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Fort Vancouver
Historic Structures Report |
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| Volume II |
CHAPTER IV:
ENDNOTES
2. Herbert Beaver, Reports and Letters of Herbert Beaver, 1836-1838, Chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company and Missionary to the Indians at Fort Vancouver, ed. Thomas E. Jessett (Portland: The Champoeg Press, 1959), p. 140.
4. During Outfit 1852 the Vancouver Depot was charged $131.62-1/2 "for building Chimney's [sic] in Fort" and another $3.00 was paid for "work on Chimneys," but whether or not any of the chimneys were in the Bachelors' Quarters is not indicated. H.B.C., Fort Vancouver, Account Book, 1852 [Invoices, Outfit 1852], H.B.C.A., B.223/d/205, MS, fols. 119, 120.
5. Affidavit of W. E. Place, Washington, D. C., February 27, 1873, in U. S., Department of the Interior, General Land Office Records, Old Townsites Series, Docket I (165) [Vancouver], Box No. 31, MS, in Division of Interior Department Records, National Archives (hereafter cited as G.L.O., Old Townsites).
6. "Proceedings of a board of officers, Fort Vancouver, June 15, 1860," A.G.O., Ore. Dept., Doc. File 212-S-1860, in National Archives.
7. Affidavit of W. E. Place, Washington, D.C., February 27, 1873, G.L.O., Old Townsites, Docket I (165), Box No. 31, in National Archives.
8. Beaver, Reports and Letters, p. 76. Beaver was speaking of the Bachelors' Quarters that immediately preceded the structure completed in 1838.
9. Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 1A.
10. Josiah L. Parrish, "Anecdotes of Intercourse with the Indians," MS, in the Bancroft Library, University of California, pp. 102-3.
11. Beaver, Reports and Letters, pp. 81-82.
12. Dunn, Oregon Territory, p. 144; Helmcken, "A Reminiscence of 1850," p. 6. Married chaplains were often exceptions to this rule.
13. Douglas, "Royal Navy Ships on the Columbia River," p. 40.
14. McTavish, Behind the Palisades, p. 42.
15. "Fort Vancouver," extract from A. Begg, History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1894), typescript, in Vertical File, Provincial Archives of British Columbia; Helmcken, "Reminiscences of John Sebastian Helmcken," 3:51.
16. H.B.C.A., D.5/10, MS, fol. 247.
17. Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 4.
19. Allan, "Copies of Letters and Journals," p. 10.
20. Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 22-23.
21. See pp. 128-30 in vol. I of this report.
22. Parrish, "Anecdotes," pp. 102-3.
23. William Henry Gray, A History of Oregon, 1792-1849, Drawn from Personal Observation and Authentic Information (Portland and New York, 1870), pp. 150-51.
24. Pipes, "Extract from Exploration," p. 155.
25. Dunn, Oregon Territory, p. 102.
26. McTavish, Behind the Palisades, p. 58.
27. Helmcken, "A Reminiscence of 1850," p. 1.
28. Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 11.
30. Ibid., p. 32. For generalized descriptions of dances in the Bachelors' Halls at other posts, see Ballantyne, Hudson Bay, pp. 196-99; and Robinson, Great Fur Land, p. 103.
31. Robinson, Great Fur Land, pp. 91-94; See also ibid., pp. 66-67.
32. Several examples of such treatment might be cited, but probably the experiences of W. H. Gray, told in his History of Oregon, pp. 149, 153, were representative of all.
34. Erwin G. Gudde, Sutter's Own Story: The Life of General John Augustus Sutter and the History of New Helvetia in the Sacramento Valley (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1936), p. 16.
35. George Thornton Emmons, "Extracts from the Emmons Journal," Oregon Historical Quarterly 26 (September, 1925): 267.
36. Cornelius J. Brosnan, Jason Lee: Prophet of the New Oregon (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1932), p. 163.
