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, 1980), passim.

32 Dragoo, "Aspects of Eastern North American Prehistory," 11.

33 Cheryl Ann Munson and Thomas G. Cook, "The French Lick Phase: A Dimensional Description," in Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley, Research Reports No. 6 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, 1980), 721-740.

34 Kellar, Archaeological Survey of Spencer County, 66; and Munson and Cook, "The French Lick Phase," 721-740.

35 For example, see Howard D. Winters, "The Riverton Culture," in Reports of Investigations No. 13 (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1969) and Christopher J. Baltz, "Archaeological Site Data Base Enhancement, Southwestern Indiana: Greene, Daviess, Dubois, Pike, Spencer, and Warrick Counties, also Gibson, Knox, Martin, Perry, and Vanderburgh Counties," Prepared for Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, in 87-46 (Bloomington, Ind.: Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University, 1987).

36 Dragoo, "Aspects of North American Prehistory," 3-27; Griffin, "Midlands and Northeastern United States," 221-280.

37 Mark F. Seeman, "Adena 'Houses' and Their Implications for Early Woodland Settlement Models in the Ohio Valley," In Early Woodland Archaeology, eds. Kenneth B. Farnsworth and Thomas E. Emerson (Kampsville, Ill.: Center for American Archaeology Press, 1986), 564-580.

38 Patrick J. Munson, Monroe Lake, Indiana, Archaeological Study: Assessment of the Impact of Monroe Reservoir on Prehistoric Cultural Resources (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, 1976), passim.

39 Curtis H. Tomak, Archaeological Work and Recommendations for State Highway Project RF-U-114(19), Knox and Daviess Counties, Indiana (N.p.: Indiana State Highway Commission, 1979), passim.

40 Richard A. Yarnell, "The Origins of Agriculture: Native Plant Husbandry North of Mexico" (paper presented at the IX International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago, 1964).

41 Dragoo, "Aspects of North American Prehistory," 3-27.

42 Richard S. Levy, Carol A. Ebright, and Ruth G. Myers, Phase I Final Report, Cultural Resource Overview and Management Plan, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, Prepared for National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office, Philadelphia (Bloomington, Ind.: Resource Analysts, Inc., 1985), passim.

43 Olaf Prufer, "The Hopewell Complex of Ohio," in Hopewellian Studies: Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 12, eds. Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1964), 75-77.

44 Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, eds., Hopewellian Studies: Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 12 (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1964), 87; Mark F. Seeman, "The Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The Evidence for Interregional Trade and Structural Complexity," in Prehistoric Research Series V (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society, 1979), 2.

45 James H. Kellar, "The Mann Site and 'Hopewell' in the Lower Wabash-Ohio Valley," in Hopewell Archaeology, eds. David S. Brose and Naomi Greber (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1979), 100-107.

46 Robert E. Pace and Gary Apfelstadt, "Allison-LaMotte Culture of the Daugherty-Monroe Site, Sullivan County, Indiana," Manuscript on file at the Indiana State University Anthropology Laboratory, Terre Haute, Indiana (1986).

47 Howard D. Winters, "An Archaeological Survey of the Wabash Valley in Illinois," in Reports of Investigations No. 10 (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1967), passim.

48 Noel D. Justice, Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1987), 211-214.

49 Donna C. Roper, Archaeological Survey and Settlement Pattern Models in Central Illinois: Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 16 (Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State Museum, 1979), passim.

50 For example, see J. Arthur MacLean, "Excavations of Albee Mound 1926-27," Indiana History Bulletin 8:4 (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1931).

51 Justice, Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points, 214-215.

52 James B. Griffin, The Fort Ancient Aspect: Its Cultural and Chronological Position in Mississippi Valley Archaeology (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1943), passim; Glenn A. Black, Angel Site: An Archaeological, Historical, and Ethnological Study, 1 and 2 (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society, 1967), 113-115; Brian G. Redmond, ed., The Archaeology of the Clampitt Site (12Lr329), an Oliver Phase Village in Lawrence County, Indiana, Research Reports No. 16 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, 1994), 1-2.

53 Jon Muller, Archaeology of the Lower Ohio River Valley (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, Inc., 1985), 248-249.

