Abbreviations used in notes are given below. Full references will be found in the Bibliography, if not given in the note.

CR: Congressional Record

Dept. Int., P&M, LR: Department of the Interior, Patents and Miscellaneous Division, Letters Received (or LS, Letters Sent)

GPO: Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

NA: National Archives, Washington, D. C.

Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite (or Sequoia): Report of the Acting Superintendent of the Yosemite (or Sequoia) National Park, GPO

SL: U.S. Statues at Large

SN: Serial Number

YNPA: Yellowstone National Park Archives, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming

1. Brockman, Recreational Use of Wild Lands, pp. 51-53; Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife, p. 74.

2. Hans Huth in his Nature and the American traces the influence of early 19th-century poetry upon the changing views toward nature. The pattern established by Huth is closely followed by Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind.

3. Catlin, I, 261-62. Catlin's italics and parenthesis.

4. Ibid., p. 262.

5. Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The Young American," lecture reproduced in the Dial; Thoreau's Walden was published in 1854 and gained immediate acceptance by the reading public. Henry Thoreau, "Chesuncook," Atlantic Monthly. Other writers were also extolling the virtues of nature during this period. Washington Irving's Sketchbook appeared in 1819-1820, Cooper's Pioneers in 1823, and The Last of the Mohicans in 1826. Numerous nature essays by Emerson, Hawthorne, and Lowell appeared in the Dial between 1840 and 1844. See Huth, Nature and the American, Ch. 6, for additional detail.

6. Noble, The Life and Works of Thomas Cole, p. 299. Originally published under the title The Course of Empire, Voyage of Life and Other Pictures of Thomas Cole (1853).

7. Fitz-Hugh Ludlow, The Heart of the Continent (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871), p. 178. Quoted by Jane Furey, "Tourism in the Pikes Peak Area" (unpublished), pp. 4-5.

8. Huth, "The American and Nature," pp.101-149. For a full discussion of Olmsted's activities on behalf of New York Central Park, see Olmsted and Kimball, passim.

9. Tolson, Laws Relating to the National Park Service, p. 221; 4 SL 505.

10. Huth, Nature and the American, pp. 129-131.

11. For a full historical description of the "Desert Theory" see Athearn, "The Great Plains in Historical Perspective," pp. 13-29. For a conflicting view see Bowden, "The Perception of the Western Interior of the United States, 1800-1870," pp. 16-21.

12. Carvalho, Incidents of Travel and Adventure, passim.

13. Born, American Landscape Painting; Benjamin P. Draper, Art in America, vols. XXVIII, XXIX (1940-41); Lipman and Winchester, Primitive Painters in America; Peattie, Audubon's America; Taft, Artists and Illustrators of the Old West; all passim.

14. "An Immense Tree," p. 216; "The Mammoth Trees of California," Hutchings' California Magazine, III (Mar. 1859), reproduced by R. R. Olmsted (ed.), Scenes of Wonder & Curiosity from Hutchings' California Magazine 1856-1861 (Berkeley: Howell-North, 1962), p. 211.

15. James Russell Lowell, Crayon, LV (Oct. 1857), p. 96; "The Big Trees of California," Harper's Weekly, II (Sept. 1858), p. 357.

16. Russell, One Hundred Years in Yosemite, pp. 1-8; Farquhar, "Walker's Discovery of Yosemite," p. 35. Some early letters describing the discovery and subsequent publicity of the area are reproduced by Kuykendall, Early History of the Yosemite Valley, passim.

17. Russell, One Hundred Years in Yosemite, p. 37.

18. Huth, "Yosemite, the Story of an Idea," p. 64.

19. The Country Gentleman, XIV (Oct. 8, 1856), p. 243; Horace Greeley, An Overland Journey, p. 307. Greeley, visiting the valley in the late summer, thought the Yosemite Falls "a humbug" and the various names for the scenic wonders "maladroit and lackadaisical."

20. Russell, One Hundred Years in Yosemite, p. 56.

21. Huth, "Yosemite, The Story of an Idea," p. 65.

22. Russell, One Hundred Years in Yosemite, pp. 13-14.

23. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess., Part 2, p. 1310.

24. Olmsted, "The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees," p. 16.

25. I. W. Raymond to John Conness, Feb. 20, 1864, NA, General Land Office, Miscellaneous Letters Received, File number 033572.

26. John Conness to J. W. Edmonds, Mar. 6, 1864, ibid.

27. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess., Part 3, pp. 2300-2301.

28. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess., Part 3, pp. 2300, 2301, 2695; Part 4, pp. 3378, 3388, 3389, 3444; Appendix, p. 240; "An Act Authorizing a grant to the State of California of the 'Yo Semite Valley' and of the land embracing the 'Mariposa Big Tree Grove,' approved June 30, 1864" (13 SL 325).

29. 13 SL 325.

30. The Other Commissioners so appointed were: Galen Clark, William Ashburner, Alexander Deering, George W. Coulter, E. S. Holden, I. W. Raymond, and J. D. Whitney. Statutes of California, 1866, p. 710.

1. Hiram M. Chittenden, in his The Yellowstone National Park (5th ed. rev.; Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1912), pp. 15-27, devoted an entire chapter to Colter. Unfortunately there exists no written account of Colter's trek, and his exact route has given rise to some dispute among historians. See Harris, John Colter; Vinton, John Colter; Mattes, Behind the Legend of Colter's Hell: The Early History of Yellowstone National Park, reprinted from the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXXVI (Sept. 1949); Mattes, Colter's Hell and Jackson's Hole.

2. N. W. Norris to Carl Schurz, Nov. 10, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR; "Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park," 1880, in House Executive Document 1, 46th Cong., 3d Sess. (Serial Number 1960), p. 573.

3. Daniel T. Potts to his family, Niles Weekly Register, Oct. 6, 1827. The original Potts letter is on file in the Yellowstone Park Library, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming.

4. Journal entries made by Warren Angus Ferris, a clerk in the employ of the American Fur Company, appeared in the Mormon publication The Wasp (Nauvoo, Illinois), Aug. 13, 1842, and several articles by him were published by the Western Literary Messenger under the title "Life in the Rocky Mountains" in the early 1840's. Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park (1912 ed.), footnote, p. 39. The experiences of Joseph Meek, including rather vivid descriptions of "blue flames and molten brimstone," were published by Mrs. Frances Fuller Victor in The River of the West. In the Weekly Independent (Helena, Montana), the Wasp article was reproduced under the heading, "Visit to the Yellowstone Geysers, 1833," in the May 1, 1874, issue of that paper.

5. Chittenden devotes a chapter to Bridger and his stories of the Yellowstone in The Yellowstone National Park, all editions, as does Beal, The Story of Man in Yellowstone; see also Alter, Jim Bridger, passim.

6. Journal of a Trapper, 1834-1843, passim.

7. For a full discussion of the trappers and traders see Chittenden, The American Fur Trade, and Phillips, The Fur Trade. For those men specifically linked to the Yellowstone region: Chittenden, Yellowstone National Park, pp. 15-55; Beal, Man in Yellowstone, pp. 71-83, 92-115; Augspurger, Yellowstone National Park, pp. 19-41.

8. W. F. Raynolds, "Report to the Secretary of War 1868," in Senate Executive Document 77, 40th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 1318), pp. 10, 77. Raynolds, even though he considered most of these descriptions "Munchausen tales," wrote, "I have little doubt that he [Bridger] spoke of what he had actually seen."

9. Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park, p. 58.

10. Even though Raynold's report did not reach the public until later, there were many reports concerning the various phenomena found in the Yellowstone area. In 1867, Dr. James Dunley, Surgeon of the Montana Volunteers, provided descriptions of the geysers for the Montana Post (Virginia City), Aug. 31, 1867, and a few months later "An astonished tourist" wrote to the Frontier Index (Green River City, D. T.) and accurately described the Yellowstone Lake and Falls. (Reported in the Virginia Tri-Weekly Post [Virginia City and Helena], Feb. 4, 1868).

11. The Montana Post (Virginia City), July 29, 1867.

12. Charles W. Cook, David E. Folsom, and William Peterson, The Valley of the Upper Yellowstone, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965); N. P. Langford, "The Folsom-Cook Exploraion of the Upper Yellowstone," Contributions, Montana Historical Society, V (1905); Jackson, "The Cook-Folsom Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone," pp. 307-322; Cramton, Early History of Yellowstone National Park pp. 10-12. Folsom's article was rejected by The New York Tribune, Scribner's, and Harpers, editors of which "had a reputation that they could not risk with such unreliable material." Cramton, p. 10.

13. Langford, "Yellowstone," Scribner's Monthly, p. 1.

14. Helena Herald, Sept. 26, 27, 28, 30, Oct. 8, 15, 19, 28, Dec. 3, 1870; Jan. 28, 30, 1871; Helena Daily Herald, Oct. 21, Nov. 9, 14, 1870; Rocky Mountain Gazette (Helena), Oct. 3, 24, 31, 1870; New York Times, Oct. 14, 1870. Articles appeared in the May, June and November, 1871, issues of Scribner's and the May and June, 1871, issues of Overland Monthly.

15. F. V. Hayden, Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and portions of adjacent Territories, being a fifth annual report of Progress (GPO, 1872). Doane's report, "The Report of Lieut. Gustavus C. Doane upon the so-called Yellowstone Expedition of 1870 to The Secretary of War," transmitted to Gen. Hancock Dec. 15, 1870, was sent to the Secretary of War, who forwarded it to the Senate, where it was ordered published as Senate Executive Document 51, 41st Cong., 3d Sess. (SN 1440). Doane's complete report appears in Orrin H. and Lorraine Bonney, Battle Drums and Geysers (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1970).

16. J. W. Barlow, "Reconnaissance of the Yellowstone River," Senate Executive Document 66, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., (SN 1479); F. V. Hayden, Preliminary Report . . . Fifth Annual Report of Progress.

17. Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park, pp. 89-90. In the first edition of this work, 1895, Chittenden notes that George Catlin had suggested the setting aside a large tract of land in the West as a "Nation's Park" and also credits Folsom with suggesting the idea to Gen. Washburn, but dismissed both with the statement that "no direct results can be traced" from either suggestion. Cornelius Hedges was a Yale-educated lawyer who had moved in 1865 to Helena, where he became prominent in civic and political affairs. He was United States District Attorney for Montana in 1871 and 1872, Judge of Probate from 1875 to 1880, a member of the Territorial Constitutional Convention in 1884, and president of the Montana State Historical Society and president of the Montana State Pioneers. Hedges died Apr. 29, 1907. Cramton, Early History, p. 13.

18. Hedges, "Journal of Cornelius Hedges," p. 372.

19. See Cramton, Early History, pp. 12-24; Huth, "Yosemite, the Story of an Idea," p. 72; Huth, "The American and Nature," pp. 146-47.

20. Kuppens, "On the Origin of the Yellowstone National Park," reprinted from The Woodstock Letters, XXVI, No. 3 (1897).

21. N. P. Langford, Preface to "The Folsom-Cook Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone in the year 1869," Contributions, Historical Society of Montana, V (1905), p. 351.