37. Henry E. Reed, ed., "Lovejoy's Pioneer Narrative," Oregon Historical Quarterly 31 (September, 1930): 258-59.
38. Parrish, "Anecdotes," pp. 102-3.
39. E. Ruth Rockwood, ed., "Diary of Rev. George H. Atkinson, D. D., 1847-1858," Oregon Historical Quarterly 40 (June, 1939): 180-81.
40. Warre, "Travel and Sport in North America, 1839-1846," p. 137, quoted by the kind permission of Mr. Michael Warre of London, England.
41. Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 27.
42. Allan, "Copies of Letters and Journals," p. 5.
43. John Minto, "What I Know of Dr. McLoughlin and How I Know It," Oregon Historical Quarterly 11 (June, 1910): 189-90. Minto actually did spend the night at Fort Vancouver, but in a house outside the pickets.
44. John Minto, "Reminiscences of Experiences on the Oregon Trail in 1844--II," Oregon Historical Quarterly 2 (September, 1901): 235—36.
45. Parrish, "Anecdotes," p. 102.
46. Beaver, Reports and Letters, p. 76.
47. Wallace, John McLean's Notes, p. 348.
48. Glazebrook, Hargrave Correspondence, p. 451; Grace Lee Mute, "A Botanist at Fort Colvile," The Beaver Outfit 277 (September, 1946): 30.
49. James Douglas to "Captain Sutter," Barque Columbia, March 9, 1841, in Fort Vancouver, Correspondence Outward, July 13, 1840-May 24, 1841, Letters Signed by James Douglas, MSS, in Provincial Archives of British Columbia.
50. Robinson, Great Fur Land, p. 102.
51. Robert C. Clark, "The Archives of the Hudson's Bay Company," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 29 (January, 1938): 5.
52. H.B.C., Correspondence Book, Fort Vancouver, 1836-1837, H.B.C.A., B.223/b/l5, MS, fols. 53d—54.
53. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of British Columbia, 1792-1887 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1887), p. 63; Tolmie, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, pp. 258-60.
54. McTavish, Behind the Palisades, pp. 60-62.
55. William Fraser Tolmie, "Letter from Dr. Tolmie," in Transactions of the . . . Oregon Pioneer Association for 1884, p. 31.
56. H.B.C., District Statements, York Factory, 1836-1837, H.B.C.A., B.239/1/7, MS, p. 89.
57. Bancroft, History of British Columbia, p. 63.
58. Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 36-37. It is interesting to note that Lowe called the library the "Vancouver Library"; H.B.C.A., A.11/70, MS, fols . 39, 95.
59. H.B.C., Merchandise Exported, 1842-1854, H.B.C.A., A.25/7, MS, fols. 6-8, 8d-9, 45d-46, 66d-69.
60. H.B.C.A., A.11/70, MS, fols. 39, 95.
61. Bancroft, History of British Columbia, p. 63.
62. H.B.C.A., A.25/7, MS, fols. 66d-69.
63. H.B.C.A., B .223/187, MS, fol. 14; B.223/g/10, MS, p. 21; B.223/g/11, MS, p. 19.
64. Bancroft, History of British Columbia, p. 63.
65. Robert Watson, "The Story of Norway House," Canadian Geographical Journal 1 (August, 1930): 298.
66. H.B.C.A., B.223/b/32, MS, fols. 85-85d, 86d-87; B.223/b/34, MS, fols. 15—29d; B.223/d/162, MS, pp. 22—32; B.239/l/16, MS, pp. 36-68.
67. H.B.S., 6:389—90; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 31, 32, 34, 43; Warner and Munnick, Catholic Church Records, p. A-27.
68. Christ Church Cathedral, Victoria, B. C., Parish Register, Marriages, 1837-1872, MSS, photostat in Provincial Archives of British Columbia, p. 4; Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 23.
