Lake Roosevelt Administrative History

¹ Don Everts, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; Daniel Brown, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000.

² Foster Rhea Dulles, America Learns to Play: a History of Popular Recreation, 1607-1940 (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959), 397.

³ NPS, National Parks for the 21^st Century: The Vail Agenda: Report and Recommendations to the Director of the National Park Service from the Steering Committee of the 75^th Anniversary Symposium. (Washington, D.C.: 1992), 68.

⁴ Marion Clawson, Land and Water for Recreation: Opportunities, Problems, and Policies (Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1963), 27-28, 34, 49, 52, 55.

⁵ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 11 Sept. 1950, file 19, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment" (1981), 13; Greider to NPS Director, 14 July 1950, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁶ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 12, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Museum Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1958, 17, 18, 20; CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 10-11, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Feb. 1963: ch. 4, p. 12, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95 Cat #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁷ Byron Fish, "Grand Coulee's Undiscovered Lake," Ford Times, (1954): 42.

⁸ "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," March 1963: 8, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95 Cat #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; LARO, "Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area: 5 Year Strategic Plan, 1998-2002," 1997: 9, box Cultural Resource Mgmt., LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁹ "Master Plan," August 1964: 33, ch. 1, file D18 Master Plan 1964-67, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; CODA, "Recreation and Wildlife Summary, Calendar Year 1976," file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰ Maureen H. McDonough and Donald R. Field, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area: Visitor Use Patterns and Preferences" (Seattle: NPS, College of Forest Resources, UW, 1979), vii, viii, ix, 16, 55, 66, 74, 79, 84; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: CODA," 1981: 9, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO. This study was conducted in order to provide information needed for the 1980 General Management Plan.

¹¹ LARO, "Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area" ( Sept. 1998), 72; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992, notebook GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc., LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹² Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 14 July 1950, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA" CY1977: 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Howard J. Haiges, Jr., to LARO Superintendent, 28 July, 1988, file N4617 Demography 1991-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Homer W. Robinson to NPS Regional Director, 11 Sept., 1964, file D18 Master Plan 1964-1967, box 3 of 3, LARO #93 Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Public Use Reporting and Counting Instructions, CODA," 24 Feb., 1992, file N4617 Demography 199-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report , CODA," CY1988: 9-10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Roberta Miller, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 29 Feb. 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ. Miller notes that visitation spikes often seem to reflect good fishing years. She also believes that the counts do not catch all of the boat launches.

¹³ Donald C. Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal, 1933-1940," Pacific Historical Review 41 (August 1972): 324.

¹⁴ Barry Mackintosh, The National Parks: Shaping the System (Wash., D.C.: NPS, 1985), 52; NPS, A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United States (Wash., D.C.: GPO, 1941), i; Linda Flint McClelland, Building the National Parks: Historic Landscape Design and Construction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 420, 422; Ethan Carr, Wilderness by Design: Landscape Architecture and the National Park Service (Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 272, 274, 276-77; Richard F. Knapp and Charles E. Hartsoe, Play for America: The National Recreation Association, 1906-1965 (Arlington: National Recreation and Park Association, 1979), 124.

¹⁵ Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Wash., D.C.: Resources for the Future, 1984), 47; Carr, Wilderness by Design, 271-72; Mackintosh, Shaping the System, 56; Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 138-39. The quote is from NPS, Park and Recreation Problem, 53.

¹⁶ Gordon Cooper Olson, "A History of Natural Resources Management Within the National Park Service" (M.A. thesis, Slippery Rock University, 1986), 154-55; Sellars, Preserving Nature, 174-75; Loran Fraser, Chief, Office of Policy, to George R. Nethercutt, Jr., U.S. House of Representatives, 23 Dec. 1997, file L30 Lands 1/97-, LARO.HQ.ADM; John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), 468.

¹⁷ Quoted in Mark W. T. Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994), 67.

¹⁸ Sellars, Preserving Nature, 150, 175-76; Elmo R. Richardson, Dams, Parks, and Politics: Resource Development and Preservation in the Truman-Eisenhower Era (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973), 14.

¹⁹ Ernest Davidson, NPS Regional Landscape Architect, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Nov. 1940, file 2, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, to USBR Commissioner, 9 July 1941, file 815 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, USBR Boise; Claude E. Greider, NPS State Supervisor, to NPS Regional Director, 26 Nov. 1940, file 2, box 1, RG79-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²⁰ USBR, Recreational Development of Roosevelt Lake: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, Problem 26 (Wash., D.C.: GPO, 1945), xv; NPS Regional Director to NPS Director, 31 Oct. 1940, file 2, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Conrad L. Wirth, NPS Supervisor of Recreation and Land Planning, to NPS Acting Regional Director, 26 Oct. 1939, file 3, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²¹ USBR, Problem 26, passim.

²² Thoralf Torkelson, USBR, to File, 14 April 1943, file 1, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 30 June 1948, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to William S. Royce, Secretary to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 19 Sept. 1947, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU.