22. In a note to the third and subsequent revisions of Chittenden's The Yellowstone National Park (1899), p. 73; (1903, 1905, et al., pp. 89-90)." In the manuscript of his [Folsom's] article in the Western Monthly was a reference to the Park idea; but the publishers cut out a large part of his paper . . . and this reference was cut out with the rest."

23. Josiah D. Whitney, The Yosemite Book, 1868, p. 22, as noted by Matthews, "The Word Park in the United States," p. 25.

24. The New Northwest (Deer Lodge, Montana Territory), Dec. 23, 1871, p. 2.

25. At least Hayden thought the survey thorough. In a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, Aug. 28, 1871, Hayden stated: "The exploration of the Yellowstone basin is now completed . . . We think no portion of the West has been more carefully surveyed than the Yellowstone basin." Reproduced in Helena Daily Herald, Sept. 23, 1871, p. 1.

26. The creation of Yellowstone National Park, though undoubtedly due to the unselfish work of men like Langford, Hedges, Hayden, and interested Congressmen, may, to some extent, owe its success to the business minds of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Thomas Moran was able to join the Hayden exploration party only through the efforts of one A. B. Nettleton, who, writing from the firm of Jay Cooke & Co "Financial Agents, Northern Pacific Railroad Co." prompted Hayden to extend an invitation to the noted painter to join his party. This same A. B. Nettleton also asked Hayden to include in his official report a recommendation that the "Great Geyser Basin" be reserved as a public park forever just as "that far inferior wonder the Yosemite Valley and big trees" had been reserved. Nettleton's words were duly incorporated in an article prepared by Hayden and published in Scribner's Monthly, II (1872), p. 396. A. B. Nettleton to F. V. Hayden, Oct. 27, 1871, NA, Records of the Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, LR by F. V. Hayden, 1871.

27. Henry L. Dawes, Representative and Senator from Massachusetts. Dawes represented Massachusetts in the House of Representatives for eight terms, Mar. 4, 1857 to Mar. 3, 1875. He served in the Senate from Mar. 4, 1875 to Mar. 3, 1893, declining to stand for re-election in 1892. He will be referred to herein either as a Representative or Senator, depending upon his office at the time alluded to.

28. Cramton, Early History; N. P. Langford, Discovery of Yellowstone Park, p. 40.

29. The House bill, H.R. 764, was introduced by Delegate Clagett, while Senator Samuel Pomeroy of Kansas introduced S. 392, an identical bill, in the Senate. Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1, pp. 159, 199.

30. Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1, pp. 484, 520.

31. Ibid. p. 697.

32. Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 1, p. 697.

33. Langford, Discovery of Yellowstone Park, p. 41; Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park, 1912 ed., p. 92.

34. F. V. Hayden, Twelfth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories (GPO, 1883), pp. xxii-xxix.

35. Hayden, "The Wonders of the West," p. 396.

36. Feb. 1872. Noted in Cramton, Early History, p. 24.

37. Council Joint Memorial No. 5, reproduced in the Helena Weekly Herald as "The National Park Memorial to Congress," Feb. 15, 1872. The New North West (Deer Lodge), Mar. 9, 1872. Helena Daily Herald, Oct. 6, 1871. Comments on the Yosemite Valley appear as early as July 14, 1866 in The Montana Post (Virginia City).

38. Congressional Globe, 42nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Part 2, p. 1243.

39. Ibid., p. 1244.

40. 17 SL 32; Scribner's Monthly, IV (May 1872), p. 120.

1. "An act to set apart a certain Tract of Land lying near the Headwaters of the Yellowstone River as a public Park," 17 SL, 32.

2. B. R. Cowen, Acting Sec. Int., to N. P. Langford, NA, May 10, 1872. Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

3. N. P. Langford to C. Delano, Sec. Int., Feb. 3, 1873, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

4. Ibid. See also W. H. Clagett to C. Delano, Sec. Int., same date and file.

5. J. V. Hayden to Carl Schurz, Sec. Int., Feb. 21, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882. Hayden, writing six years after the fact, was explaining his role in establishing the Park.

6. House Executive Document 241, 42nd Cong., 3d Sess. (SN 1569), p. 1. See also Carl Schurz, Sec. Int., to Speaker of the House, Apr. 26, 1880, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886, wherein subsequent Congressional action is reviewed.

7. N. P. Langford to C. Delano, Nov. 7, 1873, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

8. H. R. Horr to Columbus Delano, Nov. 4, 1873; B. F. Potts to N. P. Langford, Nov. 27, 1873; J. A. Campbell to N. P. Langford, Sept. 26, 1873, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

9. Petitioners to Sec. Int., 31 Dec. 1873, reproduced in House Exec. Doc. 147, 43d Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 1610), pp. 37-41.

10. F. V. Hayden to C. Delano, Feb. 9, 1874; James A. Garfield to Columbus Delano, Feb. 13, 1874, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

11. C. Delano to James G. Blaine, Speaker of the House of Representatives, Feb. 17, 1874, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

12. C. Delano to Wm. Sprague, Chairman, Committee on Public Lands, Mar. 4, 1874, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886; Senate Report 216, 43d Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 1586), p. 1.

13. C. Delano to James G. Blaine, Dec. 8, 1874, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

14. CR, 43d Cong., 2nd Sess., III, Part 3, p. 2017.

15. N. P. Langford to C. Delano, Aug. 28, 1875; Martin Maginnis, endorsement, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

16. N. P. Langford to C. Delano, Feb. 17, 1874, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

17. Strong, A Trip to the Yellowstone National Park. A newspaper account of the day deplored the practice of European nobility, particularly the "British sportsman" who demoralized "guides, trappers and hunters of the plains and mountains by his lordly manner of butchering buffalo and grizzly bears," and stated the fear that the "Yellowstone Park bids fair to become a very tame and civilized retreat"" because of pressure from this type of sportsman. Helena Weekly Herald (Montana), Dec. 25, 1873, quoting "The Daily Graphic of a recent date."

18. Report of the Chief of Engineers, "Annual Report of Captain William Ludlow," Appendix NN. 44th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 1745), p. 605.

19. Ibid., p. 606.

20. "Report of the Secretary of War," Nov. 22, 1875, pp. 27-28, House Exec. Doc. 1, 44th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 1674).

21. C. Schurz to N. P. Langford, Apr. 18, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

22. P. W. Norris to C. Schurz, Apr. 13, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882; C. Schurz to P. W. Norris, Apr. 18, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886. Norris later presented a claim of $3,180.41 against the government for salary and expenses. This amount was subsequently appropriated in the sundry civil act of Aug. 7, 1882. 21 SL, 451; House Exec. Doc. 85, 47th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2027), p. 1.

23. P. W. Norris to J. C. McCartney, Apr. 19, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

24. Norris Suburban, clipping, no date, in NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

25. Reproduced in House Exec. Doc. 85, 47th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2027), p. 18.

26. P. W. Norris to C. Schurz, Nov. 12, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

27. T. B. Comstock to C. Schurz, Oct. 8, 1877, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882. Members thus appointed were Professor Theo. B Comstock, Joseph Henry. O. C. Marsh, Lt. Geo. M. Wheeler, and Maj. J. W. Powell.

28. "Petition to the Secretary of the Interior," reproduced copy in NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

29. C. Schurz to Samuel J. Randall, Speaker of the House, Mar. 6, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886, and House Exec. Doc. 75, 45th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 1809), p. 1.

30. Act of June 20, 1878 (20 SL, 229); CR, 45th Cong., 2nd Sess., IV Part 3, p. 4557.

31. C. Schurz to P. W. Norris, July 6, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

32. P. W. Norris to C. Schurz, Nov. 10, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

33. Ibid.

34. F. V. Hayden to C. Schurz, Feb. 21, 1878, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

35. P. W. Norris to A. Bell, Asst. Sec. Int., May 6, 1879, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

36. Act of Mar. 3, 1879 (20 SL, 393).

37. Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park, "Annual Report to the Secretary of the Interior, 1880," in House Exec. Doc. 1, 46th Cong., 3d Sess. (SN 1903), pp. 1-3.

38. Strahorn, Fifteen Thousand Miles by Stage, pp. 254-286; G. L. Henderson, Yellowstone Park, p. 8.

39. P. W. Norris to Sec. Int., Nov. 30, 1880, in House Exec. Doc. 1, 46th Cong., 3d Sess. (SN 1960), p. 576; C. Schurz to the Speaker of the House, Apr. 26, 1880, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

40. Report of Harry Yount to P. W. Norris, Nov. 25, 1880, in Appendix A. House Exec. Doc. I, 46th Cong., 3rd Sess. (SN 1960), p. 620; Yount to Norris, Sept. 30, 1881, in House Exec. Doc. 1, 47th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2018), pp. 807.

41. P. W. Norris to C. Schurz, Dec. 1, 1881, House Exec. Doc. I, 47th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2018), pp. 807-814.

42. "Journal of Lt. Col. James F. Gregory," reproduced in Sheridan's Annual Report of 1881, and quoted in Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), pp. 3-4.

43. 1st Lt. G. C. Doane to Martin Maginnis, Member of Congress, Jan. 14, 1881, NA, Dept. Int., Appts. Div., LR Concerning Superintendents, 1872-1886.

44. James F. Gregory, "Journal," pp. 3-4.

45. Records of the Department of the Interior, NA, P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

46. P. W. Norris to Sec. Int., Dec. 1, 1881, reproduced in House Exec. Doc. 1, 47th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2018), p. 771.

47. CR, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., XIV, Part 1, p. 732; H. R. 3751, copy attached to letter, Thad. C. Pound to S.J. Kirkwood, Feb. 16, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

48. S.J. Kirkwood to Thad. C. Pound, Mar. 4, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

49. The Calumet of the Coteau and other Poetical Legends of the Border . . . Together with a Guide-Book of the Yellowstone National Park (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1884).

1. Conger was required, as were his successors, to execute a $5,000 bond before entering upon his duties as Superintendent. His bond was received and approved on Mar. 2, 1882, but his appointment and salary did not begin until Apr. 1, 1882. S. J. Kirkwood to P. H. Conger, Feb. 3, Mar. 1, Mar. 20, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

2. Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), pp. 1-11.

3. P. H. Conger to Sec. Int., Sept. 20, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

4. Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), pp. 1-11.

5. P. H. Sheridan to Brig. Gen. R. C. Drum, Adjutant General, Nov. 1, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1872-1882.

6. J. S. Crosby to George C. Vest, Dec. 29, 1882. Appendix D, Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), pp. 1-2.