69. H.B.S., 6:390—91; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. IA, 4, 6, 11, 45.
70. H.B.C.A., B.239/l/17, MS, p. 66; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 13, 27, 28, 29.
71. H.B.S., 7:314; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 22-23, 24, 26, 27, 31. 32, 33, 36; MacLeod, Letters of Letitia Hargrave, pp. 75 fn. 86.
72. H.B.S., 7:38 fn.; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 2, 7, 10, 11, 15, 33.
73. H.B.S., 6:150, 356, 357; H.B.S., 7:38 fn. and index; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 36, 37, 38, 43.
74. Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 17, 23, 30.
75. Drury, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, 2:159-60; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 22, 33; Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 206; Augustus J. Thibodo, "Diary of Dr. Augustus J. Thibodo of the Northwest Exploring Expedition, 1859," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 31 (July, 1940): 342; Warner and Munnick, Catholic Church Records, Vancouver II, pp. 40, 41, 56, 81.
76. H.B.S., 6:393-94; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 20, 25, 31, 34, 35.
77. H.B.S., 6:395-96; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 30—31, 44.
78. Clifford Merrill Drury, ed., First White Women over the Rockies: Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches of the Six Women of the Oregon Mission Who Made the Overland Journey in 1836 and 1838, 3 vols. (Glendale, California: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1963—1966), 2:266—67; H.B.S., 6:397-98; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 8, 11, 14, 23, 29, 30-31, 43; Sylvia Van Kirk, "Women and the Fur Trade," The Beaver Outfit 303, no. 3 (Winter, 1972): 14-18, 21; Warner and Munnick, Catholic Church Records, Vancouver II, p. 9.
79. James Robert Anderson, "Notes and Comments on Early Days and Events in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, Including an Account of Sundry Happenings in San Francisco; Being the Memoirs of James Robert Anderson," typescript, in Provincial Archives of British Columbia, pp. 144-45; H.B.C.A., B.223/b/32, MS, fols. 86d-87; B.223/b/34, MS, fols. 15-29d; B.239/l/16, MS, p. 66; H.B.S., 7:318—20; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 8, 19, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35-36, 38, 40, 41, 45.
80. Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 4, 10, 21.
81. H.B.C.A., D.5/10, MS, fol. 393d; MacLeod, Letters of Letitia Hargrave, p. 205 fn.
82. H.B.S., 7:320-21; Lowe, "Private Journal," pp. 18, 21, 26, 37, 42.
83. Lowe's journal entry for June 12, 1845, records the arrival of the interior brigade with the "family of the deceased Mr. McIntosh" who were "brought down to be left here." Thereby hangs a tale. John McIntosh, a part-Indian clerk who was described as "boastful and tactless," had long served in New Caledonia. On July 8, 1844, he was shot to death by a Sekanis Indian while tending his fish nets at McLeod's Lake during a time of famine. His wife, Charlotte Robertson, made secure both the fort and the Company's property, including the furs, before abandoning the place with her family and the only other male employee. The reason for her being taken to Fort Vancouver is not stated in records thus far examined, but evidently the Company felt an obligation to provide for her. Her children in June 1845 were: Archibald, age unknown; Catherine (Kitty), ca. 14 years; Donald, ca. 10 years; Elizabeth, age unknown; John, Jr., ca. 5 years; James aged 1 year, 7 months; and Julia, age unknown. In addition, there was Marie, ca. 2-1/2 years, the natural daughter of John McIntosh by Nancy, a woman of the Carrier tribe. Mrs. McIntosh was still at Fort Vancouver with several children in 1850. At that time she seems to have been living inside the fort, and perhaps had done so since 1845. At least two of the sons later entered the Company's service. H.B.C.A., D.5/12, MS, fols. 202-203d; Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 18; U.S., 7th Census, Population Schedules . . . 1850, Oregon, pp. 73, 74; Warner and Munnick, Catholic Church Records, p. A-54, and Vancouver II, pp. 60, 96, 107, 121, 127, 151.