²³ Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Regional Director, 10 April 1946, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "1946 History of National Park Service on Columbia River Reservoir Area," file H14 Project Histories (USBR), LARO.HQ.ADM; "Annual Report of Events, Uses, Developments, and Problems, Coulee Dam Recreational Area, June 2,1947," 1, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Memorandum of Agreement among the Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area," 18 Dec. 1946: 4-6, file 2: A44 Tri-Party: Mat'ls Relating to Tri-Bureau Agreement, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Pressley Watts, Wenatchee World, 16 Dec. 1952, box 4 "History - Coulee Dam NRA," LARO.HQ.LIB.

²⁴ CODA, "Master Plan Development Outline," 29 Jan. 1948 draft of first section: 2, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; USBR, Annual Project History, Columbia Basin Project, 1944, 45; Claude Greider, LARO Recreation Planner, to Frank A. Banks, USBR Project Engineer, 29 Oct. 1945, box 4, "History - Coulee Dam NRA," LARO.HQ.LIB.

²⁵ Carr, Wilderness by Design, 254-55; Claude E. Greider, LARO Recreation Planner, to Frank Banks, USBR Project Engineer, 23 April 1943, file 1, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²⁶ NPS, "Columbia River Reservoir Area, Washington: General Report and Development Outline," June 1944: 6-7, LARO.HQ.100-USA.3.1.

²⁷ Ibid., 9, 11, 16; McClelland, Building the National Parks, 441, 443-44, 456.

²⁸ NPS, "Columbia River Reservoir Area, Washington: General Report and Development Outline," June 1944: 7-8, LARO.HQ.100-USA.3.1.

²⁹ Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 25 Feb. 1954, file D18 Master Plan 1953-June '54, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

³⁰ Harvey, Symbol of Wilderness, 58; "Annual Report of Events, Uses, Developments, and Problems, Coulee Dam Recreational Area, June 2, 1947," 2, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; NPS, Park and Recreation Problem, 14-15; NPS, "Columbia River Reservoir Area, Washington: General Report and Development Outline," June 1944: 4, LARO.HQ.100-USA.3.1; "Boating on the Grand Coulee Dam Reservoir," Reclamation Era 30 (Dec. 1940): 349; Ray L. Owens, Commodore, Grand Coulee Dam Yacht Club, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 8 June 1951, file Coulee Rec. Area, 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU; Claude E. Greider, Recreation Planner, to NPS Director, 29 Oct. 1945, Box 4, "History - Coulee Dam NRA," LARO.HQ.LIB.

³¹ USBR, Problem 26, 4, 27; Bob H. Hansen, "159-Mile Lake To Have Big Role," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 14 Nov. 1946; "Lake Roosevelt - Paradise Found," Reclamation Era (Sept. 1946).

³²"Area Operations Program," in CODA, "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948, file D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 18 Dec. 1947, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to Kirby Billingsley, Wenatchee, 17 June 1949, file 5, box 208, Magnuson Papers, UW; "General Theme of Development," in CODA, "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948, D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948, file D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Annual Report of Events, Uses, Developments, and Problems, Coulee Dam Recreational Area, June 2, 1947," file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Factors Affecting Recreational Development and Use," (draft Master Plan Development Outline), 4 Feb. 1948, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM. The NPS actually took over the area under the terms of the 1946 agreement on July 1, 1947 ("A Brief History of National Park Service Activities in Coulee Dam Recreational Area, 1947," file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR).

³³ "Annual Report of Events, Uses, Developments, and Problems, Coulee Dam Recreational Area, June 2, 1947," file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

³⁴ C. Grover Wilson, Chair, Publicity-Tourist Bureau, Spokane Chamber of Commerce, to Warren G. Magnuson, U.S. Senate, 1 Feb. 1950, file 1, box 6, RG —079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Cliff Hutsell, "Remarks by the Manager of the Grand Coulee Navigation Company," 14 Jan. 1953: 6, file 1, box 10, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 30 June 1948, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Director, 5 Sept. 1947, file 16, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA — PSR; Greider to NPS Director, 9 June 1953, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 15 June 1955, file A2621 Annual Reports Reg 4 1955 & 1956 FYs, box 3, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Director, 12 Jan. 1950, file 18, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR.

³⁵ W. G. Carnes, Acting Chief of Development, 27 Sept. 1948, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Newton Drury, NPS Director, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 13 Feb. 1948, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Factors Affecting Recreational Development and Use," (draft Master Plan Development Outline), 4 Feb. 1948, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³⁶ F.A. Banks, USBR District Manager, to Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, 15 Dec. 1948, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, USBR Boise.