7. D. B. Sacket to G. C. Vest, Jan. 3, 1883, Appendix D, Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), pp. 2-4.

8. During his long term in the Senate, Vest introduced much legislation designed to aid the Park, fought all proposed encroachments, and became recognized "as the outstanding champion of proper protection and development of the park." On Mar. 1, 1883, he stated what was to be a guiding principle for himself and others of a like mind: "There should be to a nation that will have a hundred million or a hundred and fifty million people a park like this as a great breathing place for the national lungs." Born in Kentucky in 1830, he served as Judge Advocate in General Price's Confederate force in Missouri in 1862; he served in the House of Representatives of the Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1865, and thereafter in the Confederate Senate; elected as a Democrat to the U. S. Senate, he served in that capacity from Mar. 4, 1879 to Mar. 3, 1903; he died Aug. 9, 1904. Cramton, Early History, pp. 59-60; CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., XIV, Part 4, p. 3488.

9. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., XIV, Part 1, p. 193. Senate Report 911, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2087), p. 5.

10. G. C. Vest to Henry M. Teller, Jan. 13, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

11. Henry M. Teller to Supt., Yellowstone National Park, Jan. 15, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

12. H. M. Teller to G. C. Vest, Jan. 15, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

13. M. C. Brown, U. S. Attorney, Wyoming, to Benjamin Harris Brewster, Attorney General, Feb. 3, 1883; Governor Hale to H. M. Teller, Feb. 13, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

14. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., XII, Part 3, pp. 2835-2836; Senate Miscellaneous Document 41, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2083), p. 1.

15. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., XII, Part 3, pp. 2890, 3214, 3268.

16. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess, XIV, Part 4, pp. 3193-3194.

17. Ibid., p. 3195.

18. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess, XIV, Part 4, pp. 3193, 3194, 3195, 3482, 3483, 3488; Act of Mar. 3, 1883 (22 SL, 626).

19. "Report of the Secretary of the Interior on the Administration of Yellowstone National Park" Senate Exec. Doc. 47, Part 3, 48th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2162), p. 3.

20. P. H. Conger to Sec. Int., Mar. 7, 1883, YNPA, Vol. I, LS, File No. 164.

21. Reproduced in Chicago Evening Journal, Mar. 19, 1883, clipping in NA Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

22. Jas. H. Dean, Asst. Supt., to P. H. Conger, July 31 and Aug. 31, 1883, YNPA, Vol. 9, File Nos. 1367, 1368, LR.

23. P. H. Conger to H. M. Teller, June 27, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

24. H. B. Wiley, "Yellowstone Park in 1883," Diary form, entries of July 8 and July 11, 1883. Reproduced in Montana; Magazine of Western History, III (Summer, 1953), pp. 12, 14.

25. C. T. Hobart to H. M. Teller, Oct. 27, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884; H. M. Teller to P. H. Conger, Dec. 20, 1883, YNPA, Vol. I, File No. 151; P. H. Conger to Teller, Jan. 27, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886.

26. W. Scott Smith, Special Agent, Department of the Interior, to H. M. Teller, Oct. 15, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

27. P. H. Conger to Sec. Int., Nov. 4, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

28. D. E. Sawyer to Hon. H. B. (illegible), Washington, D. C., Dec. 23, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

29. P. H. Conger to H. M. Teller, Nov. 27, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

30. Senate Bill 221, 48th Cong., 1st Sess., Dec. 4, 1883. Copy in NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

31. Cramton, Early History, pp. 42-43.

32. 22 SL, 626.

33. Special Order No. 73, Headquarters Military Division of the Missouri, Chicago, July 6, 1883; H. M. Teller to P. H. Conger, July 14, 1883, YNPA, Vol. I, No. 85, LR.

34. CR 47th Cong., 1st Sess., XIV, Part 1, p. 732; Thad. C. Pound to S.J. Kirkwood, Feb. 16, 1882, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

35. Coulson Post (Montana), Sept. 7, 1882, as quoted in Aubrey Haines, "A Review of Certain Attempts to Make Adverse use of Yellowstone National Park," MS. Yellowstone National Park Library, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming.

36. P. H. Conger to Sec. Int., Dec. 20, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

37. Lt. Kingman to Chief of Engineers, Nov. 1, 1883, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

38. J. S. Crosby, "Report of the Governor of Montana Territory," Department of Interior Report, 1884, II (GPO, 1885), p. 562.

39. B. P. Van Horne to Sec. Int., Feb. 24, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

40. L. B. Carey to Halton Frank, 1st Asst. Post Master General, Feb. 2, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

41. Jas. Dean to P. H. Conger, Aug. 26, 1884, YNPA, Vol. 9, LR, File No. 1355.

42. Edmund L. Fish to P. H. Conger, May 12, 1884, YNPA, Vol. 9, LR, File No. 1418.

43. Edmund L. Fish to P. H. Conger, June 4, 1885, YNPA, Vol. 9, LR, File No. 1420.

44. The Daily Enterprise (Livingston, Montana), Sept. 5, 1884.

45. L. B. Carey to Halton Frank, 1st Asst. Post Master General, Feb. 2, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

46. B. P. Van Horne to Sec. Int., Feb. 24, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

47. H. M. Teller to the President, pro tempore, of the Senate, Jan. 9, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

48. Senate Exec. Doc. 51, 49th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2333), p. 1; A. T. Babbitt to Sec. Int., Jan. 30, Mar. 7, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884; Governor of Wyoming to P. H. Conger, Mar. 13, 1884, YNPA, Vol. 5, LR, File No. 929.

49. H. M. Teller to P. H. Conger, July 12, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

50. The Daily Enterprise (Livingston, Montana), July 19, July 21, Sept. 2, 1884.

51. M. L. Joslyn, Act. Sec. Int., to R. E. Carpenter, Aug. 5, Aug. 28, 1884, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886; R. E. Carpenter to Sec. Int., Sept. 18, 1884, NA, File 1906, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884.

52. R. E. Carpenter was a brother of C. C. Carpenter, a former member of Congress from Iowa.

53. M. L. Joslyn, Act. Sec. Int., to Supt., Yellowstone National Park, Nov. 6, Nov. 22, 1884, YNPA, Vol. I, File Nos. 42 and 156, LR.

54. The Daily Enterprise (Livingston, Montana), June 6, 1884.

55. Senate Document 752, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 5409), p. 18; Chittenden, Yellowstone National Park, p. 113.

56. Livingstone Enterprise, Jan. 31, Feb. 21, 1885. (Changed from The Daily Enterprise, Nov. 8, 1884.)

57. G. C. Vest to H. L. Muldrow, Asst. Sec. Int., Apr. 17, 1885, NA, Dept. Int. P&M, LR, 1872-1886.

58. L. Q. C. Lamar to D. W. Wear, June 1, 1885; J.J. Hassler, Chief, Appointment Div., Dept. Int., to D. W. Wear, June 20, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

59. D. W. Wear to L. Q. C. Lamar, July 2, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, File No. 541, LR, 1872-1886; D. W. Wear to G. C. Vest, July 5, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886.

60. D. W. Wear to L. Q. C. Lamar, Aug. 12, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886, File No. 3694.

61. Ibid.

62. D. W. Wear to L. Q. C. Lamar, Sept. 7, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., Appts. Div., Concerning Supts., LR, 1886, File No. 86.

63. D. W. Wear to L. Q. C. Lamar, Nov. 2, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886, File No. 4650. George B. Grinnell, later to play a significant role in the development of national parks, noted the activities of both the poachers and the Superintendent: "Last year [1885] Supt. Wear sent his family out of the Park Sept. 27 and remained all winter in the Park devoting his time and attention to keeping the skin hunters off the reservation. This has been quite common in the past the hunters coming in on snowshoes and running the elk into the deep drifts where they are easily butchered. In the autumn of 1884 a man named Ira Dodge and another named Rogers killed in this way 47 elk in one evening. . . ." Diary, 1886, No. 324, Grinnell Collection, Southwest Museum, Los Angeles.

64. House Report 1076, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 4 (SN 2438), p. liv.

65. Ibid., pp. lii and lxiii.

66. Ibid., pp. liv, lv. Had this suggestion been followed (and there was strong precedent for it in the Yosemite Grant to the State of California in 1864) the experiment of National Parks might well have ended there. The later proven success of national control and administration in the Yellowstone provided a basis for the establishment of National Parks in California and the subsequent end of state control of the Yosemite Valley by recession of the original grant to the federal government. See Chapter VIII.

67. L. Q. C. Lamar to W. H. Phillips, July 20, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

68. W. H. Phillips to H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., Sept. 21, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, 1885-1886, File 4072. In response to a Senate Resolution, Jan. 12, 1886, the Acting Secretary forwarded the Phillips Report to the Senate, where, on Feb. 1, 1886, it was referred to the Committee on Territories and ordered to be printed as Senate Exec. Doc. 51, 49th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2333), pp. 1-29.

69. W. H. Phillips to H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., Sept. 21, 1885, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, 1885-1886, File 4072.

70. D. W. Wear to Sec. Int., Mar. 26, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886, File 1275.

71. Senate Exec. Doc. 51, 49th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2333), pp. 1-300; House Report 1076, 49th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2438), p. 1.

72. CR, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., XVII, Part 6, p. 5830.

73. L. Q. C. Lamar to Chairman, Committee on Appropriations, Senate and House, June 29, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LS, 1872-1886.

74. CR, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., XCII, Part 7, pp. 7220, 7473.

75. Ibid., pp. 7546, 7586.

76. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 7667, 7839.

77. Ibid., p. 7841.

78. Ibid., p. 7842.

79. Ibid., p. 7844. Henry M. Teller of Colorado had been Secretary of the Interior during the Arthur administration.

80. Ibid., pp. 7844-7846.

81. D. B. Henderson was later Speaker of the House for two terms; his brother, G. L. Henderson, had been an Assistant Superintendent under Conger and during his position in office was responsible for many defamatory statements about his superior. In 1866 he was operating a hotel within the Park in competition with the newly formed Yellowstone Park Association and evidently asserted some influence over his brother to advocate military control over the Park, since he probably believed such control would be nominal. Representative Henderson was later to change his views concerning Park matters and in 1894 exerted considerable effort in the House in support of the Park.

82. D. W. Wear to General John C. Black, Commissioner of Pensions, Aug. 26, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., Special Appointments Division "Complaints"; W. Hallett Phillips to L. Q. C. Lamar, Aug. 7, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886, File 3480.

83. The Congressman's memory was rather faulty in this case. Mackinac National Park, excluding old Fort Mackinac, was set aside in 1875 for the "health, comfort, pleasure, benefit and enjoyment of the people." (28 SL, 517). As in Yellowstone, the natural curiosities, timber, game, and fish were to be protected. Administration and protection of the area were entrusted to the Secretary of War, who appointed the Superintendent of the Park, usually the commander of the historic fort. His duties were confined mainly to letting leases to private parties for the purpose of building summer homes and cabins. When established, it was suggested that the area be ceded to Michigan, but the example set by the California State Commissioners in charge of the Yosemite grant, an example of abuse and corruption, persuaded Congress to ignore it. Senator Holman should have remembered the situation, for it was he who opposed the establishment of the Park, basing his argument upon the expense incurred in the establishment of Yellowstone. His argument in 1875 was no better than the one in 1886 for at that time, 1875, no moneys had been appropriated for Yellowstone. In 1895 the Mackinac National Park was turned over to the State of Michigan and became an element in that state's system of parks. (28 SL, 945).