84. For an account of the "superfine beaver hats," frock coats, figured vests, tweed trousers, buckskin trousers, shirts, shoes, and other articles of clothing, to say nothing of the tobacco, pipes, wines, whiskies, and "extract of roses," with which these gentlemen actually outfitted themselves at Vancouver, see, among other places, Archie Binns, Peter Skene Ogden: Fur Trader (Portland: Binfords & Mort, 1967), p. 305.
85. Charles Henry Carey, ed., "Diary of Reverend George Gary--III," Oregon Historical Quarterly 24 (September, 1923): 306-7.
86. This section on transient visitors is based largely on Lowe, "Private Journal," passim.
87. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [2:]118-19.
88. D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [9:]133.
89. Caywood, Final Report, p. 17, and Excavation Drawings, sheets 6 and 9.
91. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [8:]86; Holmes, "Journal," 2:306.
92. Cowie, Company of Adventurers, p. 211.
93. Testimony of W. H. Gray, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [8:]181-82.
94. H.B.C., Account Books, Fort Vancouver, 1844-1845 [Abstract, Cost and Charges of Goods Received], H.B.C.A., B.223/d/158, MS, p. 120.
95. John McLoughlin to Angus McDonald, Vancouver, April 18, 1842, in Fort Vancouver, Correspondence Outward, Letters Signed by John McLoughlin, MSS, in Provincial Archives of British Columbia; Roderick Finlayson to John McLoughlin, Fort Victoria, June 25, 1845, in H.B.C.A., B.226/b/1, MS.
96. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [8:]181-82.
97. Peter S. Ogden and James Douglas to [W. F.] Tolmie, Fort Vancouver, July 12, 1846, in Fort Vancouver, Correspondence Outward, 1845-1849, Letters Signed by Peter Skene Ogden and James Douglas, in Provincial Archives of British Columbia.
98. H.B.C., Fort Vancouver, Account Book, 1848-1849 [Columbia District Transfers, Outfit 1844], H.B.C.A., B.223/d/183a, MS, fol. 10.
99. H.B.C., Account Book, Fort Vancouver, 1852 [Invoices], H.B.C.A., B.223/d/205, MS, fol. 11d.
100. Charles Wilkes, Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest, ed. Edmond S. Meany (Seattle, 1926), p. 40.
101. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 224.
102. Peeps, "A Preliminary Survey of the Physical Structure of Fort Langley," p. 20.
103. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [2:]118-19.
104. Gray, A History of Oregon, p. 150.
105. Pipes, "Extract from Exploration," p. 155.
106. Holmes, "Journal," 2:306.
107. Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 5 vols. (Philadelphia, 1845), 4:331.
108. Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [8:] 129.
109. D. H. Vinton to P. F. Smith, Fort Vancouver, October 1, 1849, in Br. & Am. Joint Comm., Papers, [9:]133.
110. Warre, "Travel and Sport in North America, 1839-1846," p. 137.
111. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/155, MS, fol. 86; H.B.C.A., B.223/d/160, MS, p. 145.
112. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/181, MS, fol. 84d.
113. Ballantyne, Hudson Bay, pp. 175-77.
114. Cowie, Company of Adventurers, pp. 102-3.
115. Robinson, Great Fur Land, pp. 96-97 102-3.
117. Wilkes, Narrative, 4:331.
118. Holmes, "Journal," 2:306.
119. Pipes, "Extract from Exploration," p. 155.
120. A. J. Allen, Ten Years in Oregon: Travels . . . of Dr. E. White and Lady, West of the Rocky Mountains (Ithaca, 1850), p. 65.
121. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/155, MS, p. 165.
122. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/160, MS, p. 145.
123. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/181, MS, fol. 84d. It is quite obvious that the forty "wooden Chairs w stuffed seats" were in the mess hall along with the two tablecloths described as for the "Hall." Because dwellings such as the Priests' House and any quarters that might have been in the Indian shop were probably covered by the inventory, it seems impossible to say which of the remaining/items were in the Bachelors' Range, though probably most were.