³⁷ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Pete J. Limacher, Chairman, Publicity Tourist Committee, Spokane Chamber of Commerce, 29 July 1948, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Kirby Billingsley, Wenatchee, 17 June 1949, file 5, box 208, Magnuson Papers, UW; "Priority List, Project Construction Program," 23 Nov. 1949, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 17 Aug. 1951, file 10, box 7, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

³⁸ Robert G. Hall, NPS Acting Chief, Western Office, Division of Design & Construction, to NPS Director, 24 Nov. 1954, file D18 Master Plan July 1954 — June 1956, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

³⁹ Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 14 April 1954, file D18 Master Plan 1953 — June '54, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Robert G. Hall, NPS Acting Chief, Western Office, Division of Design & Construction, to Peyton, 5 Aug. 1954, file D18 Master Plan July 1954 — June 1956, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Sanford Hill, NPS Chief, Western Office, Division of Design and Construction, to Peyton, 2 March 1955, file D18 Master Plan July 1954 — June 1956, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, to Peyton, 25 March 1955, file D18 Master Plan July 1954 — June 1956, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁴⁰ Lawrence C. Merriam, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Director, 25 Sept. 1951, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to Merriam, 15 Aug. 1952, file LARO.94.3249.9, LARO.HQ.ADM; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 30 Dec. 1952, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁴¹ Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, to F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, 21 Jan. 1946, file LARO.94.3249.3, LARO.HQ.ADM; F. A. Banks, USBR District Manager, to Greider, 9 Oct. 1947, file LARO.94.3249.3, LARO.HQ.ADM; USBR, Project History 1949, 63.

⁴² Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, to NPS Regional Director, 9 July 1943, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Philip Kearney, NPS Landscape Architect, to Greider, 25 April 1941, file 5, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 23 Jan. 1953, file 1, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Regional Director, [1943], file LARO.94.3249.7, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, Press Release, 14 July 1952, file LARO.94.3249.9, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 12 June 1956, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-56 to 12-31-56, box 3, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR.

⁴³ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Kirby Billingsley, Wenatchee, 17 June 1949, file 5, box 208, Magnuson Papers, UW.

⁴⁴ Ise, Our National Park Policy, 447, 455; USBR, Project History 1949, 63; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to USBR District Manager, 3 July 1951, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, to W. C. Howe, Chairman, Spokane County Republican Central Committee, 18 April 1950, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU; William C. Everhart, The National Park Service (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972), 35; USBR, Project History 1948, 55, 56.

⁴⁵ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to J. R. Cumming, Spokane Chamber of Commerce, 10 Oct. 1950, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁴⁶ USBR, Project History 1950, ch. IV, Part I; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 14 July 1950, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 23 May 1952, file 1, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; A. E. Demaray, NPS Director, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 21 May 1951, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll. WSU; NPS, "Mission 66 for Coulee Dam Recreation Area," 1957: 2; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 15 June 1955, file A2621 Annual Reports Reg 4 1955 & 1956 FYs, box 3, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR.

⁴⁷ H. G. Fowler, NPS Landscape Architect, to NPS Regional Landscape Architect, 22 Aug. 1952, file 7, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, "Statement for Management," 1989, file D18 Statement for Management, 1989, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Policies and Agreements" in CODA, "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948, file D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁴⁸ Robert H. Coombs, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 3 Dec. 1953, file D18 Master Plan 1953-June '54, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁴⁹ Newton Drury, NPS Director, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 13 Feb. 1948, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Coll., WSU; "Significance of the Area" in CODA, "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948, file D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Harold A. Gangmark and Leonard A. Fulton, "Preliminary Surveys of Roosevelt Lake in Relation to Game Fishes" (Wash., D.C.: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 5, 1949), 1; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 11 Aug. 1948, file 17, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; "Factors Affecting Recreational Development and Use" (draft Master Plan Development Outline), 4 Feb. 1948: 19-20, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁰ "Factors Affecting Recreational Development and Use," (draft Master Plan Development Outline), 4 Feb. 1948, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Wafford Conrad, "Probing the Depths of Lake Roosevelt," Reclamation Era 34 (March 1948): 57-58; USBR, Project History 1942, 68, 73; USBR, Project History 1943, 64; USBR, Project History 1944, 45; USBR, Project History 1947, 128.

⁵¹ Hugh M. Miller, NPS Acting Director, to NPS Regional Director, 8 May 1946, file History of NPS, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; Claude E. Greider, LARO Supervisor, to NPS Regional Director, 5 Nov. 1948, file History of NPS, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; O. A. Tomlinson, NPS Regional Director, to Chief, Columbia Basin Commission, 10 Nov. 1948, file Proposed Regulations CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁵² Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Director, 20 Oct. 1949, file History of NPS, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; transcript of meeting of NPS personnel with interested groups and individuals, 1 June 1951: 21, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, USBR Boise; "Rough Draft, 9-22-48 [proposed regulations for LARO]," file History of NPS, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; "Order No. 2633, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 36 — Parks and Forests, Chapter 1 — National Park Service, Part 1 — General Rules and Regulations, Part 2 — General Rules and Regulations — National Recreational Areas, Part 23 — Lake Mead Recreational Area," 9 May 1951: 4-12, file Roosevelt Lake Rec. Area, 1951, 36-A-1-b, box 6, Dept. of Conservation, Director's Papers, WSA; "Title 36 — Parks, Forests, and Memorials, Chapter I — National Park Service, Department of Interior, Part I — General Rules and Regulations, Part 2 — General Rules and Regulations, National Recreational Areas," 1952: 6-11, file Proposed Regulations, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; Lawrence C. Merriam, NPS Regional Director, to P. R. Nalder, USBR District Manager, 7 Aug. 1953, file 18, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵³ USBR, Project History 1950, 59; Fred O. Jones, "Geological Aspects of Developing the Grand Coulee as a Part of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area, Washington," 1950: 1, Glaciation section, Geology box, LARO.HQ.LIB; Duncan Mills, NPS Regional Chief of Public Services, to NPS Regional Director, 10 April 1951, file 1, box 10, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 20 July 1951, file 2, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 13 June 1952, file D18 Planning Programs, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Don Everts, phone interview; Sanford Hill, NPS Assistant Regional Director, to Claude E. Greider, CODA Superintendent, 23 April 1953, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁵⁴ Everhart, The National Park Service, 36.