84. CR, 49th Cong., 1st Sess., XVII, Part 8, pp. 7866-7867.

85. Ibid., p. 7915.

86. Ibid., pp. 7915-7918.

87. 24 SL, 240.

88. 22 SL, 627.

89. L. Q. C. Lamar to Secretary of War, Aug. 6, 1886, NA, AGO, File 4735, in File 3997, AGO 1886, RG 94.

90. P. H. Sheridan to Sec. of War, Aug. 9, 1886, NA, File 3997, AGO 1886, RG 94.

91. Special Orders No. 79, Headquarters, Dept. of Dakota, Ft. Snelling, Minn., Aug. 13, 1886, NA, File 3997, AGO, 1886, RG 94.

1. Joseph K. Toole, as quoted in The Livingston Enterprise, Aug. 14, 1886.

2. Capt. Moses Harris to Assist. Adj. Gen., Dept. of Dakota, Sept. 13, 1886, NA, Document File, Office of the Adjutant General, Box No. 1448, File 1886, Doc. No. 5187. Telegrams, D. W. Wear to H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., Aug. 13, Aug. 17, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886.

3. Capt. Moses Harris to Sec. Int., Oct. 4, 1886, YNPA, Vol. I, LS.

4. Telegram, H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., to Capt. Moses Harris, Aug. 18, 1886, YNPA, Vol. I, No. 106, LR.

5. Harris to Sec. Int. Oct. 4, 1886, YNPA, Vol. I, No. 29, LS; Senate Exec. Doc. 40, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2448), pp. 1-5.

6. By direction of the President, the name was changed from Camp Sheridan to Fort Yellowstone in accordance with General Orders No. 45, Headquarters of the Army, May 11, 1891. Fort Yellowstone was abandoned on Oct. 26, 1916, in compliance with Post Orders No. 62, Oct. 23, 1916. NA, Records of the United States Army Commands (Army Posts), Fort Yellowstone, RG 98.

7. Harris' regulations are reproduced in Senate Exec. Doc. 40, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2448), Appendix A, p. 7.

8. Capt. Moses Harris, quoted in The Livingston Enterprise, Aug. 28, 1886.

9. Harris to Sec. Int., Aug. 27, Sept. 29, 1886; Harris to H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., Aug. 28, 1886; YNPA, Vol. I, LS, Nos. 3, 4, 10, 22-23, 182.

10. Harris to Adj. Gen., Dept. of Dakota, Aug. 18, 1886, and 5th endorsement thereto, P. H. Sheridan to Secretary of War, Sept. 4, 1886, NA, RG 94, AGO File No. 4524 in File 3997. C. J. Baronett, one of Wear's former Assistant Superintendents and a long-time resident of the Park, was hired as a "scout and guide" by Harris.

11. Harris to Commanding General, Dept. of Dakota, Aug. 24, 1886, 5th endorsement thereto by Act. Sec. of War, Sept. 7, 1886; telegram, J. C. Kelton, Act. Adj. Gen., to Maj. Gen. Terry, Sept. 25, 1886, NA, RG 94, AGO, File 4735 in File 3997.

12. Senate Exec. Doc. 40, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2448), Appendix B; CR, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess., VIII, Part 8, p. 7868; telegram, J. C. Kelton, Act. Adj. Gen., to Lt. Col. Cochran, 5th Infty., Ft. Keogh, M. T., Aug. 17, 1886, NA, RG 94, AGO Doc. File, Box No. 1446, Doc. No. 4165, File 1886.

13. Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park, p. 115.

14. Harris to Sec. Int., Oct. 4, 1886, YNPA, Vol. I, LS, pp. 26-48; Senate Exec. Doc. 40, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 2448), Appendix B, p. 27. The military commander of the troops assigned to the Yellowstone National Park actually served in two capacities. As Acting Superintendent he reported directly to the Secretary of the Interior. As a military commander he reported directly to his regimental commander on purely military matters.

15. Ibid., p. 29.

16. These suggested rules were adopted in toto and published in 1892, under the date July 1, 1889, and over the signature of John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior. House Report 1956, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 3051), p. 172. They had previously been put forth as a Directive of the Department of the Interior by Sec. of the Int. L. Q. C. Lamar, Apr. 4, 1887, YNPA, Vol. I, LR, No. 154.

17. Harris to Sec. Int., Oct. 4, 1886, YNPA, Vol. I, LS, p. 41.

18. Harris to Asst. Adj. Gen., Dept. of Dakota, Sept. 13, NA, RG 94, AGO Docs., Box No. 1448, Doc. No. 5187 in File 1886.

19. W. Hallett Phillips to L. Q. C. Lamar, Sec. Int., Oct. 4, 1886, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, No. 4123, 1885-1886.

20. Harris to E. C. Dawson, Chief Clerk, Dept. Int., July 31, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, No. 57

21. W. S. Rainsford, "Camping and hunting in the Shoshone," Scribner's Monthly, XI, No. 3 (1887), p. 298.

22. "Minutes of the Boone and Crockett Club," 1888-1960, reproduced in Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife, pp. 19-20. The Boone and Crockett Club, founded in New York by Theodore Roosevelt, George Bird Grinnell, and others, became one of the foremost elements in conservation advocation. All of the military Acting Superintendents of the Yellowstone National Park were members of this organization.

23. CR, 50th Cong., 1st Sess., XIX, Part 2, p. 2602. There were 262 of these petitions presented at this session of Congress.

24. Senate Report 315, Senate Territorial Committee on Senate Report 283, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2519), House Report 3071, House Committee on Public Lands, on Senate Report 293, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2605), p. 1.

25. Harris to H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., Aug. 20, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, p. 81.

26. Harris to H. L. Muldrow, Apr. 24, 1887, July 7, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 11-15, 42-43; J. W. Ponsford, Deputy U. S. Marshal, Bozeman, Mont., to Harris, Oct. 31, 1887, Nov. 2, 1887, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1263; "List of Expulsions from Park by Post Orders, 1886-1893," YNPA, Vol. 78.

27. Thomas Garfield, addressee unknown, Sept. 24, 1888, NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1885-1886 (no file number and evidently misfiled).

28. Harris to Muldrow, Aug. 2, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 59-63.

29. Professor Charles S. Sargent, as quoted in Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, p. 296. Sargent established the publication Garden and Forest in 1887, and through this medium suggested and supported many movements in the field of forestry and conservation.

30. Harris to Muldrow, Aug. 20, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 122-24.

31. Harris to Murdock Deckson and Co., Toronto, Canada, Aug. 24, 1888, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 314-315. The policy of declining to purchase domestic animals to restore a vanishing species, as well as that of protecting carnivores, was later to be reversed and the opposite inaugurated: the extermination of carnivores and the purchase of buffalo. These in turn were reversed, and what was advocated by Harris eventually became an integral element of National Park policy.

32. L. Q. C. Lamar, Sec. Int., to Act. Supt. Harris, Nov. 1, 1887, YNPA, Vol. I, LR, No. 102.

33. Harris to Muldrow, Aug. 20, 1887, YNPA, Vol, II, LS, pp. 113-114.

34. Harris to Commanding Officer, Dept. of Dakota, June 23, 1888, with endorsements thereto. NA, RG 94, AGO, File 3027-1888 in File 3997-1886.

35. Harris to Muldrow, Jan. 12, 1887, YNPA, Vol. I, LS, pp. 70-72.

36. H. L. Muldrow, Act. Sec. Int., to Sec. War, Apr. 1, 1887, YNPA, copy in Vol. I, LR, No. 38.

37. Wm. C. Endicort, Sec. War, to Sec. Int., Apr. 14, 1887, YNPA, copy in Vol. I, LR, No. 40. J. C. Kelton, Act. Adj. Gen., to Maj. Gen. Terry, Sept. 15, 1886, NA, RG 94, AGO, File 4735 in File 3997; Harris to Muldrow, Aug. 20, 1887, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 110-111.

38. Harris to Phillips, Mar. 7, June 28, 1888, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 216-222, 278-290. The men who Harris thought might aid in obtaining the appropriations were: "Senators Vest, Farwell, Cameron, and Sabin and Representatives Hitt of Illinois, Reece of Maine and Rice of Minnesota."

39. House Report 1956, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 3051), pp. 171-172; 25 SL, 534. The first appropriation made for improvement and protection came in 1891, and was followed by similar appropriations. R. Tracewell, Comptroller, to Sec. Int., Jan. 11, 1900, YNPA, Vol. 16, LR (no p. no.).

40. H. L. Muldrow to Harris, Oct. 31, 1887, YNPA, Vol. I, LR, No. 54.

41. George S. Anderson, "Protection of The Yellowstone National Park," in Roosevelt and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, p. 387.

1. 1st Lt. G. C. Doane to Martin Maginnis, Jan. 14, 1881, NA, Dept. Int., Appts. Div., LR Concerning Supts. 1872-1886, File 189, LR, 1881; correspondence urging Doane's appointment is extensive.

2. Special Orders No. 47, Headquarters, Dept. of Dakota, May 8, 1889, NA, File 2276, AGO, 1889, in File 3997, AGO, 1886.

3. Boutelle to Sec. Int., July 27, 1889, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, p. 469.

4. Boutelle to Sec. Int., July 31, 1889, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, pp. 478-481.

5. Ibid., Aug. 18, 1899, pp. 491-494.

6. D. B. May to Sec. Int., Mar. 28, 1889, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1162.

7. Sec. Int. to Boutelle Sept. 6, 1889, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 406, 600.

8. Boutelle to Sec. Int., Oct. 3, 1889, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 28-29.

9. Sec. Int. to Boutelle, Aug. 2, 1890, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 403.

10. Boutelle to Sec. Int., July 5, 1890, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 122-125.

11. Sec. Int. to Boutelle, Aug. 2, 1890, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 403.

12. Sec. Int. to Boutelle, Aug. 22, 1890, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 258; Boutelle to Sec. Int., Aug. 29, 1890, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 155-167.

13. Sec. Int. to Boutelle, Oct. 15, 1890, and copy, letter Sec. Int. to D. B. May, Oct. 15, 1890, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 405. The elevator scheme was later resurrected and the Assistant Secretary of the Interior threw his support behind it, maintaining that the construction of an elevator would "not detract from the natural grandeur of the landscape." Senator George Vest immediately secured the adoption of a Senate Resolution requesting the withholding of "any action in the premises until it can be determined by Congress as to the propriety of the granting of any such privilege." The principle proposed by Acting Superintendent Boutelle, that of protecting the Park from "commercialization" and defacement, came to the fore and this second attempt met the fate of the first. CR, 54th Cong., 2nd Sess., XIX, Part 2, pp. 1919, 2223.

