Grand Teton Historic Resource Study

1. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 17-18.

2. Hays, Conservation, pp. 27-28 and 49-51; and Park, The World of the Bison, pp. 37-51.

3. Hays, Conservation, pp. 1-3.

4. Ibid., pp. 5-48; and Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), pp. 133-134.

5. Nash, Wilderness, pp. 122-140 and 181.

6. John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 15-20; and Haines, The Yellowstone Story, p. 471.

7. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 20.

8. Hays, Conservation, pp. 37-38.

9. Jackson's Hole Courier, February 17, 1949; Esther B. Allan, "History of Teton National Forest," pp. 109-110; and Jackson Hole Guide, October 7, 1965.

10. Jackson's Hole Courier, February 17, 1949; A. A. Anderson, Experiences and Impressions (New York: MacMillan Co., 1933), pp. 90-95; Harold Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976); and Allan, "History of Teton National Forest," p. 143.

11. Anderson, Experiences, p. 95; Allan, "History of Teton National Forest, pp. 113-114; and C.N. Woods, excerpts from "Thirty-Seven Years in the Forest Service," no date, no publisher, in Pamphlet File, Grand Teton National Park.

12. Anderson, Experiences, pp. 94-95; and Jackson's Hole Courier, February 7, 1949.

13. Jackson's Hole Courier, February 17, 1949.

14. Ibid., and Anderson, Experiences, pp. 100-104.

15. Anderson, Experiences, pp. 108-113; Jack Ward Thomas and Dale E. Toweill, eds., Elk of North America: Ecology and Management (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1982), pp. 540-544; "Diary of Rudolph Rosencrans," K. C. Allan Collection, 7636, University of Wyoming Archives. American Heritage Center; and Al Austin, "Biography, no date, acc. no. 1037, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum, Jackson, Wyoming.

16. Jackson's Hole Courier, January 28, 1909 (reprinted in Jackson's Hole Courier, January 29, 1948); Woods, "Thirty-Seven Years;" "Diary of R. Rosencrans," K. C. Allan Collection, University of Wyoming Archives.

17. Jackson's Hole Courier, February 17, 1949; Allan, "History of Teton National Forest," pp. 165-166; Elizabeth Wied Hayden Collection, Subject File, #5, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum; Jackson's Hole Courier, October 10, 1922; and Grand Teton National Park, Building Maintenance Files.

18. Grand Teton National Park, Building Maintenance Files.

19. Jackson Hole News, January 9, 1980.

20. U.S. Reclamation Service, "Reconnaissance, Jackson Lake, 1902," Survey Books, 4 vols., and "Jackson Lake Reservoir Highline Traverse, Lowline Traverse, and Section Ties, 1909" Survey Books, 8 vols. (volume 1 of both surveys were missing), State of Wyoming, Archives, Museums and Historical Department; and John Markham, "The Temporary Jackson Lake Dam."

21. Mae Tuttle to Mrs. Cora Barber, September 5, 1951, acc. 65, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum Files.

22. Larson, History of Wyoming, pp. 75, 215-216, and 385.

23. Hayden, From Trapper to Tourist, pp. 40-42; Saylor, Jackson Hole, pp. 138-142; and Tuttle letter, September 5, 1951, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum.

24. Saylor, Jackson Hole, p. 159; and Anderson, Experiences, pp. 113-114.

25. William L. Simpson, "Game Conditions in Wyoming," Outdoor Life 9(1902); and Harvey H. Glidden, "The Wyoming Game Situation," Outdoor Life 10(1902):

26. Hayden, Trapper to Tourist, pp. 53-54; Al Austin, "Biography," Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum; and Hayden Collection, William Seebohm letter, Subject File, #5, Jackson Hole Historical Society and Museum.

27. Hayden, Trapper to Tourist, pp. 53-54; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 8-9; and Jackson's Hole Courier, March 9, 1916:

28. Righter, Crucible for Conservation: Histories of Jackson Hole included sections about the creation of Grand Teton National Park, but none offered a complete story. Moreover, errors were common. Robert Righter recognized a good story untold, and researched and wrote a manuscript in the 1970s, which was published in 1982.