⁵⁵ Ise, Our National Policy, 547; Sellars, Preserving Nature, 173; Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 265-67; McClelland, Building the National Parks, 462-63.

⁵⁶ NPS, Western Office of Design and Construction, Division of Landscape Architecture, "Preliminary Cost Estimate, CODA," Dec. 1965, LARO.HQ.100-USA.4.4.

⁵⁷ McClelland, Building the National Parks, 452-64; NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁸ Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 22 March 1957, file D18 Planning Programs…1957-59, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Areas," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62), file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS, "Mission 66 for CODA," 3-4; E.T. Scoyen, NPS Associate Director, to Kenneth B. Brown, Davenport Chamber of Commerce, 27 March 1957, file 12, box 32, Accession 3560-3, Jackson Papers, UW; Paul F. McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 25 Sept. 1964: 9, file K1817 Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam NRA 1964, LARO.HQ.CIO. A detailed list with dates of construction and locations of all LARO facilities in 1963 is provided in CODA, "Master Plan for Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Sept. 1963, vol. III, sec. H, pp. 2-9, file D18 Master Plan Nov-Dec 1963, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵⁹ Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 18 June 1957, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-57 to 12-31-57, box 3, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR.

⁶⁰ CODA, Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62), file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶¹ NPS, "Notice of Approval, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Prospectus, " 12 April 1957, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952-69, HFC. For development schedules for specific projects, see CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62), file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM. For an excellent map showing the proposed work at each development site, see "Physical Improvements, Mission 66, Part of the Master Plan: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," May 1957, drawer 3, wood cabinet, LARO.HQ.100-USA.

⁶² Mrs. Homer (Sis) Robinson and Don Everts, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 6 Dec. 1999, Tape 1-A, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ.

⁶³ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 47, 48, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁴ NPS Director to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 12 April 1962, box 216, Horan Coll, WSU; Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to Ford S. Barrett, Barrett & Follevaag, 14 Sept. 1967, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM. In preparing the 1968 plan, Superintendent Chapman contacted the STI (and presumably also the CCT) to learn of their plans for public use developments in the vicinity of LARO.

⁶⁵ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 19, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁶ "Annual Safety & Management Review, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Aug. 4 thru 6, 1969," file 715 Columbia Basin Project — Administration of Recreation Areas — FDR Lake, USBR Boise; USBR, Project History 1968, 8, 12; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Art Hathaway, former LARO employee, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001.

⁶⁷ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 11 Sept. 1950, file 19, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; Sanford Hill, NPS Assistant Regional Director, to NPS Director, 13 Feb. 1952, file D18 Planning Program closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Frank Hewlett, "Fort Spokane Will Be Used for Visitors," Spokesman-Review, 12 May 1960.

⁶⁸ USBR, Project History 1969, 47; "New Superintendent Tells Changes Coming," Davenport Times, 26 June 1967; Howard H. Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 9 May 1967, file A94 Third Power Plant: Changes in Water Line…1960-74, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; W. E. Rawlings, USBR Project Manager, to LARO Superintendent, 20 Aug. 1968, file A94 3^rd Power Plant: Other Ramifications 1966-76, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; David A. Richie, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 1 May 1968, file A55 Agrmt — North Marina, LARO.HQ.ADM; Edward A. Hummel, NPS Assistant Director, to Thomas S. Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 11 Aug. 1967, file A44 Agrmt — North Marina, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁹ "New Housing Devt for Lake Roosevelt," Davenport Times, 21 Sept. 1967; Robert A. Burns, LARO District Park Ranger, to Files, 21 Dec. 1967, file Lincoln Co. Plans, Seven Bays Estates, LARO.HQ.PAO; L. Keith Hellstrom, Landscape Architect, to David Richie, LARO Superintendent, 15 Feb. 1968, file Lincoln Co. Plans, Seven Bays Estates, LARO.HQ.PAO; Charles P. Woodbury, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Seven Bays, Inc., 16 Feb. 1968, file Lincoln Co. Plans, Seven Bays Estates, LARO.HQ.PAO; David Riche, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 7 May 1968, file Lincoln Co. Plans, Seven Bays Estates, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁷⁰ Foresta, America's National Parks, 65; Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Outdoor Recreation for Americans: A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (Wash., D.C.: 1962), 3-4, 9; LARO, "5 Year Strategic Plan, 1998-2002," 1997: 6, in CRM box, LARO.HQ.SUP. The quote is from the last source listed. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation was dismantled in 1981.