Chapter 4

54 Helen Hornbeck Tanner, ed., Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 29-31.

55 Tanner, Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History, 34-35.

56 Ellen Sieber and Cheryl Ann Munson, Looking at History: Indiana's Hoosier National Forest Region, 1600 to 1950 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1994), 16-18.

57 WPA, Indiana, 42-46.

58 Andrew R. L. Cayton, Frontier Indiana (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1996), 9.

59 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 9-10; Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 98-99, 102-104.

60 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 3; White, Middle Ground, 104-105, 143.

61 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 27-28, 33.

62 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 28-29, 32; James H. Madison, The Indiana Way: A State History (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1990), 20-21.

63 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 38-40.

64 Madison, Indiana Way, 21-22.

65 WPA, Indiana, 42-46.

66 Madison, Indiana Way, 26-27.

67 Paul W. Gates, History of Public Land Law Development (Washington, D. C.: Zenger Publishing Company, 1968), 60; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 148-154.

68 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 138-139.

69 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 139, 142.

70 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 160-164; Gates, Public Land Law, 60-61.

71 Madison, Indiana Way, 34.

72 D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800-1867 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993), 45, 79; Madison, Indiana Way, 38.

73 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 207, 209, 220; Madison, Indiana Way, 43-45.

74 Madison, Indiana Way, 44-45.

75 Madison, Indiana Way, 45; Meinig, Shaping of America, 48.

76 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 224-225.

77 Madison, Indiana Way, 29; History of Warrick, Spencer and Perry Counties, Indiana (Chicago, Ill.: Goodspeed Brothers & Co., 1885), 250-251, 258.

Chapter 5

78 George W. Knepper, Ohio and Its People (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1997), 50.

79 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 103-104.

80 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 23.

81 R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815-1840 (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1950), 1:94-95; Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 65; Gates, Public Land Law, 65.

82 John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), 39-41.

83 Faragher, Sugar Creek, 42-43; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:95.

84 Faragher, Sugar Creek, 42.

85 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:94-95; Madison, Indiana Way, 31-32.

86 Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 64-65.

87 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:97-99.

88 Madison, Indiana Way, 33; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 67-68; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 104-105; Gates, Public Land Law, 72.

89 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 105-106.

90 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 106-110.

91 Madison, Indiana Way, 34; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 120-121, 236; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:68-69.

92 Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789-1837 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 18, 23-24; Gates, Public Land Law, 125; John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), 53; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:102-103.

93 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:103; Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 24; Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 23; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 264-265.

94 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:105.

95 Gates, Public Land Law, 137.

96 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:104; Gates, Public Land Law, 131.

97 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:105-107.

98 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 228-230.

99 Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 35, 59-61, 101-102; History of . . . Spencer County, 254; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:19.

100 Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 89; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 49.

101 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:25; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 158-159, 163; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 265.

102 Meinig, Shaping of America, 223.

103 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:66-67, 71-72; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 252-260; Madison, Indiana Way, 50-54.

104 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:73-74; Madison, Indiana Way, 53-54; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 186-188, 192.

105 Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 116, 158-160; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 264.

106 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 264-265.

107 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:123-128; Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 137, 139; Gates, Land Law Development, 142.

108 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:131; Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 140; Cayton Frontier Indiana, 266.

109 Faragher, Sugar Creek, 54.

110 Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 141; Gates, Public Land Law, 141; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:134; Faragher, Sugar Creek, 54; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 266.

111 Gates, Public Land Law, 141; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:135-136; Rohrbough, Land Office Business, 143.

112 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 267.

113 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:96; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 160-164; Gates, Public Land Law, 60-61; History of . . . Spencer County, 258.

114 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 24; Madison, Indiana Way, 59; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 267; Benjamin Moulton, "Changing Patterns of Population," In Natural Features of Indiana, ed. Alton A. Lindsey (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Academy of Science, 1966), 538; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 159, 163.

115 Moulton, "Changing Patterns of Population," 533; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:26; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 267; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 267; Madison, Indiana Way, 60.

116 WPA, Indiana, 78; Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 24.

117 Meinig, Shaping of America, 222.

118 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 24; Madison, Indiana Way, 58-59; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 272.

119 Buley, Old Northwest, 26; Edwin C. Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood as a Living Historical Farm (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1967), 41, 49; Madison, Indiana Way, 62-63; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 272; History of . . . Spencer County, 274.

