Fort Vancouver Cultural Landscape Report

ENDNOTES

¹¹⁸⁰Royce Pollard, "The Presence and Missions of the United States Army at Vancouver Barracks, Vancouver, Washington, 1849-1988," p. 9.

¹¹⁸¹Oregonian, 6 April 1943.

¹¹⁸²Ibid., 14 August 1940; 7 December 1942.

¹¹⁸³Ibid., 6 April 1943; 2, 19 February 1944; 28 December 1945; 25 January 1946.

¹¹⁸⁴Vancouver Evening Columbian, 19 April 1921, 15 June 1921, 23 July 1921. The National Defense Act of 1920 had reorganized the United States Army, defining it as consisting of the Regular Army, the National Guard, and the Organized Reserves; the entire country was divided into corps areas, each one of which was to include at least one division of Organized Reserve troops. Portland and Vancouver fell in the Ninth Corps area, with headquarters in San Francisco.

¹¹⁸⁵Vancouver Evening Columbian, 12 April 1923.

¹¹⁸⁶Vancouver Evening Columbian, 1 May 1923; 26 December 1923; 1 February 1924; The Columbian, Bulletin of the 96th Division, Vol. V. (Portland, Oregon: 31 March 1925).

¹¹⁸⁷Vancouver Evening Columbian, 19 March 1924; 17 October 1924.

¹¹⁸⁸Ibid. 3, 8, 10 May 1924.

¹¹⁸⁹Ibid., August 22, 25, 27, 1924; September 9,22, 1924.

¹¹⁹⁰The Columbian, Bulletin of the 96th Division, Vol. V. (Portland, Oregon: 31 March 1925), n.p.

¹¹⁹¹Vancouver Evening Columbian, 15 September 1925.

¹¹⁹²Ibid., 10 July 1927.

¹¹⁹³Ibid., 14, 16, 18, 19 October 1929.

¹¹⁹⁴Ibid., 28 February, 13 March 1931.

¹¹⁹⁵Von Hardesty, "Soviets Blaze Sky Trail Over Top of World," Air and Space, Vol 2 (December 1987-January 1988), pp. 48-54.

¹¹⁹⁶Now Portland International Airport. Er's Kimbark MacColl, The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950 (Portland: The Georgian Press, 1979), pp. 502-504; Foresight Group, Inc., "Draft Master Plan Report for Pearson Airpark (Corvallis, Oregon: Foresight Group, Inc., 1987), pp. 3-10.

¹¹⁹⁷Foresight Group, Inc., "Draft Master Plan Report for Pearson Airpark," pp.3-10; Jane Merritt, "Pearson Airpark and the Development of Fort Vancouver," in The Administrative History of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site (Seattle: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Regional Office, 1993), pp. 3-4.

¹¹⁹⁸The number of camps changed over the years. Twenty-eight were planned in 1933; by 1939 thirty-two were in operation; The Columbian, 25 September 1939.

¹¹⁹⁹John A. Salmond, The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study, (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1967), pp. 12-31.

¹²⁰⁰Vancouver Evening Columbian, 10 April 1933.

¹²⁰¹Ibid., 16 May 1933.

¹²⁰²For a further discussion of the runways, see the Quartermaster's Depot/Kanaka Village Area section.

¹²⁰³Oregonian, 13 February 1937.

¹²⁰⁴Jane Merritt, "Pearson Airpark and the Development of Fort Vancouver," p.3.

¹²⁰⁵Official recognition of "The Old Apple Tree" or the "Historic Apple Tree," which stands today, began in 1911, when a Washington State Senator E.L. French took an interest in the tree, resulting in the barracks' commanding officer's agreement to protect it, and in the construction of a chain and concrete protective barrier and monument which reads "The Oldest Apple Tree in the Pacific Northwest. The Seed was Brought From England and Planted by the Hudson Bay Company in the Year 1826." The tree's location places it the Company's Kanaka Village site, between the two dwellings identified in the 1840s as the John Johnson and James Johnson houses. One author made an interesting argument, positing the site may have been the location of the very first Hudson's Bay Company orchard, because it was near the water and the wharf, although the post itself at that time was on Fort Hill and the 1825 map of the site does not show any development in that area. See Carl Landerholm, "The Genesis of Apple Culture in Washington and the Pacific Northwest, Clark County History (Vancouver, Washington: Fort Vancouver Historical Society, 1962), pp. 57-59.

¹²⁰⁶Oregonian, 28 November, 17 December, 1940; 2 April 1941.

¹²⁰⁷Ibid., 14 August 1940; 7 December 1942.

¹²⁰⁸Charles Rohlfing, National Regulation of Aeronautics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1931), as cited in Jane Merritt, "Pearson Airpark and the Development of Fort Vancouver," p. 3; Vancouver Evening Columbian, 14, 15 May 1925.

¹²⁰⁹Vancouver Evening Columbian, 26 March 1926; 5, 16 April 1926;1, 21, 24 May 1926; 15 September 1926; 13 July 1928; 27 September 1928; 8 October 1928.

¹²¹⁰Ibid., 20 November 1928.

¹²¹¹Ibid., 2,7 January; 21 February; 14 March; 10, 14, 30 April 1930.

¹²¹²Ibid., 26 May 26, 1930.

¹²¹³The Kaiser yard was not the first in Oregon to obtain a shipbuilding contract: Willamette Iron and Steel Company was awarded the first in June of 1940; for more information see Er's Kimbark MacColl, The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950 (Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press, 1979), pp.571-573. Also, the Portland-Vancouver yards were not the first to build ships for the second world war--the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation (Sea-Tac) was built in Tacoma in 1939-40, and the Todd-California Shipbuilding Corporation built a yard at Richmond, California, which began operation in December of 1940, building ships for the British.

¹²¹⁴Pacific Northwest Goes to War, p.142.

¹²¹⁵Housing in War and Peace: The Story of Public Housing in Vancouver, Washington (Vancouver: Housing Authority of the City of Vancouver, Washington, 1972), p. 3.

¹²¹⁶See Housing in War and Peace for additional information.

¹²¹⁷James Houlihan, Western Shipbuilders in World War II (Oakland: Shipbuilding Review Publishing Assn., 1945), p. 115.