⁷¹ Kenneth W. Brooks, Grand Coulee Dam Environmental Plan (prepared for the USBR, 1968), 3, 55, 66; David A. Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Kenneth W. Brooks, Architect, 19 June 1969, file D18 Maintenance Planning Program, LARO.HQ.ADM; Paul Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 352; Craig Sprankle, USBR, Coulee Dam, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 8 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

⁷² David C. Wynecoop, Children of the Sun: A History of the Spokane Indians (Wellpinit, Wash.: 1969), 43.

⁷³ Kent Frizzell, DOI Solicitor, to Secretary of the Interior, "Opinion on the boundaries of and status of title to certain lands within the Columbia and Spokane Indian Reservations," 3 June 1974: 6, 20, 22, 24, 26, file A44 Tri-party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM. These reserved rights were still, of course, limited in that they could not interfere with project operations and were subject to regulations to conserve fish and wildlife.

⁷⁴ Robert D. Dellwo, Attorney, to Roy H. Sampsel, Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior, 13 March 1975, file 11, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Effects of 1974 Solicitor's Opinion on National Park Service Administration of Lake Roosevelt," May 1988: 2, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁷⁵ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 17, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Facility Inventory of Recreation Sites in Indian Zone Done March 3, 1975," 1-3, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Everts interview, Tape 2-A; Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Director, 8 Dec. 1987, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁶ Temple A. Reynolds, NPS Associate Regional Director, to NPS Regional Director, 30 Oct. 1978, file A5427 Field Office Personnel, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁷ "No Lifeguard for Lake This Summer," Wilbur Register, 30 March 1989; William Dunmire, "Statement for Management: CODA," 15 Dec. 1978: 20, file D18 Statements for Mgmt, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1979, 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Michael L. Blankenship, NPS Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, to NPS Regional Chief, Resource Management and Visitor Protection, 21 Sept. 1989, file W2623 Situation Info, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1981, file A2521 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Development/Advance Planning (Program)," 18 March 1983, file D230 Dev't & Maint. (Fed Hwy Admin) 1983-89, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁸ CCT, "Summary of Activities on Lake Roosevelt," April 1988, 2, file Wilderness — Lake Roosevelt Management Plan (1 of 2), box 80, Morrison Coll., WSU; CCT, "Colville Tribe Seeks Appropriations," 1989, file Environment Misc. — Lake Roosevelt (2 of 2), box 71, Morrison Coll., WSU; USBR, "Annual Safety and Management Review: CODA Including Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, August 22 through 24, 1978, 3, file 715 Columbia Basin Project — Lands — Admin. Of Rec. Areas, USBR Boise; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 10 April 2001.

⁷⁹ Kelly K. Cash, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Mr. And Mrs. R. L. Frostad, 15 Aug. 1986, file A3821 Individuals, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁰ Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to Ford S. Barrett, Barrett & Follevaag, 14 Sept. 1967, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 10, file D18 General Management Plan, box 1 of 3, LARO.HQ.PAO; Kelly K. Cash, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Thomas S. Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 20 Aug. 1986, file 99^th Cong./Dept. Files/Dept. of Interior/Nat'l Park Service — Part 2," box 269, Foley Coll, WSU.

⁸¹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976, 30, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977, 3, file A2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to USBR Project Manager, 16 June 1978, file A44 USBR Launch Ramps, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸² Bill Delaney and R. Felton Brunson, "Task Directive: Fluctuating Lake Level Mitigation Study, Park General Package 240, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1986, appendix C, file A44 Agreements, Correspondence with BPA, LARO.HQ.ADM; Ray Dashiell, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 2 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

⁸³ "Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement," April 1990: 2-11, file Multiparty Agreement April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; LRCC, "A Report On: Management of Lake Roosevelt," 6 May 1993, file Mgmt. of Lake Roosevelt, box 4, LARO.HQ.100-USA.

⁸⁴ LARO, "Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area: 5 Year Strategic Plan, 1998-2002," 1997: 15, CRM box, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁸⁵ CODA, "Housing Management Plan," 1988: 3, file F7423 Employee Housing, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992: 11, 18, notebook GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc., LARO.HQ.CIO. The five concession operations mentioned in 1988 were probably Kettle Falls, Seven Bays, Keller Ferry, Spring Canyon, and Daisy.

⁸⁶ National Parks and Conservation Association, Planning and Public Involvement: Constituency Building for the Parks (Wash., D.C.: National Parks and Conservation Association, 1988), 6; "FONSI: Proposed General Management Plan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington," 1980: 2, notebook GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc., LARO.HQ.CIO; NPS, "Environmental Assessment for the General Management Plan, CODA" 1979: 55.

