Lake Roosevelt Administrative History

¹ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Kendall W. Smith of Redmond, Washington, 30 July 1946, file 5, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

² "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1965: ch. 3, "The Land," p. 1, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³ Richard West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), 4; R. Gerald Wright, Wildlife Research and Management in the National Parks (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 24, 36.

⁴ Wright, Wildlife Research and Management, 25, 36; Gordon Cooper Olson, "A History of Natural Resources Management Within the National Park Service," (M.A. thesis, Slippery Rock University, 1986), 158-59.

⁵ "Awash," Tribal Tribune, 31 May 1988.

⁶ "Memorandum of Agreement Between the National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Grand Coulee National Recreation Area," 2 Oct. 1941, file 715 Col. Basin Project, Admin. of Recreational Areas, FDR Lake, USBR Boise; "Memorandum of Agreement among the Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area," 19 Dec. 1946, file 2 A44 Tri-Party: Mat'ls Relating to Tri-Bureau Agreement, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Vaughn L. Baker, LARO Superintendent, to Adeline Fredin, CCT History/Archaeology Department, 22 Aug. 1996, file H30 Archaeology NPS/Tribes/BPA 1996-97.

⁷ Gerry Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Ken Casavant, Northwest Power Planning Council member, 15 July 1994, file N16 Mgmt. of Nat. Res., LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸ Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 262-64; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁹ Gordon Boyd, "Pacific Northwest Region Science Program Review Questionnaire," [1986], file WASO/SSO Reports/Correspondence, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 22 Dec. 1987, file N16 Mgmt. of Nat. Res. & Areas 1988-90, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰ CCSO, "Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area Museum Management Plan," 1997: 17; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 39-40, LARO.HQ.RMO; Dan Brown, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; "R-MAP Park Profile Input," 25 April 1994, file L76 Environmental Impact, LARO.HQ.ADM; Vaughn Baker, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 9 Dec. 1999, Tape 2-A, notes and index on file, LARO.HQ; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 August 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ. In a good example of the importance of personal connections, Cook and Gil Goodrich had worked together at Grand Canyon National Park. After transferring to LARO, Cook hired Gil and Karen and saw Karen as the right person to be in charge of the resource management program he envisioned (Brown interview).

¹¹ NPS, National Parks for the 21^st Century: The Vail Agenda: Report and Recommendations to the Director of the National Park Service from the Steering Committee of the 75^th Anniversary Symposium (Washington, D.C.: 1992), 15; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 3-5.

¹² Scott Hebner, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ.

¹³ Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks, 235; CODA, "Natural Resources Management Update — May 1992," Briefing Statements notebook, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 32, Appendix F, pp. 136-37; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000.

¹⁴ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 6 Feb. 1952, file 9, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; LARO, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (Sept. 1998): 117.

¹⁵ "The Columbia River and Its Salmon Problem," n.d., Grand Coulee Dam section, Dams box, LARO.HQ.LIB.

¹⁶ USBR, Annual Project History, Grand Coulee Dam Project, 1946, 339.

¹⁷ USBR, Project History 1947, 292; USBR, Project History 1946, 339; Frederic F. Fish and Mitchell G. Hanavan, "A Report Upon the Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project, 1939-1947" (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report No. 55, ca. 1948), 46-48; Richard L. Newberger, "The Great Salmon Mystery," Saturday Evening Post 214 (Sept. 13, 1941): 20.

¹⁸ Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (N.Y.: Hill & Wang, 1995), 90.

¹⁹ Fish and Hanavan, "Grand Coulee Fish-Maintenance Project, 41-42; Michael C. Blumm and F. Lorrain Bodi, "Commentary," in Joseph Cone and Sandy Ridlington, The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A Documentary History (Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Press, 1996), 105; U.S. Department of Energy, BPA, "Environmental Assessment: Colville Resident Trout Hatchery" (Portland, Wash.: BPA, 1986), 3; Lloyd A. Phinney, "Implementation of Critical Programs for Columbia and Snake River Salmon and Steelhead Runs," July 1976, in R. Allen et al., "Investigative Reports of Columbia River Fisheries Project" (Vancouver, Wash.: Pacific Northwest Regional Commission, 1976), D-17-18; Paul Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream (Pullman: WSU Press, 1994), 228.