120 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 25.

121 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 25; Madison, Indiana Way, 61.

122 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 194, 296-297.

123 Stephen Aron, How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 91; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 219; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 192, 246.

124 Darrel E. Bigham, Towns and Villages of the Lower Ohio (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 27-28; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 54; History of . . . Spencer County, 258-259, 263, 668; D. J. Lake & Co., An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Spencer County, Indiana (Philadelphia, Pa.: D. J. Lake & Co., 1879), 8.

125 Bigham, Towns and Villages, 26-27; History of . . . Spencer County, 271-272, 274; "Map of Original Land Entries," Lincoln State Park and Nancy Hanks Lincoln State Memorial (Lincoln City, Ind.: n.d.).

126 Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 41-42, 49; History of . . . Spencer County, 274.

127 Bigham, Towns and Villages, 29-30; History of . . . Spencer County, 328, 331; Bess V. Ehrmann, comp., History of Spencer County, 1939 (n.p.: Spencer County Historical Society, 1939), 1:5.

128 Ehrmann, History of Spencer County, 1939, 5-6.

129 History of . . . Spencer County, 365, 426.

Chapter 6

130 Madison, Indiana Way, 75; Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 27.

131 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 27; Madison, Indiana Way, 77; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:414; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 176.

132 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:414; Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 28; Madison, Indiana Way, 77; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 176; Emanuel Hertz, The Hidden Lincoln: From the Letters and Papers of William H. Herndon (New York: Viking Press, 1938), 356.

133 Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 176; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:412; Madison, Indiana Way, 77.

134 Buley, Old Northwest, 417.

135 Madison, Indiana Way, 79-80; Buley, Old Northwest, 419, 423, 428.

136 Madison, Indiana Way, 80; Buley, Old Northwest, 427.

137 KFS Cultural Resources Group, Overview History of New Jersey Highway Development (Prepared for State of New Jersey Department of Transportation, 1997), 22-23.

138 Orloff Miller, Adrienne B. Cowden, and Rita Walsh, National Road/U.S. 40 Historic Properties Inventory in Ohio. Prepared for Ohio Historic Preservation Office (Cincinnati, Ohio: Gray & Pape, Inc., 1998), 28; KFS Cultural Resources Group, New Jersey, 27.

139 KFS Cultural Resources Group, New Jersey, 24.

140 Miller, et al., National Road, 28; John L. Butler, First Highways of America (Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, 1994), 99.

141 WPA, Indiana, 59-62; Madison, Indiana Way, 82.

142 Louis A. Warren, Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, 1816-1830 (Indianapolis, Ind.: Indiana Historical Society, 1991), 19-20; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 7; Lake, Illustrated Historical Atlas, 10.

143 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 43; Madison, Indiana Way, 76; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:451-452.

144 Madison, Indiana Way, 81-82; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:452.

145 Madison, Indiana Way, 81; WPA, Indiana, 59-60; Buley, Old Northwest, 1:449, 453. According to Buley, the National Road reverted to state control in Indiana in 1849, and the state then leased it to a plank road company.

146 History of . . . Spencer County, 290.

147 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 25; Aron, How the West Was Lost, 91; Rohrbough, Trans-Appalachian Frontier, 219; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 246.

148 Aron, How the West Was Lost, 82-83, 100.

149 Bigham, Towns and Villages, 26-27; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 41-42, 49; History of . . . Spencer County, 271-272, 274; Meinig, Shaping of America, 229.

150 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 28.

151 History of . . . Spencer County, 263, 272.

152 History of . . . Spencer County, 259; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 355; Sally McMurry, Families and Farmhouses in Nineteenth Century America: Vernacular Design and Social Change (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1997), 57.

153 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:142.

154 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:143; Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 40.

155 Rachel Kennedy and William Macintire, Agricultural and Domestic Outbuildings in Central and Western Kentucky, 1800-1865 (Frankfort, Ky.: Kentucky Heritage Council, 1991), 4; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 183.

156 Buley, Old Northwest, 1:170.

157 Buley, Old Northwest, 169, 214.

158 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 27-28; Kenneth J. Winkle, The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln (Dallas, Tex.: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2001), 12, 20-21.