14. Boutelle to Col. Marshall McDonald, Fish Commissioner, June 13, 1889, YNPA, Vol. II, LS, p. 441, Sept. 25, 1889, Vol. III, p. 26. Boutelle, Adj. Gen., State of Washington, to Capt. George Anderson, Act. Supt., Yellowstone National Park, Nov. 18, 1895, YNPA, Vol. X. LR, no file no.

15. During the summer of 1889, 61 separate fires were extinguished by Troops "A" and "K," then detailed to the Park on a seasonal basis. Capt. D. A. Bomus to Boutelle, Dec. 15, 1889, YNPA, Vol. IX, "Employees," No. 1407.

16. Boutelle to Sec. Int., Sept. 11, 1890, Vol. III, LS, pp. 168-169; Sec. Int. to Boutelle, Sept. 24, 1890, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 236.

17. Boutelle to Sec. Int., Dec. 8, Dec. 11, 1899, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 56-58, 59-62; Boutelle to Governor Warren, Boutelle to Secretary, Territory Idaho, Nov. 25, 1889, pp. 48, 53; Boutelle to Sec. Int., Dec. 12, 1890, pp. 206-2 10. Boutelle's interest in game protection and preservation extended beyond his tenure as Acting Superintendent. He was a member of the Boone and Crockett Club and served as Vice President of that organization the year preceding his death in 1924.

18. Boutelle to Charles S. Fee, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Northern Pacific Railroad, Aug. 21, 1889, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 9-10.

19. Boutelle to E. E. VanDyke, Cooke City, Dec. 2, 1890, ibid., p. 199.

20. Boutelle to Sec. Int., Oct. 13, Nov. 5, 1889, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 34, 35.

21. Clipping from Omaha World (date, 1889 only); Boutelle to Charles S. Fee, Aug. 21, 1889, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 9-15. All commendatory letters filed as Doc. No. 1316, Vol. IX, YNPA.

22. Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Dec. 18, 1890, NA, RG 94, File 8923, War Dept., in File 3997, AGO, 1886.

23. W. F. Sanders to Sec. War, Jan. 8, 1891; Gen. William E. Strong to Sec. War, Jan. 7, 1891; Sec. War to W. F. Sanders and Gen. Wm. E. Strong, Jan. 24, 1891, NA, AGO, File 610, PRD, 1891, filed in 3997, AGO, 1886. Doane, whose health was failing, did not give up hope that he might still be named to the Park detail. He applied for transfer to General Miles' command so that he might be on hand for the next Park command change, but this too was denied. He died at Bozeman, Montana, in May, 1892.

24. Nelson A. Miles to Adj. Gen., Jan. 30, 1891, NA, File 1206/3, AGO, PRD, 1891 in File 3887, AGO, 1886. The overland march was not made and the Sixth Cavalry troops traveled by rail to the Park. Adj. Gen. to Commanding General, Div. of the Missouri, Feb. 5, 1891, NA, File 1206/3, AGO, PRD, 1891, in File 3997, AGO, 1886.

25. Special Orders No. 17, Headquarters of the Army, AGO, Jan. 21, 1891, as amended by S. O. No. 21, paragraph 18; Capt. George Anderson to Sec. Int., Feb. 15, 1891, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 218-225; NA, 1206, AGO, PRD, 1891, in File 3997, AGO, 1886.

26. Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Feb. 27, 1891, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No.402, 413; Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, C. O. Dept. Dakota, to Adj. Gen., Jan. 16, 1891, YNPA, Vol. II, LR, No. 301. The area of the reservation was 43.39 acres. An additional company of cavalry was permanently stationed at the post in 1893, and by 1904 three companies were stationed there. For three years, 1911-1913, there was a full squadron (four companies) with a machine gun platoon attached stationed in the Yellowstone. From 1914 to 1916, 200 cavalrymen assigned to the Yellowstone Park detachment were in garrison at Fort Yellowstone. When the reservation was finally abandoned by the Army in 1918, the jurisdiction of the area reverted to the Department of the Interior. For additional information concerning structures, year of construction, etc., see Ray H. Mattison, "Report on the Historical Structures at Yellowstone National Park," MS, mimeographed copy, Yellowstone National Park Library.

27. Frank Chatfield to Capt. Boutelle, June 29, 1890, YNPA, Vol. IV, LR, No. 736.

28. George S. Anderson, "Protection of the Yellowstone Park," in Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands; The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club, pp. 389-90.

29. W. S. Mellen to Anderson, July 27, 1892, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1202.

30. Anderson, "Protection of the Yellowstone Park," p. 390.

31. Ibid., p. 393.

32. Anderson to Sec. Int., May 24, 1894, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, p. 58.

33. Eugene F. Weigel to Sec. Int., Aug. 8, 1892; Sec. War to Sec. Int., Sept. 28, 1892; copies in NA, File 39086, PRD, 1892, located in File 3997, AGO, 1886.

34. Anderson to Hosea Ballou, May 21, 1895; Anderson to John W. Whitson, June 25, 1894, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, pp. 245, 74-75; Frederick Remington, "Policing the Yellowstone," in Pony Tracks (New York: Harper, 1898), pp. 114-115.

35. Ibid., p. 109.

36. Sec. Int. to Anderson, Sept. 14, 1891, YNPA, Vol. I, LR, No. 248.

37. Anderson to Sec. Int., Apr. 8, 1891, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 277-281. E. VanDyke to Capt. Anderson, Sept. 8, 1893, Vol. III, LR, No. 545; Mar. 31, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VII, No. 792.

38. Telegram, Anderson to Sec. Int., Aug. 10, 1892, Sec. Int. to Anderson, Aug. 11, 1892, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 46, 47.

39. John Krachy, Wyoming Game Keeper, to Anderson, May (n.d.), 1893, YNPA, Vol. V, LR, No. 110; Anderson to Sec. Int., Jan. 8, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 412-414; Anderson to Sec. Int., Dec. 16, 1895, Vol. V, LS, p. 324; Dunham Cameron to Anderson, July 7, 1893, Vol. IV, LR, No. 821.

40. Anderson to 1st. Lt. William W. Forsyth, June 4, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, No. 826. Anderson to Sec. Int., Sept. 14, 1893, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 333-334.

41. Anderson to Sec. Int., Oct. 8, 1891, YNPA, Vol. III, LS, pp. 398-404; Sept. 22, 1895, Vol. V, LS, p. 294.

42. Joffe, "John W. Meldrum," p. 190.

43. Anderson to D. L. Tremblay, Apr. 21, 1895, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, p. 219.

44. Anderson to Sec. Int., June 29, 1894, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, pp. 80-83. Between 1889 and 1895 some 82,685 game fish were stocked in the streams of the Park. In the following years, an additional 9,319,650 were stocked under military supervision, the largest annual plants being made in 1908 (2,626,500) and 1912 (3,969,000). "Memoranda of Game and Fish in Yellowstone National Park," YNPA, Vol. 168.

45. G. Brown Goode, Act. Sec., Smithsonian Institution, to Sec. Int., Sept. 30, 1891, copy in YNPA, Vol. V, LR, No. 260.

1. CR, 47th Cong., 2nd Sess., XV, Part 1, p. 193.

2. Senate Report 221, 48th Cong., 1st Sess.; Senate Report 101, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess.; Senate Report 283, 50th Cong., 1st Sess.; Senate Report 491 and 1275, 51st Cong., 1st Sess.; Senate Report 428, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess.; Senate Report 43, 53rd Cong., 1st Sess.; NA, Dept. Int., P&M, LR, 1883-1884. House Exec. Doc. 1, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 2933), p. cxxxvii; G. B. Grinnell, "The Yellowstone National Park Act," in Roosevelt and Grinnell (eds.), Hunting in Many Lands, p. 409; Aubrey Haines, "A Review of Certain Attempts to Make Adverse Use of Yellowstone National Park," pp. 4-7.

3. CR, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., XIII, Part I, p. 732. See also Chapter IV of this book.

4. Anderson to Sec. Int., Oct. 30, 1893, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 373-376.

5. Senate Report 2373; CR, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess., XXIII, Part 2, p. 1472.

6. Ibid., Part 5, p. 4120.

7. Ibid., pp. 4121, 4124, 4125.

8. Ibid., pp. 4126, 4122.

9. Ibid., pp. 4120-4125; CR, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess., XXIII, Part 6, pp. 4170, 5012, 5027; House Report 1574.

10. Anderson to Sec. Int., Dec. 3, 1892, Jan. 22, Feb. 3, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 140-145, 422-424; House Report 1956, 52nd Cong., 1st Sess. (SN 3051), pp. 18-22.

11. Theodore Roosevelt to the Editor, Forest and Stream, Dec. 3, 1892, reproduced in pamphlet, "A Standing Menace: Cooke City vs. the National Park," copy in Yellowstone National Park Library.

12. CR, 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., XXVI, Part I, p. 3879.

13. Oakes' statement related by Anderson in letter to Sec. Int., Dec. 3, 1892, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 140-145.

14. CR, 53rd Cong., 1st Sess., XXV, pp. 1271, 1341; XXVI, p. 8233; Anderson to Sec. Int., Oct. 28, 1890, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 367-370; W. Hallett Phillips to Act. Supt., Nov. 10, 1893, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1219. Similar bills were introduced in 1895, 1896, and 1897, but all were reported out of committee adversely and "indefinitely postponed." CR, 54th Cong., 1st Sess., XXVIII, Part 1, pp. 33, 51, 3799, and 55th Cong., 1st Sess., XXX, Part 1, p. 97.

15. CR, 53rd Cong., 1st Sess., XXV, Part 1, pp. 209, 212, 1138, 1271, Part 2, p. 1341; 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., XXVI, Part 1, pp. 321, 561, Part 3, p. 8288; 53rd Cong., 1st Sess. (Special Session), L, Part I, p. 876; M. B. Murphy to Col. P. T. Severine, C.O., Ft. Keogh, referred to the C.O., Ft. Yellowstone, May 17, 1893, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1187; Livingston Post (Montana) Nov. 30, 1893.

16. CR, 63rd Cong., 1st Sess., XXV, Part 1, pp. 209, 212; Anderson to Sec. Int., Jan. 7, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LS, pp. 407-408.

17. Anderson to Sec. Int., Mar 17, 1894, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, pp. 1-9. Somewhat more melodramatic accounts of this arrest appeared in the Chicago Tribune, Dec. 23, 1894, written by Emerson Hough; and in Anderson's "Protection of the Yellowstone Park." The story was also related by Hough in Forest and Stream, XLII, No. 18 (1894).

18. Anderson to Sec. Int., Mar. 17, 1894, YNPA, Vol. V, LS, pp. 1-9.

19. CR, 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., XXVI, Part 5, p. 3252.

20. Ibid., pp. 3252, 3457, 3503, 3631.

21. Editorial, "Save the Park Buffalo," Forest and Stream, XLII, No. 15, (1894), pp. 307, 309.

22. Theodore Roosevelt to George A. Anderson, Mar. 30, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1286.

23. W. Hallett Phillips to George A. Anderson, Mar. 31, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 12 17-A.

24. CR, 53rd Cong., 2nd Sess., XXVI, Part 5, pp. 3457, 3688, 3751, 3939, 3961, 3962, 4019, 4296, 4541. The law as passed by Congress was, and is, known as the "Lacey Act." In view of Senator Vest's long legislative interest in the Park, and his continual introduction of essentially the same legislation, it should perhaps more properly be termed the "Vest Act."