²⁰ A. T. Scholz et al., "Feasibility Report on Restoration of Lake Roosevelt Fisheries" (Cheney, Wash.: Eastern Washington University, ca. 1986), 17; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 11 March 1948, file 17, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; Greider to James M. Berkey, USBR, 4 Dec. 1947, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Lisa K. Bucy and William H. Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan (Pullman, Wash.: WRC Report No. 93, State of Washington Water Research Center, 1996), 79; Rosemary H. Alowe-McConnell, "Summary: Reservoirs in Relation to Man — Fisheries," 642, in William C. Ackermann, Man-made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects (American Geophysical Union, 1973).

²¹ Harold A. Gangmark and Leonard A. Fulton, "Preliminary Surveys of Roosevelt Lake in Relation to Game Fishes" (Wash., D.C.: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report: Fisheries No. 5, 1949), 1; "Minutes of Meeting To Consider a Study of the Potential Game Fish Resources of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Coulee Dam, May 26, 1947," 1-3, 6, 8, file 6, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Lance G. Beckman, et al., "Assessment of the Fisheries and Limnology in Lake F. D. Roosevelt, 1980-83: Final Report 1985" (Seattle: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 1985), 7; Victor H. Cahalane, NPS Chief, Biology Branch, to NPS Regional Director, 1 Feb. 1950, file 6, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²² Gangmark and Fulton, "Game Fishes," 20, 23, 26-28; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, 119; NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 26, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

²³²³ David H. Bennett and Robert G. White, "A Survey of Existing Literature on Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake" (University of Idaho, Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, Contribution No. 61, Jan. 1977), 18; CODA, "Annual Fishery Resources Narrative Report, 1960," 12 Jan. 1961, file Archives — Fisheries Annual Reports, drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107.

²⁴ James A. Todd, LARO Acting District Ranger, Fort Spokane, to LARO Chief Ranger, 27 Dec. 1961, file N1423 Animal Life — Fish, LARO.HQ.ADM.

²⁵ "Resident Fish Populations," [1963?], 4-5, Fisheries section, Fisheries box, LARO.HQ.LIB; "Kamloops Planted In Plastic Cages," The Star, 30 Jan. 1958.

²⁶ "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1964: ch. 1, p. 23; ch. 2, p. 10, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM. The quote is from CODA, "Annual Fishing Resources Narrative Report — 1962, Kettle Falls District," file N1423 Animal Life — Fish, LARO.HQ.ADM.

²⁷ CODA, "Annual Fishery Resources Narrative Report, 1961 Fish," 19 Dec. 1961, file Archives — Fisheries Annual Reports, drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107; Albert F. Drysdale, LARO District Ranger, to LARO Chief Ranger, 10 Dec. 1965, file N1423 Animal Life —, LARO.HQ.ADM.

²⁸ Bennett and White, "Survey of Existing Literature," 16-17, 27-29; "Resident Fish Populations," [1963?], 8-10, Fisheries section, Fisheries box, LARO.HQ.LIB; untitled typescript, 10 April 1967, file N1423 Animal Life — Fish, LARO.HQ.ADM; Scholz, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries," 6.

²⁹ LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 14 Sept. 1965, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY 1965, box 1, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; untitled typescript, 10 April 1967, file N1423 Animal Life — Fish, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1966," file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO District Ranger to Files, 14 April 1976, Fisheries section, Fisheries box, LARO.HQ.LIB; William G. Aubertin, "Walleye Fishing on Lake Roosevelt," n.d., LARO.HQ.LIB; Chris Cowbrough, "Lake Could Yield Record Walleye," [Colville] Statesman-Examiner, May 1977; Scholz, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries," 12-16; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; J. R. Nielsen, "Investigation of the Walleye Fishery in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake," pp. 28-50 in, "A Survey and Evaluation of Sport Fisheries in Region One with Special Emphasis on the Walleye Fishery" (Washington Department of Game, Project No. F-64-R, Job No. 2, 1974), 37, 47-48. The most common game fish in the lake in the mid-1970s was yellow perch, not walleye, and by this time the population of kokanee had declined substantially (Nielsen, "Walleye Fishery," 36-37).