159 Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 184.

160 McMurry, Families and Farmhouses, 61

161 McMurry, Families and Farmhouses, 57; Buley, Old Northwest, 199-200.

162 Sieber and Munson, Looking at History, 31; Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 1818-1968 (n.p., 1968), 52.

163 Madison, Indiana Way, 108-110; Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 81.

164 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 81-83, 127; Madison, Indiana Way, 110-115.

165 History of . . . Spencer County, 288.

Chapter 7

166 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 16, 20-21, 41-42; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 54.

167 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 4-5.

168 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 9-13; Abraham Lincoln Research Site, "Abraham Lincoln's Parents," 19 October 1999 (http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln81.html), n.p.

169 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 12-14.

170 History of . . . Spencer County, 259-260, 668; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 10; Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 26-27, 38, 148; Madison, Indiana Way, 60; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 277. Note that many of the accounts contained in Hertz's volume have been discredited by scholars. In instances in which versions of events provided in Hertz conflict with scholarly accounts, the latter are assumed to be the most reliable.

171 "Map of Original Land Entries;" Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 42, 44-46, 81, 97-101; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 27-28; "Abraham Lincoln's Parents," n.p.; History of . . . Spencer County, 426.

172 Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 143.

173 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 22-23; Madison, Indiana Way, 64; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 145; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 279.

174 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 41-42, 97; Lake, Illustrated Historical Atlas, 10; Cayton, Frontier Indiana, 184.

175 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 52-55; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 279; "Abraham Lincoln's Parents," n.p.

176 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 62-65, 71, 232; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 353.

177 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 10, 24, 34, 81, 84-86, 213-214.

178 Lowell H. Harrison, Lincoln of Kentucky (Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), 33; Winkle, Young Eagle, 123-131.

179 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 10, 24, 55-56; Winkle, Young Eagle, 14; Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1992), 76.

180 Winkle, Young Eagle, 14-15; David H. Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 27; Harrison, Lincoln of Kentucky, 29.

181 Donald, Lincoln, 27, 118.

182 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 65-66, 71, 133, 161, 214-215; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 84-85; Donald, Lincoln, 28.

183 Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 1-2, 33, 39; Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 141, 159, 232.

184 History of . . . Spencer County, 365-366; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, n.p; Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 176, 187-188.

185 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 11, 80-83, 127-128, 133; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 347, 354-355; Donald, Lincoln, 27.

186 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 139, 143-145, 149, 168.

187 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 150, 174-175, 187, 193; Madison, Indiana Way, 77; Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 356.

188 Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 148-153; Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 203.

189 Hertz, Hidden Lincoln, 357.

190 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 204-206; Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 33; Donald, Lincoln, 19, 21-22.

191 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 206-215.

192 Winkle, Young Eagle, ix-x.

193 Winkle, Young Eagle, 189; Donald, Lincoln, 131.

194 Winkle, Young Eagle, 21, 236-238; Donald, Lincoln, 311.

195 Donald, Lincoln, 111-112, 234.

196 Winkle, Young Eagle, 226.

197 Donald, Lincoln, 245.

198 Donald, Lincoln, 242.

Chapter 8

199 Winkle, Young Eagle, 231.

200 Bearss, Lincoln Boyhood, 33-35; Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 30.

201 John H. Weber, "Railroad History of Spencer County," (Unpublished manuscript on file at Spencer County Public Library, Rockport, Indiana), 1-2.

202 Weber, "Railroad History," 2-6, 9, 11-12.

203 History of . . . Spencer County, 365; Jill York O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . ." A History of the Administration of Abraham Lincoln's Boyhood Home (n.p.: National Park Service, 1987), 10.

204 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 34-35.

205 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29.

206 O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 5.

207 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . . , 10.

208 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 11; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground: An Expression of Sentiment and Reason — Historic Grounds Report, Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (n.p.: National Park Service, 1984), 2. Nancy Lincoln and Nancy Brooner were buried side by side. In 1874, the Brooner family was among those who helped locate the graves of Nancy Lincoln and Nancy Brooner. However, the family members could not remember which grave lay to the north and which to the south. Therefore, the ornamental iron fence enclosed both graves.

209 William J. Murtagh, Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America (New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.:1993), 28.