25. Act of May 7, 1894, 28 SL, 73.

26. Meldrum's career is traced by Joffe, "John W. Meldrum," pp. 5-47, 105-140. 28 SL, 73. This Act was amended and made more practicable by the Act of June 28, 1916 (39 SL, 238) when punishment was reduced to "a fine of not more than $500 or imprisonment nor exceeding six months, or both...."

27. Theodore Roosevelt to George A. Anderson, Apr. 30, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1284.

28. Edward A. Bowens to Anderson, May 12, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LR, No. 741.

29. W. Hallett Phillips to Anderson, May 13, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1217. Phillips was wrong in reference to Idaho and correct as far as Montana was concerned. Idaho had ceded exclusive jurisdiction to the United States over all those lands within that state that were included within the Park boundaries on February 7, 1891 (Session Laws of Idaho, 1890-1891, p. 40). Montana did not cede jurisdiction over her lands similarly situated until Mar. 3, 1917 (Revised Code of Montana, I, 1921, p. 232.)

30. W. Hallett Phillips to Anderson, July 2, 1894, YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1216; W. Hallett Phillips to G. C. Vest, Feb. 2, 1895, copy in YNPA, Vol. VI, LR, No. 1215.

31. Gibson Clark to Anderson, Nov. 2, 1894, YNPA, Vol. IV, LR, No. 727.

32. Anderson to Howell, July 24, YNPA, Vol. VI, LS, p. 7; Maj. J. W. Pope, QMC, to Col. S. B. M. Young, Act. Supt., Nov. 3, 1897, Vol. IX, LR, No. 1490; James R. Erwin, Capt., 4th Cavalry, to Ed Howell, Nov. 17, 1897, Vol. IX, LR, No. 1443.

1. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess., Part 4, p. 3444 (13 SL, 325). For a full discussion of the Congressional debates on this act, see Chapter 1.

2. Report of the Commissioners to Manage the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 1891-1892 (Sacramento: Superintendent of State Printing, 1893), Appendix 19. These reports were published under separate covers with variations in title: Biennial Report of the Commissioners . . .; Report of the Yosemite Commissioners . . . They are also contained in the Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the . . . Session of the Legislature of the State of California. Hereafter cited as Report Yosemite Commissioners, and Appendix, Journals of the Calif. Leg. For a more complete account of the Commissioner's activities see Edith G. Kettlewell, "Yosemite; The Discovery of the Yosemite Valley and the Creation and Realignment of Yosemite National Park," unpublished M.A. thesis, University of California, 1930.

3. Statutes of California, 16th Sess. of the State Legislature, Apr. 2, 1866, Chapter DXXXVI, p. 710.

4. F. L. Olmsted, "Governmental Preservation of Natural Scenery," as quoted by Brockman, "Administrative Officers of Yosemite," p. 54. The surveying of the boundaries of the two grants was accomplished with the aid of the United States Geological Survey. Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1867-1868, 1874-1875, pp. 4, 6; 1891-1892, p. 20.

5. Olmsted, "The Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees," p. 17.

6. Olmsted and Kimball, Frederick Law Olmsted, Landscape Architect, 1, 12.

7. Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1874-1875, p. 9; "A Report of the Special Committee of the Assembly in Relation to the Grant of Land in Yosemite Valley," Appendix, Journals of the Calif. Leg., II, 17th Sess.; Low et al. v. Hutchings, 15 Wall (U. S.) 77; Hutchings, In the Heart of the Sierras, pp. 153-163; Hutchings v. Low, 41 Cal. 634.

8. Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1874-1875, p. 3. Russell, "Early Years in Yosemite," pp. 328-341.

9. The new Board of Commissioners consisted of I. W. Raymond (the only holdover from the old Board), J. P. Jackson, W. H. Mills, George S. Ladd, J. L. Sperry, W. C. Priest, A.J. Meany, and M. C. Briggs. James Hutchings, one of the original settlers in the Valley, was named to replace Galen Clark as Guardian. Senate Constitutional Amendments, Joint and Concurrent Resolutions of the California State Legislature, 24th Session, 1880, Concurrent Resolution No. 20; Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1880; Hutchings, In the Heart of the Sierras, pp. 162-165.

10. Appendix to the Journals of the California Legislature, 24th Sess. (1880), Vol. 1, p. 26.

11. Ibid., Vol. III; Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1880-1882, p. 4.

12. Appendix to the Journals of the California Legislature, 29th Sess. (1886), Vol. II, "Report of William Ham Hall, State Engineer, 1882," passim.

13. Bills designed to enlarge the original grant were introduced into Congress in 1882, 1885, and 1886. None was reported our of committee. CR, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., XIII, Part 1, p. 68; Part 4, p. 3076; 48th Cong., 2nd Sess., XVI, Part 1, p. 230; 49th Cong., 1st Sess., XVII, Part 2, p. 1443. Mackenzie, "Destructive Tendencies in the Yosemite Valley," p. 475.

14. Results of the legislative investigation were published as "In the Matter of the Investigation of the Yosemite Valley Commissioners," Journals of the California Legislature, Senate, 1889, 40 pages; Assembly, 1889, 430 pages. Portions also quoted by Farquhar, Yosemite, The Big Trees, and the High Sierra, p. 93.

15. Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1889-1890, p. 7.

16. Mackenzie, "California's Interest in Yosemite Reform," p. 155; editorial, "The Care of the Yosemite Valley," The Century, XXXIX (Jan. 1890), p. 474; Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1889-1890; Farquhar, Yosemite, The Big Trees, and the High Sierra, p. 93.

17. George G. Mackenzie, "California's Interest in Yosemite Reform," The Century, XLII (Nov. 1891), pp. 154-155.

18. W. F. Badé, Life and Letters of John Muir, II, 394-395; Johnson, "Destructive Tendencies in the Yosemite Valley," pp. 477-478; Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, p. 289.

19. San Francisco Bulletin, June 21, 1889; Wolfe (ed.), Son of the Wilderness, pp. 245-246.

20. Deming, "Destructive Tendencies in the Yosemite Valley," pp. 476-477.

21. George G. Mackenzie, "Destructive Tendencies in the Yosemite Valley," pp. 475-476.

22. Deming, p. 477.

23. Editorial, "The Care of the Yosemite Valley," The Century, XXXIX (Jan. 1890), pp. 474-475.

24. John Muir to Robert Underwood Johnson, Mar. 4, 1890, as reproduced in Badé, The Life and Letters of John Muir, II, pp. 237-238.

25. Editorial, "Preservation of the Yosemite Valley," The Nation, L, Feb. 6, 1890, p. 106; Mar. 6, 1890, p. 204.

26. Muir, "Treasures of the Yosemite," pp. 438-500.

27. Muir, "Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park," pp. 665-667.

28. Report, Yosemite Commissioners, 1885-1886; 1887-1888; 1889-1890; Letter Sec. Int. to President of the Senate, Jan. 30, 1891, reproduced in Senate Executive Doc. 22, 52nd Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 3056), p. 2. The Commissioners had urged that 1,000 acres of land on the floor of the Valley be so cultivated, thus diverting nine-tenths of the valley floor from use as a public resort to a source of state revenue.

29. Editorial, "Amateur Management of the Yosemite Scenery," The Century, XL (Sept. 1890), pp. 797-798.

30. Ibid., p. 798.

31. CR, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., XXI, Part 10, pp. 10297-10298.

32. Report of Major Eugene F. Weigel, Special Land Inspector," letter, Sec. Int. to President of the Senate, Jan. 30, 1891, Dec. 29, 1892; Senate Exec. Doc. 22, 52nd Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 3056), pp. 1-5.

33. CR, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., XIII, Part I, p. 78.

34. George W. Stewart to Col. John R. White, June 8, 1929, reproduced in Fry and White, Big Trees, pp. 23-29; "Resolution of the California Academy of Science," in Report of the Secretary of the Interior, I (GPO, 1890), Appendix E, pp. clvii-clviii, clix-clxii.

35. CR, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., XXI, Part 8, p. 7834; Part 9, p. 9072.

36. Ibid., Part 9, p. 9137; Part 10, pp. 9829, 10170, 10189; Part 11, p. 10641.

37. The inclusion of the General Grant area in the bill may have been due to the efforts of one man. Writing in 1929, George W. Stewart, one of the men responsible for the establishment of Sequoia National Park, stated, "The creation of General Grant National Park was due to the timely suggestion of D. K. Zumwalt of Visalia [California] at the psychological moment . . . Mr. Zumwalt happened to be in Washington at the time . . . the bill creating Yosemite Park was up for passage, and his recommendation that the General Grant Grove be also made a park was acted upon favorably . . . by Congress." George W. Stewart to Col. John R. White, June 8, 1929, reproduced in Fry and White, Big Trees, p. 29.

38. CR, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., XXI, Part 3, p. 2372, Part 11, p. 10752.

39. Ibid., pp. 10740, 10794.

40. John Muir to Robert Underwood Johnson, Mar. 4, Apr. 20, June 9, 1890, reprinted in full in The Sierra Club Bulletin, XXIX, No. 5, pp. 50-60. Muir later worked ceaselessly, and successfully, for the recession by the state of the Yosemite Grant to the Federal Government. The grant was finally re-ceded in 1906, but not without the bitter opposition prophesied by Muir in 1890.

41. Act of Mar. 1, 1872 (17 SL, 32); Act of Sept. 25, 1890 (26 SL, 478); Act of Oct. 1, 1890 (26 SL, 650).

42. 26 SL, 1103; CR, 51st Cong., 2nd Sess., XXII, Part 4, pp. 3545-3547, 3611-3616, 3685. Differentiation between forest reserves and National Parks was made the following year. On March 3, 1891, Congress authorized the President "to set apart and reserve . . . any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth . . . as public reservations." Forest reserves were established by executive proclamation; National Parks were specific statutory creations. 26 SL, 1103; CR, 51st Cong., 2nd Sess., XXII, Part 4, pp. 3545-3547, 3611-3616, 3685.

43. Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior, I (GPO, 1890), pp. cxxii-cxxv.

44. Ibid., p. cxxv.

45. Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Oct. 21, 1890, NA, RG 94, AGO, "General Correspondence Relating to Yosemite National Park," 1890-1907, LS, Part I; Sec. Int. to President of the U. S., Dec. 4, 1890; Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Dec. 22, 1890; Special Orders, No. 30, Headquarters, Dept. of California, Apr. 6, 1891; NA, RG 94, AGO, "Memorandum" Misc. Div., Doc. 4.