³⁰ Beckman, "Fisheries and Limnology," 7; William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Associate Regional Director, 13 July 1979, file A44 — Coop Agreement — Fisheries, LARO.HQ.ADM; Fenton Roskelley, "Level of Lake Key to Angling," Spokane Daily Chronicle, 19 May 1976; CODA, "General Management Plan: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," July 1980: 14, GMP, Envir. Assessments notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

³¹ CODA, "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1977," 10 Jan. 1977, file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM; Maureen H. McDonough and Donald R. Field, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area: Visitor Use Patterns and Preferences" (Seattle: NPS, College of Forest Resources, UW, 1979), 94; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 27, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³² Beckman, "Fisheries and Limnology," 70, 76; Steve Castro-Shrader, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Chief of Interpretation, 8 May 1985, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM; Jon L. Riedel, "Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, Washington, Water Resources Scoping Report" (NPS, 1997), 36; Graeme Casseday, "A Big Dam's Big Lake," Trailer Boats 24 (Dec. 1980): 24-25; J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to Richard E. Ecklund, 26 Feb. 1981, file K14 Information Requests, LARO.HQ.ADM; Tim L. Peone, et al., "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Monitoring Program, Annual Report, August 1988-December 1989" (Portland: BPA, 1989), 175, 180; Sally L. Bruesewitz et al., "Hooking Mortality of Walleye Caught from Deep Water" (Olympia: Washington Dept. of Fish & Wildlife, 1996), 1.

³³ William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 10 July 1979, file D22 Park Multi-year Program, LARO.HQ.ADM; USBR, "Draft News Release Regarding Crescent Bay Lake Pumping," 1 Oct. 1979, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, USBR Boise; Charles V. Janda, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Hearings Officer, Washington Department of Ecology, 30 May 1980, file N3615 Pollution — Air, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 22 Oct. 1982, file D18 Maintenance Planning Program 71-86, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services for Fiscal Year, 1984," 17 Jan. 1984: Part 1.6, p. 4, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992: 9, GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc. notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992: 10, GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc. notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1988: 8; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 3 Aug. 2000; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, and USBR Representative, draft letter to City of Grand Coulee, 13 Aug. 1982 [quote], file N30 Geological Features & Studies, LARO.HQ.ADM

³⁴ USBR, Project History, 16-17; Colville Business Council, Resolution 1975-595, file A5431 Fish, Wildlife and Rec. Study of FDR Lake, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³⁵ "Report on Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation Study and Management Implementation on Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake," 2, appendix in USBR, Project History 1977; "Statement of the Colville Confederated Tribes Before the Sub-committee on Public Works Appropriations, Senate," 30 March 1976, file A5431 Fish, Wildlife & Rec. Study of FDR Lake, LARO.HQ.ADM; CCT & STI, "Proposal for Fishery and Wildlife Evaluation and Development of Management Alternatives for Franklin D. Roosevelt Reservoir and Its Tributary Streams" [ca. 1975], 1-2; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, "Project Statements," 119; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 3, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to Glenn Galbraith, STI Chairman, 3 July 1980, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1988: 37, file Coulee Dam NRA, Nat. Resource Mgmt. Plan 1988, LARO.HQ.CIO.

³⁶ Beckman, "Fisheries and Limnology," iv, 103.

³⁷ Beckman, "Fisheries and Limnology," 115, 116; Peone, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Monitoring Program," 5; McDowell and Griffith, "Retrospective Analysis: Fisheries," 3; "Northwest Power Planning Council, Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program Application for Amendment: Resident Fish Substitutions," n.d., file Fisheries — Lake Roosevelt, drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107; Scholz, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries," 26-28.

³⁸ Kelly K. Cash, LARO Assistant Superintendent, to LARO Superintendent, 29 July 1985, Fisheries — Lake Roosevelt, drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107; Alan C. Stay, CCT Reservation Attorney, to William Byler, Gerard, Byler & Associates, 29 March 1984, file N14 Animal and Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM. In 1978, the Indian Claims Commission awarded the CCT $3.257 million as compensation for the destruction of their fishery; the STI did not file a claim by the 1951 deadline (Task Force on Colville and Spokane Tribes, "Final Report, Colville/Spokane Task Force," Sept. 1980: 3, 5, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP).