29. "Mr. John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s, Proposed Gift of Land for the National Park System in Wyoming," no publisher, no date, p. 4; and Horace M. Albright, as told to Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-1933 (Salt Lake City, UT: Howe Brothers, 1985), pp. 39-40.

30. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 22-23.

31. Albright, The Birth of the National Park Service, pp. 65-74; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 28-29.

32. Righter, Crucible for Conservation.

33. Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, pp. 94-99.

34. Yellowstone National Park Archives, Horace M. Albright Papers, 1919-1922, Horace Albright to Stephen T. Mather, October 21, 1919.

35. Ibid., Jackson's Hole Courier, October 16, 1919; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 30-31.

36. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 32-33; Struthers Burt, Diary, p. 121; and Jackson's Hole Courier, January 6, 1921 and January 13, 1921.

37. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 32-33; see Albright correspondence for 1921 in his papers from 1919-1922 in Yellowstone Archives.

38. Horace Albright to Stephen T Mather, October 16, 1919, and September 23, 1920, HMA Papers, 1919-1922, Yellowstone Archives.

39. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 15-17; Erwin Thompson, Maud Noble Cabin: Historic Structures Report, History Section (Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1970), pp. 11-27; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 33-34; Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, p. 154; and Struthers Burt to Horace Albright, September 11, 1923, HMA Papers, 1923-1927, Yellowstone Archives.

40. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 35-37; Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, p. 189; and "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 19-20.

41. U.S. Congress, Senate, "Hearings Before the Committee on Public Lands and Pursuant to S. 237," 70th Cong., 2nd sess., Part 2.

42. Leo H. Dietrich, et al., Jackson Hole National Monument, Wyoming: A Compendium of Important Papers Covering Negotiation in the Establishment and Administration of the National Monument, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Dept. of the Interior, ca. 1945, 1950), 2, Part 1, No. 7; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 40-41.

43. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 40; and "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s. Gift," p. 32.

44. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 16 and 23-24; "Interview with Mr. Horace Albright by Assistant Superintendent of Grand Teton National Park Haraden and Chief Naturalist Dilley at Jackson Lake Lodge, September 12, 1967," Grand Teton National Park Library, pp. 33-34; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 46; Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, p. 164; and Marian Schenck to John Daugherty, September 4, 1986, personal correspondence.

45. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s. Gift,"p. 25; and "Albright interview," 1967, p. 41.

46. Horace Albright to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., February 26, 1927, HMA Papers 1923-1927, Yellowstone Archives.

47. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s. Gift," p. 27; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 49-51.

48. Jackson's Hole Courier, April 12, 1928; and "Hearing on S. Res. 226," 1933, pp. 36-40.

49. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 52 and 130.

50. Rockefeller Archive Center, Harold P. Fabian Papers, 1V3A7, Box 1, File 4, Financial Reports, 1929-1932, 1942; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 51; and "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," p. 59.

51. Fabian Papers, RAC, Box 23, Files, Sheffield, Parcel 109, 1928-1931; Box 21, Files 220-221, Ferrin, Parcel 70, 1927-1938; Box 21, File 218, Ferrin Parcel 68, 1919-1930; Box 24, File 268, Ferrin, Parcel 115, 1928; Box 24, File 271, Ferrin, Parcel 118, 1929.

52. Fabian Papers, RAC, Box 5, File 34, Correspondence-Richard Winger; Contract, March 8, 1930; Horace Albright to Harold Fabian, November 13, 1929; H. Fabian to Vanderbilt Webb, July 17, 1931; H. Fabian to Kenneth Chorley, August 10, 1931.

53. Joe Markham to Horace Albright, July 29, 1919 and Markham to Albright, August 9, 1919, in Albright Papers, 1919-1922, Yellowstone Archives.

54. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 11-12.

55. Horace Albright to Hal Evarts, September 25, 1923, Albright Papers, Yellowstone Archives; and George Ryter to Rose Crabtree, March 25, 1924, MS 872, Wyoming State Archives. This is a voluminous 113-page letter, written over the winter of 1923-1924.

56. "Hearing on S. Res. 226," 1933, pp. 266-268; and Jackson Hole Guide, October 6, 1955.

57. Struthers Burt to Horace Albright, July 18, 1927, and Burt to Albright, October 14, 1927, Albright Papers, Yellowstone Archives.

58. Ibid.

59 "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," p. 78.

60. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 17, File 165, Nipper, 1928, Box 20, File 198, Smith, 1930-1932.

61. Ibid., Box 16, File 127, Plans, Ca. 1934, Box 18, File 173, McBride, 1928, Frank McBride to Snake River Land Company, November 12, 1930.

62. Ibid., Box 53, File 501, transcript, interview with Harold P. Fabian by Ed Edwin, July 11, 1966; Box 18, File 175, Jones, 1929-1930, Harold Fabian to Dick Winger, July 30, 1930; Box 20, File 209, Brown, 1929-1930, Fabian to Kenneth Chorley, August 5, 1929, Fabian to Joe Allen, October 28, 1929; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 60.

63. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 16, File 135, Feud 1933-1935, Dick Winger to Harold Fabian, November 1, 1935; Box 7, File 44, Elbo Ranch, 1929-1934, Sam T. Woodring to Harold Fabian, May 14, 1931.

64. Superintendent's Monthly Report, July 1930, Grand Teton National Park; Jackson's Hole Courier, May 7, 1931, and June 4, 1931; interview with Marvel Lesher by John Daugherty, September 2, 1982; interview with Dr. F. M. Fryxell by John Daugherty, September 14, 1983, Grand Teton National Park; and Preston James, "Regional Planning in the Jackson Hole Country," The Geographical Review, 26 (July 1936):449.

65. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 16, File 141, Harthoorn, 1931-1933; Box 58, File 543, May 1950.

66. Ibid., Box 22, File 235, Eynon, 1930-1931; Box 18, File 175, Jones, 1929-1930; Box 22, File 232, Turner, 1929-1936; Box 22, File 240, Winger, 1929-1931; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 60.

67. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 21, File 227, Ericsson, 1929-1930; Box 22, File 230, Ericsson, 1929-1931; Box 22 File 239, Ericsson, 1928-1931; Box 16, File 131, Neil, 1928-1930, H. C. Ericsson to Harold Fabian, March 5, 1930.

68. "Hearing on S. Res. 226," 1933, pp. 76-79.

69. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 16, File 126, Pending Entries, Eva S. Topping, 1930-1931; Box 16, File 123, Pending Entries, 1928-1933; "Hearing on S. Res. 226," 1933, pp. 302-330; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 83.

70. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 7, File 51, Elk Ranch, 1939-1941, Dick Winger to Harold Fabian, August 8, 1941; Box 16, File 128, and Permits, 1936-1941; Box 58, Files 544-551, Leases 1946-1949.

71. Ibid., Box 32, File 363, "Chronology of Events," March 6, 1929-October 18, 1932; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 57-59; and "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 56-57 and 81-91.

72. Horace Albright to John D. Rockefeller Jr., February 16, 1927, Albright Papers, 1923-1927, Yellowstone Archives; Jackson's Hole Courier, August 23, 1927, and April 12, 1928; Rockefeller Archive Center, Kenneth Chorley Papers, IV 3A3, Box 29, File 258, Miscellany A-Z, Walter B. Sheppard to Horace Albright, June 6, 1929; Jackson's Hole Courier, August 15, 1929; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 64-65.

73. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 66-78.

74. Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 5, File 634, Correspondence, Richard Winger, 1930-1933, Kenneth Chorley to Vanderbilt Webb, June 13, 1930.

75. Chorley Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 26, File 223, Real Estate, Agent, Winger, 1930-1935, 1941-1943, Kenneth Chorley to Horace Albright, June 17, 1930, Harold Fabian to Vanderbilt Webb, June 17, 1930.

76. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, 64; and Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 5, File 34, Correspondence, Winger, Harold Fabian to Vanderbilt Webb, July 17, 1931; Box 6, File 35, Schedules, Dick Winger to Harold Fabian, May 4, 1931; Box 5, File 34, Correspondence, Winger, H. Fabian to Kenneth Chorley, August 10, 1931, and D. Winger to H. Fabian, November 19, 1930.

77. Josephine Fabian, "The Lucas Place, 1914-1975," unpublished ms., ca. 1978, Grand Teton National Park; and Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 59, File 562, Kimmel Purchase, 1946-1947.

78. Albright, Birth of the National Park Service, 304-305; "Hearing on S. Res. 226," 1933, pp. 222 and 30-330; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 76-84.

79. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 1, Nos. 8-9; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 85-87.

80. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 1, No. 10.

81. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 88-92.

82. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 1, No. 1; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 92-96.

83. Righter, Crucible for Conservation pp. 96-97; and "Hearing on S. Res. 250," 1938.

84. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 2, Nos. 13 and 14; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, p. 110.

85. Jackson Hole Guide, October 12, 1972; Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 106-110; and Superintendent's Monthly Report, October 1931, Grand Teton National Park

86. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 111-113; and Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 2, Nos. 17 and 18.

87. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 114-115; and Ise, National Park Policy, pp. 498-504.

88. "Hearing on H.R. 2241," 1943; and Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 116-118.

89. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 3, No. 42; and State of Wyoming vs. Paul R. Franke, Judge's Memorandum, February 10, 1945.

90. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 121-123; Superintendent Paul R. Franke to Assistant Director Arthur Demaray, June 30, 1945, Jackson Hole National Monument, Federal Records Center, Denver, CO.

91. Murie, Wapiti Wilderness, p. 121; Fabian Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Box 42, File 425, Supt. of Properties, 1948, Guy Robertson to Harold Fabian, March 6, 1948.

92. Righter, Crucible for Conservation, pp. 123-127 and 142-151; and Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 2, No. 17. President Roosevelt made this prediction in a letter to Governor Lester Hunt, dated April 29, 1943.

93. Dieterich, Jackson Hole Compendium, 2:Part 4, Nos. 56-60.

94. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 38-39.

95. "Hearing on S. Res. 250," 1938, pp. 420-421; Superintendent's Monthly Reports, August 1929 and November 1931; Jackson's Hole Courier, July 13, 1931; Building Maintenance Records, Grand Teton National Park; Superintendent's Annual Report for 1932, Grand Teton National Park; and Superintendent's Monthly Report, November 1958, Federal Records Center, Denver, CO.

96. Jackson's Hole Courier, January 30, 1930; Superintendent's Monthly Reports, April, May, June, July, August, 1930, Grand Teton National Park; and "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 38-39.

97. Superintendent's Annual Report, 1932; Superintendent's Monthly Report, Special Memorandum to the Director, June 29, 1932.

98. "John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s Gift," pp. 38-39.

99. Superintendent's Monthly Report, March 1930; Superintendent's Monthly Report, Special Memorandum, June 26, 1931; and Superintendent's Monthly Rept., July 1936, Grand Teton National Park

100. Superintendent's Annual Report for 1932; Superintendent's Monthly Report, September 1930, Grand Teton National Park; and A. W. Gabbey to Fritioff Fryxell, January 15, 1941, Fryxell Collection, 1438, D-Box 4, Correspondence, University of Wyoming Archives.

101. Fryxell Interview, September 14, 1983, Grand Teton National Park; Struthers Burt, Diary, pp. 73-75; and Jackson Hole News, November 2, 1977.

102. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, June, September, and October 1929, Grand Teton National Park.

103. Jackson's Hole Courier, May 29, 1930; Superintendent's Monthly Reports, September and October 1931, Grand Teton National Park

104. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, July and August 1931, Grand Teton National Park

105. Superintendent's Monthly Report, August 1932, Special Memorandum, August 15, 1932, and Superintendent's Monthly Report, June 1933, Special Report, June 29, 1933, Grand Teton National Park; and Grand Teton National Park brochures, 1935 and 1941.

106. Superintendent's Monthly Reports, August 1936 and September 1936, Press Memorandum; Photograph Files, Grand Teton National Park; and Building Maintenance Files, Grand Teton National Park.

107. Nash, Wilderness, p. 200; interview with Margaret Murie by John Daugherty, February 13, 1984, Moose, Wyoming; Frank Graham Jr., "Mardy Murie and Her Sunrise of Promise," Audobon 82 (May 1980):106-127; Gregory D. Kendrick, "An Environmental Spokesman: Olaus J. Murie and a Democratic Defense of Wilderness," Annals of Wyoming, 5D(Fall 1978):213-302; and Murie, Wapiti Wilderness.

108. Struthers Burt to Horace Albright, September 11, 1923, HMA Papers, 1923-1927, Yellowstone Archives.