⁸⁷ LARO, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Sept. 1998: abstract, v, 27-28, 32-35. The name of the national recreation area officially changed from Coulee Dam to Lake Roosevelt in 1997.

⁸⁸ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 15, 161, 163; Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 5 Dec. 1994, file F30 Budget Formulation 1994, LARO.HQ.ADM; Robert D. Waterhouse, NPS Regional Chief, Project Programming, to NPS Director, 4 Sept. 1952, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁸⁹ Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area Newsletter 4," Sept. 1998, LARO.HQ.CIO; Rob Kauder, "Park Service Not Moving Toward Jet Ski Regulation on Lake Roosevelt," [Grand Coulee] Star, 12 Aug. 1998; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

⁹⁰ Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to Donald E. Horton, [1991], file LARO.3252.96.5, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁹¹ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 3, 96; CODA, "Proposed Launch Ramps, Lake Roosevelt, Amendment to the General Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," Dec. 1991: 1-6, file D18 Launch Ramp 1991, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald W. Tays, interview with Nancy F. Renk, Tape 1-A, 20 July 2000, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ; Richard L. Winters, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Keith R. Green, President, Lake Roosevelt Property Owner's Association, 12 April 1996, file LARO.94.2349.24, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dashiell phone interview; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001.

⁹² Vaughn L. Baker, LARO Superintendent, form letter, 15 Oct. 1996, file L30 Lands 1/97-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "County, NPS Earn Grant for Boat Launch," Davenport Times, 9 Nov. 1989. There is no long-term agreement in place for cooperative management of the boat ramp.

⁹³ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 10.

⁹⁴ Barry Mackintosh, Visitor Fees in the National Park System: A Legislative and Administrative History (Wash., D.C.: NPS, 1983), 84-85; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Judith Boekel of Wilbur, 28 July 1992, file W34 Law Enforcement 1992, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁵ Mackintosh, Visitor Fees, 20-21, 25; USDI, NPS, A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Draft, Feb. 1968: 47, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1978: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁶ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1984: 10, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1982: 8, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; proposal attached to Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Acting Regional Director, 17 Nov. 1986, file F5419 Fees & Revenues 1987-88, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1987: 5, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 2, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 2, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁷ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1994-95: 4, 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Briefing Statement: OIG File No. 96VI-703R, GCD National Recreation Area, 20 June 1996, file A3615 Complaints — Service, LARO.HQ.ADM; William C. Walters, NPS Deputy Field Director, to Mary Lou Butler of Noxon, Montana, 13 May 1996, Congressional Correspondence Notebook, 1996-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Denis P. Galvin, NPS Deputy Director, to NPS Associate Directors, Regional Directors, and Park Superintendents, 12 March 1997, file F5419 Fee Demo Program 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dashiell phone interview.

⁹⁸ Denis P. Galvin, NPS Deputy Director, to NPS Associate Directors, Regional Directors, and Park Superintendents, 12 March 1997, file F5419 Fee Demo Program 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Visitation and Fees a Good Combination for Lake Roosevelt," press release, file K3415 Press Releases — CODA, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 31.

⁹⁹ Mackintosh, Visitor Fees, 52; "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Evaluation Date 05/15/89," file A5419 Operations Evaluation 1989: 14, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: v; "New Camping Regs for Non-Colvilles," The Star, 5 April 1995; William C. Walters, NPS Deputy Field Director, Pacific West Area, to Slade Gorton, U.S. Senate, 16 Aug. 1995, file L34 Recreation Activities, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁰ Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Prof. Mario Rodriguez, Costa Rica, 6 Dec. 1985, file K14 Information Requests, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰¹ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 98; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 14 April 1950, file 19, box 36, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; Arthur G. Holmes, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area" 30 May 1961: 8, file D18 Master Plan 1961, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Dan Mason, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 2 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

¹⁰² National Parks and Conservation Association, To Preserve Unimpaired: The Challenge of Protecting Park Resources (Wash., D.C.: National Parks and Conservation Association, 1988), 167-68; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 13, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Miller phone interview; Dan Mason, LARO Chief Ranger, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 20 Sept. 2000. Figures on visitor safety incidents are found in Superintendent's annual reports and in the annual law enforcement summaries.

¹⁰³ "Young Ladies Are Lifeguards," Davenport Times, 27 Aug. 1964: 3.

¹⁰⁴ Mason phone interview.

¹⁰⁵ Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 15, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; "1982 Update of Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services for Fiscal Year 1983, Part 1.2," 3, notebook Statement for Interpretation, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 20-21, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 17 Nov. 1978, file N3615 Pollution — Air, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁶ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 27 Feb. 1947, file 1, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to District Coast Guard Officer, Seattle, 3 March 1947, file 1, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; A. R. Demaray, NPS Associate Director, to NPS Regional Director, 1 Sept. 1948, file Proposed Regulations CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; NPS Director to Secretary of Interior, 27 Sept. 1951, file History of NPS, CODA, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62), file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁷ CODA, "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1965, ch. 3: 5, 11, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1966," 1-2, file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM. The annual law enforcement summaries are in file W2621 Annual Law Enforcement Summary, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 21, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 5, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1978: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, Lake Roosevelt Mirror, vol. 1 (summer 1980), Newspapers notebook, box 7, Pitzer Coll., WSA-CRB; J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Park Naturalist, to David C. Guilbert, 17 Oct. 1979, file K14 Information Requests, LARO.HQ.ADM; McDonough and Field, "Visitor Use Patterns," x.