³⁹ "Lake Roosevelt Multi-Party Management Agreement, Chronology of Events and Historical Background," ca. 1987, file Environment Misc. — Lake Roosevelt (1 of 2), box 71, Morrison Collection, WSU. The BPA also funded the construction of a trout hatchery just below Chief Joseph Dam, managed by the CCT, that stocks trout in Colville Indian Reservation lakes and streams (U.S. Department of Energy, BPA, "Colville Resident Trout Hatchery," 2-3; Northwest Power Planning Council, Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program, 1986 Draft Amendment Document, 82, file Environment Misc. — Lake Roosevelt (1 of 2), box 71, Morrison Collection, WSU).

⁴⁰ Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 4-5, 79-80; Scholz, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries," 220-21; Peone, "Fisheries Monitoring Program," 179-80, 183.

⁴¹ Bill M. Bakke and Joseph Cone, "Commentary," in Joseph Cone and Sandy Ridlington, The Northwest Salmon Crisis: A Documentary History (Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Press, 1996), 50.

⁴² Allan T. Scholz, Upper Columbia United Tribes Fisheries Research Center Director, and William T. Towey, Kalispel Tribe, Department of Natural Resources Director, to Steve Crow, Northwest Power Planning Council, 8 Aug. 1993, file N16 Management of Nat. Res. 7-12, 93, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 3, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴³ Peone, "Fisheries Monitoring Program," 1; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000.

⁴⁴ Quoted in Robin Cody, Voyage of a Summer Sun: Canoeing the Columbia River (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1995), 125.

⁴⁵ "Lake Roosevelt Rainbow Trout Habitat/Passage Improvement Project, Abstract," n.d., file Lake Roos. Fish Monitoring Program, file in bottom right desk drawer, LARO.FS.1107.

⁴⁶ Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Janie Pearcy, Northwest Power Planning Council, 27 Aug. 1985, file N14 Animal & Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁷ McDowell and Griffith, "Retrospective Analysis: Fisheries," 7; Riedel, "Water Resources Scoping Report," 27; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 3; "Natural Resources Committee Meeting Report, Oct. 28, 1992," 4, file Lake Roos. Forum, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; LARO, Draft General Management Plan, (1998), 17; "Presentation Summaries," in "Forum Notes from Forum Meting at Wellpinit, April 22 1992," file Lake Roos. Forum, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 17, 19.

⁴⁸ Gerald W. Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Northwest Power Planning Council, 15 June 1995, file N1619 Water Life, LARO.HQ.ADM; Taylor-Goodrich phone interview.

⁴⁹ Allan T. Scholz, Upper Columbia United Tribes Fisheries Research Center Director, and William T. Towey, Kalispel Tribe, Dept. of Natural Resources Director, to Steve Crow, Northwest Power Planning Council, 8 Aug. 1993, file N16 Management of Nat. Res. 7-12, 93, LARO.HQ.ADM; Keith Underwood and John Shields, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Monitoring Program, 1993 Annual Report" (Wellpinit, Wash.: Spokane Tribe of Indians, prepared for BPA, 1996), ii; Rich Landers, "Kokanee Rules Confound Anglers," Spokesman-Review, 11 July 1999, p. H1; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

⁵⁰ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1983: 1, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1984," 4 Jan. 1985, file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Self Sings Praises of Lake Roosevelt," Spokesman-Review, 19 Oct. 1986; Peone, "Fisheries Monitoring Program," 5-6. It is interesting to note that the draft proposal to the NCCP recommended against artificial production of trout for Lake Roosevelt because of the potential for competition between rainbow trout and other species and because of the threat the trout would pose to the genetic integrity of existing tributary stocks (Scholz, "Lake Roosevelt Fisheries," 32).

⁵¹ Mel Tonasket, Colville Business Council chairman, to Andy Rustemeyer, Upper Columbia River Counties Chairman, 16 Dec. 1988, file Environment Misc. — Lake Roosevelt (2 of 3), box 71, Morrison Coll., WSU; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," 1988: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 80.