210 Wright, Building the Dream, 76.

211 Warren, Lincoln's Youth, 54.

212 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29; Marla McEnaney, A Noble Avenue: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial Cultural Landscape Report (Omaha, Nebr.: Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, 2001), 2; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 13; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 3.

213 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 8-9; Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29-30; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 14-15.

214 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 29-30; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 6, 17. Abraham Lincoln continued to correspond with friends from Indiana and mentioned wanting to see his family home in 1844 and 1860. It is therefore presumed that the cabin remained standing as late as 1860. By 1874, all the Lincoln farm buildings had been removed, including the cabin where citizens had their pictures taken after Lincoln's death in 1865. Around the same time, William Herndon argued that this latter cabin was not actually associated with the Lincolns, but he was overruled by popular sentiment. The cabin depicted in tourists' photographs continued to be accepted as the actual dwelling once occupied by the Lincolns.

215 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 31; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 17.

216 Rockport-Spencer County Sesquicentennial, 31; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 18, 20, 29; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 1, 4.

217 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 10; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 20.

218 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 10; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 21; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 7-11.

219 Michael Wallace, "Visiting the Past," in Presenting the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1986), 158.

220 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 11-12.

221 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 12; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 22.

222 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 12, 22.

223 O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 34, 36, 41; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 14, 17-18.

224 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 37; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 40-41.

225 William E. Bartelt, "The Cabin Site Memorial and Its Architect," Prepared for the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial—Research Proposal #112 (Unpublished, 1991): 6; National Park Service, "Park History Cabin Site — Correspondence on Bronze Logs and Hearthstone Memorial."

226 National Park Service file, "Park History Cabin Site — Correspondence on Bronze Logs and Hearthstone Memorial," on file at the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial.

227 Bartelt, "The Cabin Site Memorial and Its Architect," 8.

228 David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1985): 274.

229 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 29-30; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 55-58; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 18.

230 O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 59-61, 63, 66-68, 79-80; "Sculptural Panels on Lincoln's Life Completed—Part of Hoosier Memorial," Outdoor Indiana (n.d.), 16; York, Friendly Trees, Hallowed Ground, 31, 33. The five panels depict periods in Lincoln's life, beginning with the Lincoln family in Kentucky, listening to tales of the attractions of Indiana from a traveler; a vignette of the fourteen years spent in Indiana, featuring Lincoln's participation in the construction of a log cabin; an illustration of Lincoln's years in Illinois and his election to Congress; a depiction of his years in Washington as President and his visits with Ulysses Grant on a battlefield; and an apotheosis representing the spirit of Lincoln and his influence on future generations.

231 "Commemorative Building Cornerstone Laid During Impressive Ceremonies," Outdoor Indiana (n.d.), 13.

232 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 34.

233 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 4; O'Bright, "There I Grew Up. . .", 139, 143, 146.

234 Wallace, "Visiting the Past," 155.

235 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 35; Bartelt, "The Cabin Site Memorial and Its Architect," 9. The 1970 Interpretive Prospectus stated that the Cabin Site Memorial surrounded by a retaining wall was a definite intrusion on the Living Historical Farm as the park's development moved from the formal memorial to a more educational use. This report recommended that the retaining wall be removed to minimize the cabin site's "intrusion." This aspect of the 1970 plan was never implemented and, in fact, the plan no longer is endorsed by current park management.

Chapter 9

236 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 35.

237 Forest Frost and Scott Stadler, Intensive Archaeological Resource Inventory of Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial, Spencer County, Indiana, 1997-1999: Results and Recommendations (Midwest Archaeological Center Technical Report 64, 2000).

238 Herbert F. Williamson, Soil Survey of Spencer County, Indiana (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1973).

239 Petty and Jackson, "Plant Communities," 264-296; Alton A. Lindsey, Damian V. Schmelz, and Stanely A. Nichols, Natural Areas in Indiana and Their Preservation (Notre Dame, Ind.: American Midland Naturalist, 1966).

240 For example, see Daniel E. Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany (Portland, Ore.: Timber Press, 1998); J. R. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, Bulletin No. 37 (1946; Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1979).

241 McEnaney, A Noble Avenue, 21-22, 58.