Fort Vancouver: Cultural Landscape Report (Table of Contents)

Fort Vancouver

Cultural Landscape Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER

Volume I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Project Background
Historical Context
Methodology and Scope
Administrative Context for the Project
Endnotes

II. EXISTING CONDITIONS

Environmental Context and Setting
Study Boundaries
Site Description
    Overall Organization and Structures
    Circulation
    Vegetation
    Archeological Resources
Endnotes

III. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

Introduction
Historic Character Defining Features
    Response to Natural Features
    Overall Organization
    Circulation
    Land Uses and Activities
    Vegetation
    Structures
    Cluster Arrangements
    Small-scale features
Character Areas
Management Zones
Endnotes

IV. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Introduction
General Recommendations
Implementation
    Phase I
    Phase II
    Phase III

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY

VI. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Native Plants of Fort Vancouver Vicinity
APPENDIX B: Cultivated Field Plant List and Chronology
APPENDIX C: List of Agricultural Tools at Fort Vancouver
APPENDIX D: Garden Plant List and Chronology
APPENDIX E: Orchard Plant List and Chronology
APPENDIX F: List of Suggested Wayside Exhibit Locations and General Interpretation Topics
APPENDIX G: Criteria for Reconstructing Historic Vegetation and Associated Features at Fort Vancouver
APPENDIX H: Abbreviated List of Heirloom Plant Resources
APPENDIX I: List of Classified Structures

Volume II

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

LIST OF MAPS

INTRODUCTION

The Hudson's Bay Company
The Columbia River Basin

I. FORT VANCOUVER: 1824-28

Administrative and Political Context
Establishment
Operations at Fort Vancouver
    Headquarters of the Columbia Department
    New Projects
Site
    General Site Characteristics of Belle Vue Point/Jolie Prairie
    Circulation Networks
    Stockade and Associated Structures
    Garden and Orchard
        Seeds
        Location
    Fields and Pastures
        Cultivated Fields
        Livestock
    Sawmill
Fort Vancouver Outposts
    Willamette Valley
    Fort George

II. FORT VANCOUVER: 1829-1846

Administrative and Political Context
    Seat of Columbia Department
    Boundary Issues
        Relationship with Americans
    Puget's Sound Agricultural Company
        Fort Nisqually
        Cowlitz Farm
    Fort Vancouver Outposts
        Willamette Valley
        Sauvie Island
        Government Island
Operations at Fort Vancouver
    Overview
        Fort Vancouver: Headquarters of the Columbia Department
        Headquarters of Coastal Trade
        Center of Agricultural Production
        Early Industrial and Marketing Center
        Crossroads of Civilization
    Activities within the Stockade
    Agriculture
        Environmental Impacts on Farming
        Farm Operations
            Personnel
            Methods and Materials
        Field Crop Production
        Livestock Operations
    The Mills and Other Industries
        Sawmill
        Gristmill
        Salmon Operation
        Brewing and Distilling
Site
    General Description
    Circulation Networks
    Land Use
    Fort Plain
        Stockade and Associated Structures
            The Stockade: 1829-1836
            The Stockade: 1834-1841
            The Stockade: 1841-46
            Structures Associated with the Stockade: 1829-1846
        North of Upper Mill Road
            Cultivated Fields
            Cemetery
            Structures
            St. James Mission
        Garden
            Location, Size and Boundaries
            Features
            Function
        Orchard
        Fields and Pastures
        Kanaka Village
        River Front
    The Landscape Beyond Fort Plain
        Lower Plain
            West Plain Farm
            Pastures
            Lower Plain Farm
        Mill Plain
            Sawmill
            Gristmill
        Back Plains
Outlying Areas
    Willamette Valley
    Oregon City
    Sauvie Island
    Fort Nisqually
    Cowlitz Farm

III. FORT VANCOUVER; TRANSITION 1847-1860

Administrative and Political Context
    American Immigration and Settlement
    U.S. Army
    Saint James Mission
Operations at Fort Vancouver
    Overview
    Hudson's Bay Company Activities
    Hudson's Bay Company Agriculture
        Field Crop Production
        Livestock
    Hudson's Bay Company Mills and Associated Activities
Operations at Camp Vancouver/Columbia Barracks/Fort Vancouver Site
    General Description
    Circulation Networks
    Fort Plain
        Stockade
            New Buildings
            Gradual Decay
            Structures associated with the Stockade
        North of Upper Mill Road
            Hudson's Bay Company Structures
            U.S. Army Garrison
        Garden and Orchard
        Fields and Pastures
        Kanaka Village/Quartermaster's Depot
            Hudson's Bay Company Structures
            U.S. Army Structures
        River Front
            Hudson's Bay Company Structures
            U.S. Army Structures
    The Landscape Beyond Fort Plain
        Lower Plain
        Mill Plain
            Sawmills
        Back Plains
Outlying Areas
    Willamette Valley
    Sauvie Island
    Fort Nisqually
    Cowlitz Farm

IV. FORT VANCOUVER: VANCOUVER BARRACKS 1861-1918

Administrative and Political Context
    Final Resolution of the Boundary Issue
    Final Resolution of Claims
    Puget's Sound Agricultural Company
    The U.S. Army at Fort Vancouver/Vancouver Barracks
Operations at Fort Vancouver/Vancouver Barracks
    Spruce Production Division
Site
    General Description
    Circulation Networks
    The Military Reservation on Historic Fort Plain
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Stockade Site
        Garrison/North of Upper Mill Road
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Garden and Orchard Site
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Field and Pasture Area
            Spruce Mill
        Quartermaster's Depot/Historic Kanaka Village Site
        River Front Area
        North of Officers' Row