¹⁰⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; USBR, "Annual Safety and Management Review: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Including Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, August 22 through 24, 1978," 7, file 715 Col. Basin Project — Lands — Admin. Of Rec. Areas, USBR Boise; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to U.S. Coast Guard Director Auxiliary, 25 Feb. 1987, file A94 U.S. Coast Guard, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1988: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Cletis Rodgers, LARO Chief of Operations, to Ranger and Maintenance District Supervisors, 21 May 1993, file D24 Maint and Rehab/Facilities 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, to W. D. Widenhoeft, Commander, Coast Guard, 5 May 1998, file D24 Maint and Rehab/Facilities 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mason phone interview.

¹¹⁰ CODA, "Proposed Launch Ramps, Lake Roosevelt, Amendment to the General Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1991: 6, file L7617 FONSI Launch Ramps 1992, LARO.HQ.ADM; Reg Morgan, "Coast Guard Patrols Roosevelt," Wenatchee World, 26 Aug. 1992; Brown, "Statement for Interpretation, FY93"; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992: Appendix A, GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc. notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 10 June 1950, file 19, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; Ray Dashiell, LARO Maintenance Mech. Supervisor, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

¹¹¹ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 14, 96; LARO, "NPS Fee Demonstration Program Project Proposal: Boater Safety Program," 22 Sept. 1997, file F5419 Fee Demo Program 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dan Mason, LARO Chief Ranger, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000; Dan Mason, LARO Chief Ranger, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 11 August 2000.

¹¹² "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 22, file A2621 Supt's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; John Haller, "National Park Service, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Emergency Action Plan for Dam Failure and Flooding," August 1984: 1-2, file W34 Law Enforcement 1984-87, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS, "Columbia Cascades Cluster 1995 Workplan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 26 June 1995 and 30 Nov. 1995: 9, file A54 CODA Supt. Goals 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹³ CODA, "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1965: ch. 3, p. 5, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA Superintendent to NPS Director, 14 Sept. 1965, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY1965, box 1, RG 079-95-06, NARA-PSR.

¹¹⁴ Edward W. Fisher, DOI Deputy Solicitor, to NPS Director, 24 Aug. 1961: 1, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #33250, LARO.HQ.PAO; C. Richard Neely, DOI Assistant Regional Solicitor, to NPS Regional Director, 15 Dec. 1970, file W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM; C. Richard Neely for the DOI Regional Solicitor to NPS Regional Director, 29 March 1985, file Copy - CODA Historical Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Arthur Holmes, LARO Chief Ranger, questionnaire [ca. 1960], file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹¹⁵ Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 209; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 4-5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Polly Welts Kaufman, National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996), 133; NPCA, To Preserve Unimpaired, 162; Gordon Boyd, Chief Park Ranger, Olympic National Park, to Chairman, Coulee Dam Operations Evaluation Team, 26 Aug. 1977, file A5427 Field Office Personnel, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "1975 Case Incidents," file W2621 Annual Law Enforcement Summary, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁶ Vaughn Baker, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 9 Dec. 1999, Tape 2-A, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ .

¹¹⁷ Judith Boekle, Wilbur, to Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, 21 July 1992, file W34 Law Enforcement 1992, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; McDonough and Field, "Visitor Use Patterns," xi; Richard Berrian to LARO Superintendent, 25 Oct. 1993, file W34 Law Enforcement 1993-94, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mason phone interview.

¹¹⁹ "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Evaluation, Date 05/15/89," 13, file A5419 Operations Evaluation 1989, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1982: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "CODA Including Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Annual Safety and Management Review," 9-11 Aug. 1988: 1-2, file 715 Col. Basin — Admin. of Rec. Areas — NPS, USBR Boise; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief Ranger, to LARO Administrative Officer, 24 June 1986, file W34 Law Enforcement 1984-87, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁰ Thomas Teaford, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 August 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

¹²¹ LARO, Draft General Management Plan, 1998: 96; CODA, "Visitor Management — Resource Protection Assessment Program (VRAP): Park Profile," 29 Jan. 1997: 7, file W34 Law Enforcement 1997-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Law Enforcement Program Report — CY1994," 8 Feb. 1995, file W34 Law Enforcement 1995-, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Wildlife Protection Needs Assessment," 26 Feb. 1991, file NPS Wildlife Protection Needs Assess., drawer 3, LARO.FS.1107.

¹²² Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Dan D. Berry, Lincoln County Sheriff, 31 March 1988, file W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mason phone interview.