⁵² "Lake Roosevelt Rainbow Trout Net Pen Assistance Project," typescript, ca. 1994, file Wildlife Mitigation Working File, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 80; "Net Pen Operation," Wilbur Register 12 Dec. 1991; Rich Landers, "Casting Wider Net," Spokesman-Review, 19 Oct. 1997; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 17, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Natural Resources Committee Meeting, Notes January 24, 1996," file Lake Roos. Forum, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; Rich Landers, "Casting Over the Rainbow," Spokesman-Review, 31 Oct. 1999, pp. H1-H2.

⁵³ Rose Chilcoat, LARO Ranger, "1986 Sturgeon Fisheries Report," 2-5, file N14 Animal & Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Ann Setter, University of Washington School of Fisheries, 22 Dec. 1987, file N14 Animal & Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Columbia River Sturgeon & Lake Roosevelt Fishery, December 10, 1988," file Salmon Summit Info., drawer 3, LARO.FS.1107; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000.

⁵⁴ Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, Administration, 23 May 1985, file N14 Animal & Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brad James, Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife, to Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO, 20 April 1998, file Sturgeon, drawer 3, LARO.FS.1107; Al Scholz, Eastern Washington University, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 15 Sept. 2000.

⁵⁵ Hebner phone interview.

⁵⁶ Taylor-Goodrich phone interview.

⁵⁷ USBR, Recreational Development of Roosevelt Lake: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, Problem 26 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1945), 6; "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1964: ch. 1, p. 21, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; Jack Howerton, Jennifer Creveling, and Brent Renfrow, "Wildlife Protection, Mitigation and Enhancement Planning for Grand Coulee Dam, Final Report" (Portland: BPA, 1986), 13, 17, 19; "Lake Wildlife Payback Plan," [article in unidentified newspaper], file Lake Roosevelt, Grant County Commissioners, Ephrata, Washington; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 13.

⁵⁸ "Minutes of Task Force Meeting, Sept. 19, 1972," transcript, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵⁹ Arthur G. Holmes, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 30 May 1961, file D18 Master Plan 1961, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁶⁰ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, 5 June 1943, file 7, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Al W. Moore, "Beaver Cropping Plan for Spokane Indian Reservation," 15 May 1947, file 1, box 4, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Director, 5 Dec. 1947, file 16, box 136, RG 079-89-004, NARA-PSR; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 6 Feb. 1952, file 9, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Karen F. Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, to LARO Superintendent, 1 April 1991, file N50 Pest & Weed Control, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, 52; Steven T. Gibbons, Regional Natural Resource Specialist, to NPS Associate Regional Director, Operations, 13 July 1990, file WASO/SSO Reports/Correspondence, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Resource Management Specialist, to LARO South District Interpreter, 7 June 1994, file N16 Mgmt of Natl. Resources 1994, LARO.HQ.ADM; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, email to Ed Stakey, Research Biologist, 11 April 1997, file Wildlife, General, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁶¹ LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 6; Ronald D. Kortlever, "Goose Pasture Project, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 14 Nov. 1969, file Goose Pasture Project, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶² "Report on Fish, Wildlife, and Recreation Study and Management Implementation on Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake," appendix in USBR, Project History 1977, 2; USBR Regional Director to USBR Commissioner, 21 Jan. 1977, appendix in USBR, Project History 1977; William Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to USBR Project Manager, 12 Nov. 1976, file A5431 Fish, Wildlife & Rec Study of FDR Lake, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶³ Howerton et al., "Wildlife Protection," 1. "Wildlife mitigation" refers to attempts to reverse or lessen damage that humans have caused to wildlife and wildlife habitats.