46. Ibid., 1901.

47. Series of letters, A. E. Wood to "Stockowners," June 7, 1891, A. E. Wood to "W.T.T.," July 14, 1891, Yosemite National Park Library, Record of Letters Sent, 1891-1900, Vol. 6, pp. 1-2, 4-5; A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1891, p. 3.

48. A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1891, pp. 4-5.

49. A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., July 15, 1893; ibid., 1893, pp. 3-5; Reports, Act. Supts., Yosemite, Sequoia, 1893-1905, passim.

50. Capt. J. H. Dorst to Sec. Int., Sept. 11, 1892, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1892, p. 17; Capt. Alex Rodgers to Sec. Int., Aug. 22, 1895, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1895, p. 5.

51. Translation, des Porres to Elihu Root, Sept. 2, 1905, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents Relating to National Parks."

52. Capt. J. Lockert to Sec. Int., Sept. 1, 1895, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1895, p. 4.

53. Capt. H. C. Benson to Sec. Int., Oct. 10, 1905, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1905, p. 8; "Board of officers appointed to investigate charges of Ranger Charles Shinn, of the Forest Reserve, to the effect that soldiers had been bribed and that herds of sheep had summered in Yosemite Park," NA, RG 94, AGO, "Selected Documents Relating to National Parks."

54. John Muir to Robert Underwood Johnson, Sept. 12, 1895, reproduced in Badé, Life and Letters of John Muir, II, 294-295; Wolfe (ed.), John of the Mountains, p. 352.

55. Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, pp. 288-289; Dudley, "Forest Reservations," pp. 266-267.

56. Maj. John Bigelow, Jr. to Sec. Int., Sept. 23, 1904, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1904, pp. 10-11.

57. Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young to Sec. Int., Aug. 15, 1896, ibid., 1896, p. 8.

58. A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1891, p. 10.

59. Capt. G. H. G. Gale to Sec. Int., Aug. 28, 1894, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1894, p. 4; Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young to Sec. Int., ibid., 1896, pp. 10-11, quoting remarks of John Muir that appeared in "Sierra Club Bulletin No. 7."

60. Lt. Col. Joseph A. Garrard to Sec. Int., Oct. 1903, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1903, pp. 12-23; CR, 52nd Cong., 2nd Sess., XXIV, Part 2, pp. 1092, 1093, 1049, 1466-1475; Senate Report 1248, 52nd Cong., 2nd. Sess., I (SN 3072), pp. 1-82.

61. "An Act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses to the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, and for other purposes," approved Apr. 28, 1904 (33 SL, 487); "An Act to exclude from the Yosemite National Park, California, certain lands therein described . . .," approved Feb. 7, 1905 (33 SL, 702). The segregation of these lands was vehemently opposed by the Acting Superintendent, who maintained that such a move was proposed and urged by "a syndicate of lumber men" and that the reduction of boundaries, once started, might well continue, to the great detriment of the Park. Maj. John Bigelow, Jr., to Sec. Int., Sept. 23, 1904, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1904, p. 16. The problems presented by private land holdings in the Park have continued to the present day, since the boundary change of 1905 did not exclude all of the patented land. Some 15,570 acres were purchased in 1930 at an approximate cost of $3,300,000, half of which was supplied by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. In 1939, after several years of negotiation, another 7,200 acre tract was purchased by the government for a price of $1,495,500. Russell, 100 Years in Yosemite, pp. 161-163.

62. Capt. A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1891, p. 10.

63. Capt. J. H. Dorst to Sec. Int., Sept. 11, 1892, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1892, p. 15.

64. Capt. G. H. G. Gale to Sec. Int., Aug. 28, 1894; Capt. Alex Rodgers to Sec. Int., Aug. 26, 1897, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1894, p. 5, 1897, p. 8.

65. CR, 58th Cong., 2nd Sess., XXXVIII, pp. 228, 4592, 5449, 5502, 5672; XXXIX, pp. 1627, 2008. Frank Pierce, Asst. Sec. Int., to C. C. Smith, Mar. 21, 1905, NA, RG 79, "Parks, Reservations and Antiquities," File 12-9-15; Secretary of the Interior to Capt. John O'Shea, Apr. 18, 1905, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents Relating to National Parks." Public Law No. 46, approved Feb. 6, 1905, copy YNPA, Vol. 23.

66. 35 SL, 1098, approved Mar. 4, 1909. Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1910-1912; 36 SL, 857, approved June 25, 1910. Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1910-1912.

67. Capt. A. E. Wood to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1891, p. 8; Capt. J. H. Dorst to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1891, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1891, pp. 7-9.

68. 1st Lt. Alex Dean to Sec. Int., Aug. 20, 1894, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1894, p. 16.

69. Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young to Sec. Int., Aug. 15, 1896, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1896, p. 4; Capt. Alex Rodgers to Sec. Int., Aug. 26, 1897, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1897, p. 4; B. Broemmel to Representative Julius Kahn, Nov. 9, 1901; Thomas Ryan, Act. Sec. Int., to Sec. War, July 17, 1902, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents relating to National Parks"; Capt. Frank C. Barton to Sec. Int., Aug. 14, 1902, Report. Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1902, pp. 5, 6.

70. Capt. H. C. Benson to Sec. Int., Oct. 10, 1905, Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1905, p. 11.

71. Capt. A. E. Wood to Chairman, U. S. Fish Commission, Aug. 17, 1892, Vol. 1, LS, 1891-1900, No. 3, p. 10, Yosemite National Park Library; Capt. James Parker to Sec. Int., Aug. 26, 1893, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1893, p. 6, 1894, p. 4; Capt. Alex Rodgers to Sec. Int., Aug. 22, 1895, ibid., Yosemite, 1895, p. 5; Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young to Sec. Int., Aug. 15, 1896, ibid., 1896, pp. 5-8; Capt. L. C. Andrews to Sec. Int., Oct. 13, 1901, ibid., Sequoia, 1901, p. 8; Capt. H. C. Benson to Sec. Int., Oct. 10, 1905, ibid., Yosemite, 1905, p. 12.

72. Daniel Lamont, Sec. War, to Sec. Int., Apr. 22, 1896; Hoke Smith, Sec. Int., to Sec. War, Apr. 24, 1896; Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Feb. 17, 1897, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents Relating to National Parks."

73. Maj. Gen. [illegible] Merriam to Adj. Gen., May 14, 1898, C. N. Bliss, Sec. Int., to Sec. War, Feb. 10, 1899, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents"; 2nd Lt. Henry B. Clark to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1899, Capt. E. F. Willcox to Sec. Int., Oct. 28, 1899, Reports, Act. Supt., Sequoia, Yosemite, 1899, pp. 3-4.

74. W. Dickenson to Sec. War, June 20, 1898, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents Relating to National Parks."

75. J. C. Needham to Sec. War, Jan. 15, Mar. 5, 1900; Adj. Gen. to J. C. Needham, Apr. 6, 1900, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents . . ."

76. "Memorandum," NA, Misc. Div., AGO, Feb. 6, 1900.

77. Sec. War to Sec. Int., Feb. 9, 1900; Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Mar. 3, Mar. 22, 1900; in a letter to the Secretary of the Interior dated June 31, 1900, the Secretary of War suggested that "special agents of the General Land Office, known as Forest Rangers," be utilized for the purpose of park protection, ibid.; 3 SL, 618.

78. The events leading up to and the actual recession of the grants is treated by Colby, "Yosemite and the Sierra Club," pp. 11-19. For activities that took place in the national legislature, see CR, 58th Cong., 3rd Sess., xxxix, pp. 3962-3963; 59th Cong., 1st Sess., XL, Part 9, pp. 8144-8148, 8218; The Nation, LXXX (Apr. 27, 1905), pp. 325-326.

79. Troops had been withdrawn from the General Grant Park in 1902, and the Park had been placed in charge of a civilian guard. The entire Park had been fenced the previous year; and the evil of stock grazing and trespass thus abated. Capt. Frank C. Barton to Sec. Int., Aug. 14, 1902, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1902, p. 13.

80. 1st Lt. Hugh S. Johnson to Sec. Int., Sept. 1, 1913, NA, RG 94, AGO, "Select Documents relating to National Parks."

1. Not all life was protected. The military was responsible for instigating the unfortunate policy of predator extermination. Mountain lions, wolves, and coyotes were killed.

2. Arnold Hague, "The Yellowstone National Park," in Roosevelt and Grinnell (eds.), American Big Game Hunting, p. 162. Letter, "National Park Game," Forest and Stream, XL, No. 7 (1893), p. 135; Capt. James O. Brown, Act. Supt., Yellowstone National Park, to Mark Sullivan, July 21, 1900, YNPA, Vol. 9, LS, p. 412.

3. Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Feb. 14, 1902, YNPA, Vol. XI, LS, p. 191; John F. Lacey to Act. Supt., July 7, 1902, Vol. XVIII, LR; Act. Supt. to J. M. Keith, Conrad Bros., Douglas Catlin, Dick Rock, Feb. 10, 1902, Vol. XI, LS, pp. 181-184; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Mar. 29, 1902, Vol. XI, LS, p. 274, Nov. 19, 1902, Vol. XXI, LS, p. 94. The Pablo-Allard herd had been formed from two sources. In 1884 Michael Pablo had purchased from a Pend d'Oreille Indian ten bison that had been captured in Southern Alberta in 1873. These were released on the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana. Five calves that had been captured by a Canadian fur trapper in Saskatchewan became the nucleus of the Charles Allard herd in Kalispell, Montana. The Charles Goodnight herd of Clarendon, Texas, traced its ancestry to some calves that had been captured from the rapidly disappearing Southern herd. James B. Trefethen, Crusade for Wildlife, pp. 93-94"

4. Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., May 26, 1905, YNPA, Vol. XV, p. 146; June 11, 1906, Vol. XVI, pp. 158-161; May 23, 1907, Vol. XVII, pp. 66-67, LS; B. P. Wells to C. A. Lindsley, June 25, 1907, Vol. XXVII, LR.

5. Act. Supt. to Supt. National Parks, July 10, 1916, YNPA, Vol. 89 (monthly reports). Of the 273 animals in the tame herd, 220 were adults, including 112 bulls and 108 cows; 53 were calves.

6. "Address of the Governor," reproduced in the Cheyenne State Leader, Feb. 15, 1911, clipping in YNPA, Vol. 40, File 29.

7. Act. Supt, to Sec. Int., Nov. 23, 1911; Act. Supt. to Dr. W. O. Stillman, Pres., Amer. Humane Assoc., Dec. 22, 1911 Act. Supt. to H. W. Henshaw, Chief, Biological Survey, Dec. 22, 1911, Jan. 3, 1912; all filed in YNPA, Vol. 409, File 29.