¹²³ "Briefing Paper: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction at Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area," n.d., Briefing Statements notebook, LARO.HQ.ADM; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁴ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 21, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Gilbert F. Hanson, Lincoln County Fire Protection District #7, 17 Feb. 1987, file D5027 Radio Communication/Misc., LARO.HQ.ADM; "MOU Between CCT Parks and Recreation and Dept. of the Interior NPS Coulee Dam NRA, June 6, 1996," file H24 Archaeological and Historical Data 1994, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁵ "II. Bringing People to the Table: The Lake Roosevelt Forum," n.d., file Lake Roos. Forum, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO.

¹²⁶ Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief Park Ranger, to Files, 6 Feb. 1986, file W34 Law Enforcement 1984-87, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1985: 6, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Questionnaire: Drug Related Problems: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 15 Oct. 1986: 1-2, file W46 General & Misc. Reg., LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly K. Cash, LARO Assistant Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 12 Aug. 1987, file W34 Law Enforcement 1984-87, LARO.HQ.ADM; William J. Briggle, NPS Deputy Regional Director, to Superintendents, Olympic and LARO, 16 March 1987, file W34 Law Enforcement 1984-87, LARO.HQ.ADM; Darrell J. Cook, LARO Chief Ranger, to Bob Marriott, NPS Law Enforcement Specialist, WO, 6 March 1991, file W34 Law Enforcement 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Summary, 1996 Drug Enforcement Funds; Dan Mason, LARO Chief Ranger, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 11 August 2000; "Expenditures/Reporting Form," file W34 Law Enforcement 1997-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mason phone interview.

¹²⁷ "Report on the Expenditure of Drug Enforcement Funds in FY 1990," file F2621 — Annual to 1991, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, 4 Dec. 1992, file S5823 Boats, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁸ Robert D. Dellwo, Attorney, to Roy H. Sampsel, Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior, 13 March 1975, file 11, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Effects of 1974 Solicitor's Opinion on National Park Service Administration of Lake Roosevelt," May 1988, 2, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP; Gerald Tays, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1995: 18, file D18 Statements for Management, LARO.HQ.ADM; "CODA Including Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Annual Safety and Mgmt Review," 9-11 Aug. 1988: 3, file 715 Col. Basin — Admin. of Rec. Areas — NPS, USBR Boise; Dan Morgan, LARO Chief Ranger, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 11 August 2000.

¹²⁹ William Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 7 March 1975, file Copy - CODA Historical Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee, "A Report On: Management of Lake Roosevelt," 6 May 1993, file Mgmt. of Lake Roosevelt, box 4, LARO.HQ.USA; "FONSI: Proposed General Management Plan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington," 1980: 3, notebook GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc., LARO.HQ.CIO; Bill Butts, Roosevelt Recreation Enterprises, to Kathy Butts and Marty Blum, 10 July 1990, file Multiparty Agreement April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Rich Landers, "Angler Prevails," Spokesman-Review, 12 Jan. 1994; Baker interview, Tape 2-A.

¹³⁰ William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Associate Regional Director, 13 July 1979, file A44 — Coop Agreement — Fisheries, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³¹ Thoralf Torkelson to Files, 14 April 1943, History — Coulee Dam NRA box, LARO.HQ.LIB; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 22 Feb. 1943, file 3, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Memorandum of Agreement among the Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area," 19 Dec. 1946, file 2: A44 Tri-Party: Mat'ls Relating to Tri-Bureau Agreement, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹³² Arthur G. Holmes, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 30 May 1961, file D18 Master Plan 1961, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹³³ O. A. Tomlinson, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Director, 14 March 1949, file 3, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Mount Rainier National Park Superintendent, 18 April 19551, file 3, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Master Plan Development Outline, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Forestry," 1952: 1-2, file D18 Master Plan: Forestry, 1952, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 29 July 1952, file D18 Planning Programs closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62), 13, file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³⁴ Arthur G. Holmes, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 30 May 1961: 2, 5; "Master Plan for Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," March 1963: vol. III, pp. 4-5, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Feb. 1963: ch. 4, p. 13, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Cooperative Fire Fighting Agreement Between National Park Service (Coulee Dam National Recreation Area) and Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Colville District)," 27 July 1964, file A44 Washington State, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³⁵ CODA, "Fire Management Plan," 29 Sept. 1980: 1, 3, file Y14 Forest Fires Control 76-81, LARO.HQ.ADM; Olson, "Natural Resources Management," 250; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Gilbert F. Hanson, Lincoln County Fire Protection District #7, 17 Feb. 1987, file D5027 Radio Communication/Misc., LARO.HQ.ADM; Darrell J. Cook, LARO Chief Ranger, to NPS Regional Fire Management Office, 30 Dec. 1991, file Y14 Fire Management 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³⁶ CODA "Fire Management Plan," 29 Sept. 1980: 6, file Y14 Forest Fires Control 76-81, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 2; Gary Kuiper, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Fire Management Plan," 11 Aug. 1986, file Fire Management Information, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1988: 44-46; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 16, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Scott Hebner, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000.