V. FORT VANCOUVER: VANCOUVER BARRACKS 1919-1947

Administrative and Political Context
Operations at Vancouver Barracks
    U.S. Army Air Force
    Civilian Conservation Corps District Headquarters
Site
    General Description
    Circulation Networks
    Military Reservation on Historic Fort Plain
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Stockade Site
        U.S. Army Garrison/North of Old Upper Mill Road
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Garden and Orchard Site
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Field and Pasture Area
            Pearson Field: East Edge of Vancouver Barracks
        Quartermaster's Depot/Historic Kanaka Village
            Civilian Conservation Corps Headquarters Development
        Historic River Front Area
        North of Officers' Row
    Vancouver Municipal Airport on Historic Fort Plain
    Kaiser Shipyard: Southeast Edge of Historic Fort Plain:

VI. FORT VANCOUVER: 1948-PRESENT

Administrative and Political Context
Operations at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site
    Pearson Airpark
Operations at Vancouver Barracks
Site
    General Description
    Fort Vancouver National Historic Site
        North of East Fifth Street
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Stockade Site
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Garden and Orchard Area
        Historic Hudson's Bay Company Field and Pasture Area
        Quartermaster's Depot/Historic Hudson's Bay Company Kanaka Village
        Historic River Front Area
    Vancouver Barracks
    Pearson Airpark

APPENDIX

Appendix A: Columbia Department Seed List, 1831
Appendix B: Fort Vancouver Thermometrical Register, 1838

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX (omitted from the online edition)

Volume II

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

1. Detail of 1825 map of Fort Vancouver: Columbia River, Surveyed 1825
2. Fort Vancouver, c. 1846, looking southwest, by artist Paul Kane
3.Fort Vancouver, 1841, looking northeast, by Henry Eld
4.Lt. T.P. Goode's view of the Fort Vancouver stockade interior, 1846-47
5.Fort Vancouver stockade in 1845, looking northwest, by Lt. Henry Warre
6.Richard Covington's view of Fort Vancouver, 1855
7.1845-46 view of Fort Vancouver attributed to John Mix Stanley
8.Gustavus Sohon's view of stockade and army garrison, 1854
9.George Gibbs' illustration of Kanaka Village and stockade, 1851
10.Four versions of Kanaka Village layout, based on different historic maps
11.Artillery units on Hudson's Bay Company orchard site, c. 1860
12.George Gibbs' illustration of Kanaka Village and Columbia Barracks, 1851
13.1860 view of St. James Mission and St. James Church
14.1860 view of U.S. Army Garrison with fruit trees in foreground
15.1860 view of U.S. Army's Quartermaster's Depot and dwellings
16.1860 view of U.S. Army's Quartermaster's Depot and Quartermaster's Barn
17.East side of Vancouver Barracks after flood of 1887, looking southwest
18.Log and frame structures, Officers' Row, Vancouver Barracks, c. 1886
19.Officers' Row, Vancouver Barracks, looking west, c. 1912
20.Cut-up Plant of Spruce Mill on Fort Plain, 1918
21.West side of Vancouver Barracks, c. 1917
22.West side of Vancouver Barracks in 1937, looking north

Volume II

LIST OF MAPS

Map Number

Following Page 32 (Chapter I)

1. 1825 Map of Vicinity of Fort Vancouver: Columbia River, Surveyed 1825

Following Page 188 (Chapter II)

2. Fort Vancouver Stockade 1829-1836, by Terri Taylor
3. Fort Vancouver Stockade 1844-46, by Terri Taylor
4. 1844 Stockade Area Map by Henry Peers: Sketch of Fort Vancouver and Plain, Representing the Line of Fire in September 1844
5. Sketch of Fort Vancouver and adjacent Plains by Mervyn Vavasour, 1845
6. 1844 Peers Map. Sketch of Environs of Fort Vancouver
7. 1846 Covington Stockade Area Map: Plan of Fort Vancouver Historic Base Map, Hudson's Bay Company ca. 1844-46, By Terri Taylor

Following Page 272 (Chapter III)

8. Fort Vancouver Stockade, 1849/52-60, by Terri Taylor
9. Fort Vancouver and U.S. Military Post and Town Environs, 1859
10. Bonneville Map, 1854: Map of the Government Reserve at Fort Vancouver, W. T. Drawn by Brvt. Captain J.R. McConnell
11. Fort Vancouver, 1854, prepared by Col. Joseph Mansfield
12. 1859 Harney Map: Map of the Military Reservation at Fort Vancouver, WT.

Following Page 307 (Chapter IV)

13. 1874 Ward Map: Map of the U.S. Military Reserve at Fort Vancouver, W.T.
14. Plan of Present System of Water Supply at Vancouver Barracks, W.T., 1886
15. City of Vancouver WA and Environs, 1891, by C.A. Homan
16. Historic Base Map, Vancouver Barracks, ca. 1892, by Terri Taylor
17. Vancouver Barracks, Wash., 1914, by C.H. Stone
18. Vancouver Military Reservation Spruce Mill, 1918, by Terri Taylor

Following Page 332 (Chapter V)

20. Vancouver Staging Area, 1944, U.S. Engineer's Office, Portland
21. Planimetric Map of Vancouver, Washington., U.S. Dept. of Commerce
22. Historic Base Map, Vancouver Barracks, 1936, by Terri Taylor

Following Page 349 (Chapter VI)

23. Existing Conditions Map, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, 1991, by Terri Taylor

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Last Updated: 27-Oct-2003