⁶⁴ Howerton et al., "Wildlife Protection," 1, 8, 32, 42, 50; "Summary of Process Used to Develop Grand Coulee Wildlife Mitigation Goals," Attachment No. 4, n.d., file Wildlife Mitigation Bkgd, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁶⁵ "Summary of Process Used to Develop Grand Coulee Wildlife Mitigation Goals," Attachment No. 4, 1990: 2, file Wildlife Mitigation Bkgd, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO; Washington Department of Wildlife, "DRAFT Grand Coulee Wildlife Mitigation Goals and Objectives," 28 Nov. 1989, file Grand Coulee/Chief Joseph, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Wildlife Mitigation Briefing Statement — July 1993," Briefing Statements notebook, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁶ Kelly Cash, LARO Assistant Superintendent, handwritten note on letter from Bruce Smith, Washington Department of Wildlife Regional Manager, to members of Grand Coulee Wildlife Mitigation Advisory Group, 23 April 1990, file Grand Coulee/Chief Joseph, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁶⁷ John Volkman, Northwest Power Planning Council Senior Counsel, to Council Members, 31 March 1993, file N16 Mgmt of Nat. Res. 1993, LARO.HQ.ADM; Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to Stan Grace, Northwest Power Planning Council Chairman, 27 July 1993, file Wildlife Mitigation Working File, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Project Statement Sheet: Wildlife Mitigation Project/Study Proposals," 1990, file N16 Resources Management Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 17; CODA, "Briefing Statement, Wildlife Mitigation," 1 April 1990, file Environment — Misc. — Lake Roosevelt, box 72, Morrison Collection, WSU. The Wildlife Working Group was established to facilitate interagency/tribal participation in the planning and implementation of the Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program.

⁶⁸ LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, 102, 104; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 87.

⁶⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 3, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly K. Cash, LARO Assistant Superintendent, to Files, 7 March 1991, file Grand Coulee/Chief Joseph, drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Thomas S. Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 10 Feb. 1992, file N16 Mgmt. of Natural Resources and Areas 1991-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Lake Roosevelt Forum Natural Resource Committee Notes, April 28, 1993," 2, file Lake Roos. Forum, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; LARO, "Peregrine Falcon Reintroduction Project, Field Season 1997, Project Summary and Recommendations for 1998," file Peregrine Program — Monthly Progress Reports, drawer 3, LARO.FS.1107; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Hebner phone interview. The decline of peregrine falcons was due primarily to the use of pesticides such as DDT, to habitat loss, and to shooting.

⁷⁰ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Howerton et al., "Wildlife Protection," 43-44; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 11 Sept. 1990, file N1621 Threatened & Endangered Species, LARO.HQ.ADM; Science Applications International Corp., "Lake Roosevelt Bald Eagle Foraging Study — 1995," drawer 5, LARO.FS.1107; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, "Project Statements," 110; Maureen A. Murphy, "Bald Eagle Nest Production, Lake Roosevelt, Washington 1987-1997," ca. 1997, file Bald Eagle Productivity, drawer 5, LARO.FS.1107; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁷¹ Edward E. Starkey, Oregon State University Research Biologist, CPSU, to Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, 18 May 1988, file Kettle River Wildlife Mitig. Info., drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 82-83; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, LARO Chief of Resources Management, to Gerry Wright, NPS, 31 May 1994, file Wildlife Mitigation Corres., drawer 4, LARO.HQ.RMO.

⁷² NPS, "Columbia River Reservoir Area, Washington: General Report and Development Outline," June 1944: 1, LARO.HQ.100-USA.3.1; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 22 July 1947, file 3, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Olson, "Natural Resources Management," 110-111.

⁷³ NPS Regional Chief, Division of Ranger Activities, to LARO Superintendent, 16 Feb. 1961, file D18 Master Plan 1961, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Arthur G. Holmes, "Report on Forest Protection Requirements: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 30 May 1961, file D18 Master Plan 1961, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Donald P. Graham and Peter W. Orr, "Forest Insect and Disease Evaluation, Grand Coulee National Recreation Area," 25 May 1962: 1-4, file Y1815 Trees & Forests, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 11 Sept. 1964, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY 1964, box 2, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 14 Sept. 1965, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY 1965, box 1, RG 079-95-05.

⁷⁴ Charles A. Connaughton, U.S. Forest Service Regional Forester, to John Rutter, NPS Regional Director, 26 June 1967, file Y815 Trees & Forests, LARO.HQ.ADM; John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 19 July 1967, file Y1815 Trees & Forests, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁵ Olson, "Natural Resources Management," 190, 240; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," 1978: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁶ CODA, "General Management Plan," 1980: 27; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 4, 15-16, file D18 General Management Plan, box 1 of 3, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁷⁷ Gordon Boyd, LARO Chief Ranger, to LARO Superintendent, 18 Aug. 1983, file Y1815 Trees & Forests, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," 1985: 9, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1988: 6, 13, 33-34.