124. Lowe, "Private Journal," p. 50. For further information on Canadian stoves, see Hussey, Historic Furnishings Report, Bakery, Fort Vancouver, pp. 109-10. The same work also contains illustrations of typical tin candlesticks and chairs used in Canada during the early to mid-nineteenth century.
125. For a discussion of the baggage allowances of the various grades of "gentlemen,"see p. 138 in vol. I of this report. For a list of the number of cassettes actually transported for several clerks and officers on a transcontinental journey, see Edward Ermatinger, "Edward Ermatinger's York Factory Express Journal . . . 1827-1828," in Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3d ser., vol. 6, sect. 2 (1912), pp. 103—5.
126. McTavish, Behind the Palisades, p. 156.
127. Archibald McDonald, Peace River: A Canoe Voyage from Hudson's Bay to Pacific by the Late Sir George Simpson . . . in 1828: Journal of the Late Chief Factor, Archibald McDonald, (Hon. Hudson's Bay Company), Who Accompanied him, ed. Malcolm McLeod (Ottawa: J. Drurie & Son, 1872), p. 43. Cassettes evidently were manufactured at Fort Vancouver, because cassette hinges were among the items imported annually from England. These were iron butterfly hinges, each leaf of the larger size measuring 3.8" by 3.6". H.B.C.A., B.223/d/207, MS, pp. 86-87.
128. McDonald, Peace River (1872), p. 43.
129. Ibid. Evidently these baskets also contained, besides the food and seasonings, a teapot, a small tin kettle in which to boil tea water, a tin cup, two tin plates, two knives and forks, and two iron spoons. Thomas Gummersall Anderson, "Personal Narrative of Capt. Thomas G. Anderson," in Report and Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, vol. 9 (1880—1882), p. 139.
130. Edward Ermatinger, "Old Memo. Book & Journal of E. Ermatinger, 1823-1830," MS, item 1, vol. 4 of Edward Ermatinger Papers, MS Group 19, ser. A2(2), in Public Archives of Canada, n.p.
131. Anderson, "Personal Narrative," p. 139.
132. Cowie, Company of Adventurers, p. 116.
133. Edward Ermatinger to John Clowes, York Factory, July 27, 1828, in Edward Ermatinger, Business Papers, 1818-1833, MSS, vol. 5 of Edward Ermatinger Papers, in Public Archives of Canada, pp. 6-9.
134. Edward Ermatinger, "Old Memo. Book, n.p.
135. Dunn, Oregon Territory, pp. 104-5.
136. Wilkes, Narrative, 4:370.
137. Ballantyne, Hudson Bay, p. 196.
138. McTavish, Behind the Palisades, p. 28.
140. Dunn, Oregon Territory, p. 103.
141. Roberts, "The Round Hand of George B. Roberts," p. 224.
142. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/155, MS, fol. 75d. This list is re produced as written, with no attempt to correct spelling or punctuation or to identify titles or editions, except as indicated in brackets. The inventory for 1848 lists even fewer titles but provides additional information on one item: "1 pr Globes, celestial & terrestral." H.B.C.A., B .22 3/d/181, MS, fol. 82.
143. H.B.C.A., B.223/d/207, MS, p. 110.
144. See "Books of the North: Old Books," The Beaver Outfit 288 (Winter, 1957): 60-61; C. E. L'Ami, "Priceless Books from Old Fur Trade Libraries," The Beaver Outfit 266 (December, 1935): 26-29, 66; "The Old Library of Fort Simpson," The Beaver 5, no. 1 (December, 1924): 20—21.
145. For examples, see McLeod, Letters of Letitia Hargrave, pp. xxxii, xxxiii, lxiii; Tolmie, Journals of William Fraser Tolmie, pp. 248, 251, 276.
146. The names of authors and titles are given as they appear in correspondence, articles, etc. No attempt has been made to correct spelling or to check for exact titles or dates of publication.
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