8. In 1816, 808 elk were live trapped and shipped to thirteen different states. Act. Supt. to Supt. National Parks, Feb. 5, 1916; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Sept. 30, 1916, YNPA, Vol. 65, File 310. The problem of too many animals and not enough feed was outlined in an article that appeared in the Denver Post, Feb. 23, 1964: "According to Bob Howe, park biologist, there isn't enough winter forage there for the 5,000 elk, 490 antelope, nearly 200 buffalo, 30 bighorn sheep, several hundred mule deer and a few head of moose. . . . In some areas there is less than half the natural feed there was 50 years ago. . . . In the past 30 years more than 5,500 elk and lesser numbers of other animals have starved to death. In 1914 there were 35,000 elk in the northern range . . . in 20 years two-thirds of that number perished—11,000 of starvation in the winter of 1919-20 alone . . . two winters ago park rangers shot 4,309 elk in a project that started a national controversy. In an attempt to keep the northern herd at about 5,000 animals, approximately 1,500 must be removed from the park annually or face starvation."

9. Remington, Pony Tracks, p. 112; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Sept. 30, 1898, Vol. VIII, LS, pp. 48-49; Cpl. Robert Ingersoll to C. O. Ft. Yellowstone, Jan. 19, 1902, Sgt. Frank Clark to C. O. Ft. Yellowstone, Sept. 15, 1905, Monthly Reports, YNPA; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., June 3, 1909, YNPA, Vol. 103, File 302.

10. Act. Supt. Yosemite to Sec. Agric., Aug. 14, 1904, LS, 1901 1905, YNPA, pp. 301-304; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Sept. 15, Sept. 23, 1904, in Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1904, pp. 13-14, 20-22: Report, Act. Supt., Yosemite, 1905, p. 18.

11. Act. Supt. Yellowstone to Sec. Int., Jan. 13, 1908, YNPA, Vol. XVIII, LS, p. 191, Nov. 4, 1913, Vol. 34 (no no.); M. P. Skinner to Act. Supt., Nov. 5, 1913, Dec. 6, 1913, Vol. 34 (no no.).

12. 2nd Lt. Henry B. Clark to Sec. Int., Aug. 31, 1899, Report, Act. Supt., Sequoia, 1899, pp. 10-12.

13. Yoshio Kinoshita to Act. Supt., Yellowstone, May 29, 1911, YNPA, Vol. 103, File 302; Theodor G. Wanner to Act. Supt., Yellowstone, Nov. 4, 1903, Vol. 22; Act. Supt. to C. V. R. Townsend, Nov. 25, 1906, Vol. 25; J. DuPratt White to Act. Supt., Mar. 12, 1908, Vol. 32; John Gifford to Act. Supt., Mar. 12, 1895, Vol. VI; James H. Cathey to Act. Supt., Feb. 2, 1904, Vol. 24.

14. Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Nov. 4, 1913, YNPA, LS, Vol. 34. For additional information on road construction, see O'Brien, "The Roads of Yellowstone—1870-19I5," pp. 30-39.

15. Act. Supt. to Gov. Wm. A. Richards, Aug. 25, 1897; Gov. Robert B. Smith to Act. Supt., Mar. 11, 1899, YNPA, Vol. II; Miles R. Cahoon to Act. Supt., Feb. 17, 1897, Vol. 10; Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Sept. 30, 1898, Vol. VIII, LS, pp. 22-23; Act. Supt. to Gov. Montana, Mar. 3, 1899, Vol. VIII, LS, p. 211; A. L. Palmer to Act. Supt., Dec. 22, 1900, Vol. 18; Act. Supt. to A. W. Miles, Jan. 12, 1905, Vol. 15; Roosevelt, "Wilderness Reserves," in Forestry and Irrigation, X (June, 1905), pp. 3-5.

16. John Meldrum, U. S. Commissioner, to Act. Supt., Sept. 25, Oct. 27., Nov. 3, 1913; copy, letter, Wm. R. Harr, Asst. Atty. Genl., to Hillard S. Ridgely, U.S. Atty., June 5, 1913, YNPA, Vol. 74, File 70. Act. Supt. to Sec. Int., Sept. 30, 1916, YNPA, Vol. 65, File 310; CR, 63rd Cong., 2nd Sess., LI, Part 2, 1328; 3rd Sess., LII, Part 1, 252; 64th Cong., 1st Sess., LIII, Part 1, 223, 437, 573; Part 2, 1135; Part 3, 2338 Part 7, 7247 Part 9, 9322; Part 10, 9447, 10253; 39 SL, 238.

17. S. B. M. Young to Theodore Roosevelt, Jan. 15, 1907, in Senate Doc. 752, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess. (SN 5409), p. 1. What prompted Roosevelt to suggest an end to military rule is not known. His instructions to Young were repeated in the letter cited above and further documentation was not found.

18. S. B. M. Young to Gifford Pinchot, Sept. 7, 1907, YNPA, Vol. XVII, LS, p. 351; Young to James B. Adams, Oct. 1, 1907, Vol. XVII, LS, p. 422; Young to Sec. Int., Oct. 16, 1907, Vol. XVII, LS, pp. 6-9; Oct. 18, 1907, NA, RG 79, File 12-12-24, AGO; Young to Sec. Int., Nov. 20, 1907, YNPA, Vol. XVIII, LS, pp. 77-79. S. B. M. Young had previously served as Acting Superintendent of Yosemite National Park, 1896-1897, and of the Yellowstone, 1897-1898. He was a Major General commanding a division in the Spanish-American War, and, after observing the famous charge up San Juan Hill, he called the young Lieutenant Colonel of the Rough Riders aside and criticized him for the boisterous conduct and ragged charge of his men. When the Lieutenant Colonel became President of the United States he named Young, then a Lieutenant General, Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Francis P. Farquhar (ed.), Yosemite in 1896, p. 16.

19. Sec. Int. to Young, Nov. 21, 1907; "Memorandum" attached to Civil Guard Plan; both in NA, RG 79, File 12-12-24; Young to Sec. Int., Dec. 20, 1907, YNPA, Vol. XVIII, LS, p. 149.

20. Act. Supt. to Chief of Staff, Jan. 14, 1914, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-12-24; Sec. War to Sec. Int., Mar. 14, 1914; Asst. Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Mar. 21, 1914; Adj. Gen. to Act. Supt., Mar. 31, 1914, May 11, 1914; all from NA, "Select Docs. pertaining to National Parks," Doc. No. 1834, File No. 5.

21. Act. Supt. to Commanding General, Western Dept., Apr. 17, 1914; AG, Western Dept. to Act. Supt., June 21, Aug. 29, Dec. 4, 1914; all from NA, RG 98, LR 1910-1915, Ft. Yellowstone, Box No. 6, Doc. No. 268, from File No. 1951.

22. "Hearings before the House Comm. on Approp. Sundry Civil Bill for 1916," pp. 677-679; Sec. Int. to Sec. War, Apr. 10, 1915, both in NA, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-13-23.

23. Sec. War to Sec. Int., May 13, 1915, Act. Supt. to Stephen Mather, Asst. to Sec. Int., Nov. 26, 1915, "Memorandum on Troop Withdrawal," all in NA, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-12-24. Act. Supt. to Asst. Sec. Int., Nov. 11, 1915, YNPA, Vol. 89, File 90.

24. Proceedings of the National Park Conferences (GPO, 1911, 1912, 1915), passim, 39 SL, 535, 40 SL, 20.

25. Twenty-one enlisted men chose to remain behind and were appointed park rangers at a salary of $100 per month, thus forming the nucleus of the new Park Service. Sec. Int. to Sec. War, July 18, 1916, Sec. War to Sec. Int., July 20, 1916, Act. Supt. to Adj. Gen., Sept. 19, 1916, NA, RG 98, Commands, Posts, Ft. Yellowstone, LR, File 2273654E. Act. Supt. to Adj. Gen., Oct. 7, 1916, NA, RG 98, Commands, Posts, Ft. Yellowstone, Tel. Sent., Box No. 1, File 82; Special Order No. 229, War Dept., Sept. 30, 1916; No. 245, Oct. 19, 1916; C. A. Lindsley, Act. Supervisor, to Supt. National Parks, Nov. 14, 1916, YNPA, Vol. 89, Monthly Reports.

26. Asst. Sec. Int., to Sec. Int., Sept. 18, 1916, Sec. Int. to Asst. Sec. Int., Sept. 18, 1916, T. H. Walsh to Asst. Sec. Int., Sept. 18, H. L. Meyers to Asst. Sec. Int., Sept. 18, Asst. Sec. to Walsh and Meyers, Sept. 18, Walsh to Sec. Int., Sept. 19, Meyers to Sec. Int., Sept. 25, Woodrow Wilson to Sec. Int., Oct. 1, 1916, all in NA, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-12-24. Tel. T. H. Walsh to Sec. War, Sept. 22, H. L. Meyers to Sec. War, Aug. 28, J. P. Tumulty to Sec. War, Oct. 1, Sec. War to Pres. U. S., Oct. 2, 1916, all in NA, RG 94, "Select Docs. pertaining to National Parks."

27. Sundry Civil Approp. Act. of June 12, 1917, 40 SL, 151; Sec. War to Chairman, Comm. on Approp., House, Feb. 21, Sec. War to Speaker of House, June 4, 1917, NA, RG 94, "Select Docs. Relating to National Parks," File 4; Sec. Int. to Sec. War, June 15, 1917, Sept. 25, 1917, NA, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-12-24; Horace M. Albright to C. A. Lindsley, Maj. E. M. Leary, and Capt. John W. N. Schulz, July 5, 1917, YNPA, Vol. 70, File 341.

28. "Memo" by H. Albright to accompany letter to Sec. War from Sec. Int., Sept. 25, 1917, W. T. Judkins to Sen. F. E. Warren, May 31, 1919, W. F. Gossell to Sec. Int., Sept. 13, 1917, Chester A. Lindsley to H. Albright, Nov. 28, 1917, May 13, 1918; letter published in New York Times, Oct. 14, 1917, from "A Sergeant, Ft. Yellowstone," clipping; all in NA, RG 79, Records of the National Park Service, File 12-12-24. For a slightly different view of the political maneuvers relating to troops in Yellowstone, one stressing the role played by Representative John J. Fitzgerald, New York, see Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, pp. 104-105, and Donald Swain, Wilderness Defender, pp. 62-63.

1. Muir, Our National Parks, p. 40.

2. CR, 49th Cong., 2nd Sess., XVIII, Part 1, pp. 149-154.

3. Chittenden, The Yellowstone National Park, preface to 1918 edition (Chittenden's italics).

4. The sometimes contrasting roles of the politician, park supervisors, and the public are admirably presented by Reich in "Bureaucracy in the Forests."

5. Past and present national park policy has been, in recent years, more closely examined by several investigative committees. The results of this scrutiny and suggestions for future policy development appear in Wildlife Management in the National Parks, U. S. Department of the Interior Advisory Board on Wildlife Management, A. S. Leopold, Chairman (Washington: Interior Department, 1963, mimeographed); Report, National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council Advisory Committee to the National Park Service on Research, W. J. Robbins, Chairman, 1963; Darling and Eichorn, Man and Nature in the National Parks.

6. National Parks Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 254 (Nov. 1968), p. 19; National Geographic, Vol. 133, No. 4 (May, 1968), pp. 642-667.