⁷⁸ David Stiegelmeyer and Richard Paris, "Hazard Tree Management Plan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Jan. 1, 1984: 1-4, file N16 Hazard Tree Management Plan 1/94, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 23; CODA, "R-MAP Park Profile Input," 25 April 1994: 8, file L76 — Environmental Impact, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁹ CODA, "Continue Forest Pest Management Program," 1992, file Admin — Unified Program Call, drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107; Linda Whitson, NOCA Ranger Morning Report, 17 July 1992, file WASO/SSO Report/Correspondence, drawer 1, LARO.HQ.RMO; CODA, "Conduct Baseline Wetland Inventory," FY1997 project proposal, file F34 Budget Execution 1996, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁰ LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 2; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

⁸¹ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 23 Dec. 1948, file 4, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁸² Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 10 July 1951, file 4, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; NPS Assistant Director to Greider, 18 July 1951, file 4, box 9, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Master Plan Development Outline, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Forestry," 1952: 5, file D18 Master Plan: Forestry, 1952, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Robert H. Coombs, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 3 Sept. 1952, file 10, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁸³ CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 5; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, to Sue Williams of Medical Lake, Washington, 10 Dec. 1997, file L30 Lands 1/97-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Ben F. Roche, Jr., Range Management Specialist, WSU, 29 July 1986, file A2345 Committees Field Office CODA, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Park Pesticide Coordinator, to LARO Maintenance Foremen, 18 Dec. 1984, file N50 Pest & Weed Control 1983-89, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1989: 17, file D18 SFM 1989, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 6 Jan. 1989, file N50 Pest & Weed Control 1983-89, LARO.HQ.ADM; "War on Weeds," in "Visitor Guide: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area," 1998: 3; Hebner phone interview.

⁸⁴ LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, "Project Statements," 90; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 89; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 87. LARO's 1963 Master Plan noted that aquatic weeds were beginning to choke some of the water-use areas, but this has not yet become a serious problem within the national recreation area ("Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Feb. 1963: ch. 4, p. 13, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO).

⁸⁵ "Facts Affecting Recreational Development and Use," 4 Feb. 1948: 35, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM. Nutrient enrichment of the upper Spokane Arm remained a problem for many years. In 1978, for example, a toxic algal bloom occurred in the Spokane Arm that was thought to have originated in Long Lake. LARO issued warnings via public media and public contacts (William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 17 Nov. 1978, file N3615 Pollution — Air, LARO.HQ.ADM).

⁸⁶ Gerald T. Orlob, "A Preliminary Study of the Sources of Mining and Mill Waste Pollution in the Upper Columbia River Basin and Lake Roosevelt" (Olympia, Wash.: Washington Pollution Control Commission, 1950), 9; Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to Charles Graham, Statesman-Examiner, 3 March 1950, file 6, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; O. A. Tomlinson, NPS Regional Director, to U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Regional Director, 24 Feb. 1950, file 6, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Graham to Greider, 14 Feb. 1950, file 6, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁸⁷ Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to David Richie, LARO Superintendent, and W. E. Rawlings, USBR, 15 Jan. 1969, file A94 Spokane Indians, LARO.HQ.ADM; H. L. Nelson, USBR Regional Director, to DOI Regional Solicitor, 8 May 1969, file CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; W. E. Rawlings, USBR Project Manager, to USBR Regional Director, 27 March 1969, file L54 Water Matters, LARO.HQ.ADM; Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, to DOI Field Solicitor, Ephrata, 9 Dec. 1971, file 5, box 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Dick Gentry, "Uranium Pact O.K.," Spokane Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1976; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Sherwood Mine Briefing Paper," March 1991, file Mining, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000. The Dawn Mining Company operated the Midnite uranium mine 1955-64 and 1968-8; it is on the Spokane Reservation and is located about four miles upstream of the Spokane Arm of Lake Roosevelt ("Midnite Uranium Mine: Reclamation Environmental Impact Study, Pre-Scoping Newsletter," Feb. 1996, file Mining, drawer 2, LARO.HQ.RMO).

⁸⁸ Riedel, "Water Resources," 4; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 5-6, 70-74; USGS Fact Sheet No. 102-97, "Are Walleye from Lake Roosevelt Contaminated with Mercury?" n.d., file N14 Animal and Plant Life, LARO.HQ.ADM; Lake Roosevelt Forum, "Forum Meeting Minutes, Cottonwood Inn, Davenport, Washington, January 16, 1991," file Lake Roosevelt, Grant County Commissioners, Ephrata, Washington; Joel Connelly, "B. C. Pollution Is Fouling the Fish at Coulee," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 10 April 1991; Hebner phone interview.

⁸⁹ Gerald Tays, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1995: 10, file D18 Statements for Management, LARO.HQ.ADM; Julie Titone, "B. C. Stops Spewing Slag into Columbia," Spokesman-Review, 10 Sept. 1995; Riedel, "Water Resources Scoping Report," 57; Lake Roosevelt Forum, "Forum Meeting Minutes, Cottonwood Inn, Davenport, Washington, January 16, 1991," file Lake Roosevelt, Grant County Commissioners, Ephrata, Washington; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; John Haller, LARO Hazardous Waste Coordinator, to Files, 28 May 1986, file D18 Maintenance Planning Program, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁰ Gerald Tays, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1995: 9-10, file D18 Statements for Management, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹¹ LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 82; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, 43, 109; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000; LARO, "Special Park Uses at Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area," 15 May 1998, Briefing Statements notebook, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹² Mel Tonasket, Colville Business Council Chairman, to Andy Rustemeyer, Upper Columbia River Counties Chairman, 16 Dec. 1988, file Multiparty Agreement April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1990: 9, file D18 SFM 1989, LARO.HQ.ADM; Bucy and Funk, Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, i, 99; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1996: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 29.

⁹³ Riedel, "Water Resources Scoping Report," 6; LARO, "Prepare a Water Resource Management Plan," FY1997 project proposal, file F34 Budget Execution 1996, LARO.HQ.ADM. The NPS instructed all parks to prepare a Water Resources Management Plan in 1979 (Olson, "Natural Resources Management," 216); Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000.

⁹⁴ CODA, "General Management Plan," 1980: 11; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 79.

⁹⁵ Edward G. Roberts, "A Report on the Coulee Dam National Recreation Area" (Sept. 1969), 10, file Archives, Drawer 2, LARO.FS.1107.

⁹⁶ Gerald Tays, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1995: 11, file D18 Statements for Management, LARO.HQ.ADM; Julie Titone, "Firm Hit with Fine for Ashes," Spokesman-Review, 10 April 1991; Gregory S. Flibbert, Air Quality Specialist, Washington Department of Ecology, to Kelly Cash, LARO Acting Superintendent, 14 May 1993, file N36 Pollution/Environment Quality 1992, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁷ Gary J. Kuiper, "Annual Narrative Report," 29 Jan. 1982, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly K. Cash, LARO Assistant Superintendent, to Files, 14 March 1984, file L7617 Environmental Impact WWP Waste Wood Fired Plant, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1990: 10, file D18 SFM 1989, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Allen J. Fiksdal, Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, 26 Oct. 1995, file N36 Pollution/Environment Quality 1993, LARO.HQ.ADM; Karen Taylor-Goodrich, former LARO Chief of Resources Management, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 18 Sept. 2000; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 10 April 2001.

⁹⁹ LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 30; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000. A coal-fired plant in Creston was proposed in the 1980s.

¹⁰⁰ Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 16 Oct. 1987, file W2623 Situation Info, LARO.HQ.ADM; John Haller, LARO Coulee Dam District Ranger, to LARO Chief Ranger, 8 Oct. 1987, file W2615 Monthly Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; questionnaire regarding aircraft overflights, 1 June 1996, file Aircraft Overflights, LARO.FS.1107; Hebner phone interview.

¹⁰¹ Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 25 Oct. 1990, file W46 General & Misc. Reg., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Memorandum of Understanding Between U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, and State of Washington Department of Wildlife," March 1992, file LARO.3252.96.2, LARO.HQ.RMO.

¹⁰² LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, "Project Statements," 121; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998), 18, 86; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1988: 36; Scott Hebner, LARO Natural Resources Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 4 August 2000.